Psychology Midterm

The sleep debt is the result of ________. A. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior B. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis C. the circadian rhythm D. travel from one time zone to another

B. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned B. latent C. partial D. primary

B. latent

What hormone does the pineal gland release? A. insulin B. melatonin C. estrogen D. testosterone

B. melatonin

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A. negative punishment B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement

B. negative reinforcement

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. preconception D. thermoception

B. nociception

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. A. latent B. observational C. Pavlovian D. vicarious

B. observational

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. A. lucid dreaming B. parasomnias C. protoconsciousness D. somnambulism

B. parasomnias

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual. A. phenome B. pheromone C. proprioception D. thermoception

B. pheromone

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. A. adrenal B. pituitary C. testes D. thyroid

B. pituitary

Trephination is the ________. A. method that supposedly proved that the world is flat B. procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape C. technique that helps ensure the validity of experimental results D. theory that mental illness is caused by demonic possession

B. procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat? A. gustation B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. thermoception

B. proprioception

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus? A. audition B. smell C. taste D. vision

B. smell

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

C. Rosalind Cartwright

5. A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. A. gestaltlaten B. isolate C. Skinner box D. Watson manipulator

C. Skinner box

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. B. They are unrelated to biological senses. C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist? A. Wolfgang Köhler B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

C. Wilhelm Wundt

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A. autonomic; somatic nervous systems B. autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems C. central; peripheral nervous systems D. parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems

C. central; peripheral nervous systems

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. A. circadian rhythms B. heterostasis C. homeostasis D. internal-external stimulus

C. homeostasis

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. A. correlation B. fact C. illusory correlation D. opinion

C. illusory correlation

7. Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________. A. behaviorism B. client-centered therapy C. introspection D. psychoanalysis

C. introspection

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. A. higher; lower B. longer; shorter C. lower; higher D. shorter; longer

C. lower; higher

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming. A. external B. internal C. lucid D. stage 1

C. lucid

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. A. emotional B. GABA C. neurotransmitter D. serotonin

C. neurotransmitter

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify? A. article blindness B. developmental theory C. object permanence D. perpetuation

C. object permanence

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. A. experimental plan B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

C. operational definition

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. A. insomnia B. NREM phase C. parasomnia D. REM phase

C. parasomnia

6. What is Abraham Maslow best known for? A. classical conditioning B. dream analysis C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior D. studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior

C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world. A. lucid dreaming B. manifest content C. protoconsciousness D. stage 1 sleep

C. protoconsciousness

6. In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. extinction C. punishment D. recovery

C. punishment

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? A. feeling the warmth of the sun B. hearing an airplane fly overhead C. smelling cookies in the oven D. tasting white chocolate fudge

C. smelling cookies in the oven

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism B. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism D. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism

C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. A. only behavior B. only the mind C. the mind and behavior D. the soul, the mind, and behavior

C. the mind and behavior

What is a binaural cue? A. single eye and a single ear triangulating distance B. two ears hearing different frequencies of the same sound C. two-eared cue to localize sound D. two-eyed cue to focus distant sight

C. two-eared cue to localize sound

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

C. variable interval

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward Thorndike C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

D. John B. Watson

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________. A. distinguish the fat content of food B. feel pain C. maintain balance and body posture D. regulate body temperature

C. maintain balance and body posture

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A. taste aversion B. taste response C. unconditioned aversion D. unconditioned response

A. taste aversion

What is amplitude? A. a logarithmic unit of sound intensity B. a sound's purity C. the height of a wave D. the lowest point of a wave

C. the height of a wave

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation? A. -0.9 B. -0.2 C. +0.2 D. +0.9

A. -0.9

Who described the collective unconscious? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

A. Carl Jung

________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. A. Jane Goodall B. Sigmund Freud C. Suzanne Fanger D. Tatiana Hogan

A. Jane Goodall

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. A. a subliminal message B. bottom-up processing C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

A. a subliminal message

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. A. action potential B. depolarization C. hyperpolarization D. threshold of excitation

A. action potential

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? A. afterimage B. blind spot C. preimage D. night blindness

A. afterimage

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships. A. archival B. correlational C. experimental D. survey

A. archival

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. A. attrition B. experimenter bias C. generalizability D. single blinding

A. attrition

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling B. believing that nudity is wrong C. teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. toddler who is toilet training

A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. A. biology B. neurology C. psychology D. physiology

A. biology

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. A. biopsychologist B. developmental psychologist C. humanist D. social psychologist

A. biopsychologist

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. A. cerebellum B. sensory cortex C. substantia nigra D. ventral tegmental area

A. cerebellum

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. A. circadian B. external C. melatonin D. rhythm

A. circadian

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. A. circadian B. homeostatic C. meta D. pineal

A. circadian

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A. confirmation bias B. confounding variable C. correlational research D. observer bias

A. confirmation bias

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. operational definition D. significant variable

A. dependent variable

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________. A. endocrine; hormone B. endocrine; neurotransmitter C. neurological; hormone D. neurological; neurotransmitter

A. endocrine; hormone

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A. higher order B. initial C. primary D. secondary

A. higher order

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? A. homeostasis B. insomnia C. melatonin D. rhythm

A. homeostasis

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. olfaction D. thermoception

A. kinesthesia

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

B. Carl Rogers

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward C. Tolman C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

B. Edward C. Tolman

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. A. a person's consciousness B. a person's unconscious C. fetal development D. sexual identity

B. a person's unconscious

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. A. between -1 and 0 B. between -1 and +1 C. between 0 and +1 D. between 0 and +100

B. between -1 and +1

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. A. antipsychotic B. depressant C. hallucinogen D. stimulant

B. depressant

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? A. biopsychology B. developmental psychology C. personality psychology D. sensation and perception

B. developmental psychology

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A. control B. double-blind C. pilot D. randomly assigned

B. double-blind

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. A. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops C. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep D. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. A. behavioral genetics B. evolution by natural selection C. genetic mutation D. survivalism

B. evolution by natural selection

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish? A. feel someone touching her hand B. groan and move her eyes C. hear someone talking to her D. speak in simple words

B. groan and move her eyes

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________. A. factors B. hormones C. neurotransmitters D. proteins

B. hormones

What is described by the concept of perception? A. how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts B. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced C. the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state D. what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

B. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. A. bottom-up processing B. inattentional blindness C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

B. inattentional blindness

In a resting state, sodium (Na+ ) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+ ) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell. A. decrease B. increase C. increase only if potassium levels remain the same D. stay the same

B. increase

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

B. instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. conditions B. instincts C. operants D. reflexes

B. instincts

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A. Longitudinal research is time consuming. B. Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. C. Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A. Broca's area B. occipital cortex C. prefrontal cortex D. Wernicke's area

D. Wernicke's area

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. A. Noam Chomsky, Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Wundt B. Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud C. Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. A. classical conditioning B. functionalism C. humanism D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

D. positron emission tomography (PET)

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A. blind group assignment; blind sampling B. blind group assignment; random sampling C. blind sampling; random group assignment D. random sampling; random group assignment

D. random sampling; random group assignment

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall. A. behavioral genetics B. environmental psychology C. evolutionary psychology D. range of reaction

D. range of reaction

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

D. reflexes

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A. cones B. fovea C. iris D. rods

D. rods

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. -ology B. hypothesis C. pseudoscience D. scientific theory

D. scientific theory

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D. stimulus generalization

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. A. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses B. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior C. stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

D. theory