Psychology Midterm V2

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in _______________ - cognitive - developmental - personality - social

Developmental

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? - a student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain - a student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy - Dr. Hysack-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late - Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ___________ - Gestalt psychology - humanism - psychoanalytic theory - structuralism

Gestalt psychology

__________ (IRB) reviews research that involves the use of human participants - Institutional Research Board - Institutional Research Bureau - Institutional Review Board - Institutional Review Bureau

Institutional Review Board

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ______________ - confirmation bias - confounding variable correlational research - observer bias

confirmation bias

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries? - A year-long internship - A dissertation - A minimum of three years of coursework - Earning licensure

a dissertation

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity? - consistency - applicability - accuracy - repetition

accuracy

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ____________ wave activity in the brain - alpha - beta - delta - kappa

alpha

_____________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. - attrition - experimenter bias - generalizability - single blinding

attrition

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as _____________ - case studies - correlational - cross-sectional - surveys

case studies

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ______________. - chromotropes - chronologies - chronotypes - chromatins

chronotypes

The scientific process is _________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning - correlational - circular - iterative - iatrogenic

circular

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What areas of psychology should she work in? - clinical psychology - cognitive psychology - counseling psychology - social psychology

clinical psychology

A(n) ____________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship - confounding - control - dependent - independent

confounding

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) - theory - factual assertion - illusory correlation - internal attribution

illusory correlation

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ____________ variable and word retention is the _______________ variable - control; experimental - dependent; independent - experimental; control - independent; dependent

independent; dependent

_____________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers - Attrition - inter-rater reliability - control group - validity

inter-rater reliability

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study? - it can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur - it ignores the relative importance of White psychologists to the larger field - it is biased by serious political agendas among its researchers - there are not enough non-White researchers engaged in data collection

it can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ______________. - homeostasis - jet lag - night terrors - parasomnia

jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? - crying while asleep - kicking and punching while asleep - snoring while asleep - talking while asleep

kicking and punching while asleep

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months? - correlational - sequential - cross-sectional - longitudinal

longitudinal

A state of ______________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. - cognizance - insomnia - meditation - narcolepsy

meditation

A negative correlation means ____________ - a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship - one variable decreases as the other increases - there is a relationship between two variables, but is not statistically significant - two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome

one variable decreases as the other increases

"Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _____________ - cognition - perception - personality - social psychology

personality

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? - physical dependence - psychological dependence - synergistic effects - polysubstance abuse disorder

psychological dependence

Psychology refers to the _______ - empirical study of humanity - experimental study of individuals - scientific study of the mind and behavior - systematic study of human interaction

scientific study of the mind and behavior

Cocaine is considered a _____________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. - antipsychotic - depressant - hallucinogen - stimulant

stimulant

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first - humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism - humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism - structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism - structuralism, functional, humanism, behaviorism

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means she _____________. - falls asleep in the middle of the day - sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period - suffers from chronic sleep deprivation - suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

____________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail - archival research - case studies - surveys - university experiments

surveys

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ____________ - emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses - genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior - stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain - the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and __________ - explaining the subconscious - the operation of individual parts of the mind - the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts - "understanding the id, ego, and superego."

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood - the word emotional should be changed to the word cognitive - the word famous should be changed to the word infamous - the word infancy should be changed to the word adolescence - the name Jean Piaget should be changed to Abraham Maslow

the word emotional should be changed to the word cognitive

A(n) ______________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena - conclusion - hypothesis - operational definition - theory

theory

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ___________. - smoking causes lung cancer - smoking contributes to lung cancer - there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer - there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying __________ - genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior - sensation and the effect of culture on perception - the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior - thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ______________ - Margaret Floy Washburn - Inez Prosser - Mary Whiton Calkins - Mamie Clark

Margaret Floy Washburn

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex? - Margaret Flay Washburn - Izzy Prosser - Mary Ainsworth - Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary Whiton Calkins

In order to assess whether viewpoints on discrimination of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support the issue. What is one flaw in this design? - Longitudinal research is time consuming - Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places - Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample - Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age

"According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?" - To interpret dreams for their unconscious messages - Studying the function of behavior in the world - The manipulation of human behavior to the betterment of society - Examining the structure and characteristics of the mind

Studying the function of behavior in the world

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? - They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior - They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience - They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis - They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? - examination of anatomy and physiology - examination of existing archives and records - the use of introspection of one's own experiences - interviews with research participants

examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? - correlational studies - experimental - quasi-experimental - archival research

experimental

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? - discovering the contributions of women to psychology - favoring women over men - questioning the practice of science itself when it is male biased - studying psychological gender differences

favoring women over men

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? - cognitive - counseling - forensic - legal

forensic

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible - another person's consciousness - her own conscious experience - her own unconscious wishes - the social construction of consciousness

her own conscious experience

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ___________ is the independent variable and ______________ is the control group. - active play; passive play - food choice; no play - no play; type of play - type of play; no play

type of play; no play

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ____________. - validity - reliability - standardization - operationalization

validity