Psychology of aging

4 principles of adult development and aging

1. Changes are continuous over the lifespan 2. Only the survivors grow old 3. Individuality matters 4. Normal aging is different from disease

a manager is seeking to fill a job opening on his sales staff. his human resources department warns him that he cant take age into account, as mandated by which federal legislation

ADEA

number of years that a person would expect to lice in good health

Health expectancy (compression of morbidity)

Puberty and menopause are examples of these

Normative age-graded influences

the country with the highest percentage of obesity in the world is

United states

health professionals use the individuals ability to complete the tasks of bathing, dressing, transferring, using the toilet, and eating to assess:

activities of daily living

___ is not a true independent variable

age

according to the concept of _____ older adults can remain in their homes or communities rather than needing to be institutionalized

aging in place

which factor in the five factor model reflects the extent to which a person is cooperative and helpful

agreeableness

in the US, how does a college degree influence an individuals earning potential

all college graduates have higher earning potential than high school graduates

the gender gap is more pronounced in which ethnic group

asians

a 34 year old woman is struggling to overcome her extreme anxiety that her friends will desert her, so she tends to stay away from making new friendships. according to the attachment style perspective, she would be considered to be ______ in her attachment style

avoidant

100-109 years

centenarians

Online headlines from a major new study report that sexual interest diminishes as people get older. However, as you read the article in more detail, you realize that the study only compared people of different ages. Therefore, this study was ______ and could not permit conclusions about age changes

cross-sectional

most frequently research study used on aging; studies differences in age groups

cross-sectional design

which qualitative method would be most appropriate for research investigating topic in the psychology of aging? a. gender differences on memory b. age differences in daily experiences c. the prevalence by age of psychiatric disorders d. how older adults feel about grandchildren

d. how older adults feel about grandchildren

interindividual differences

differences between people

According to the plasticity principle in development, individuals can alter the course of their own development by:

engaging in physical and mental exercise

people who are securely attached in adulthood show which behaviors toward people who are close to them

enjoy being with them but are able to withstand seperation

normative history-graded influences

events that occur to everyone in a certain time

researchers and clinicians use the neuroticism-extraversion-openness personality inventory-revised (NEO-PR-R) to study the _______ model of personality in adulthood

five factor

experimental group

group that is exposed to independent variable

the #1 cause of death in the US, primarily because it is suffered by older adults

heart disease

the handling of an individuals personal finances is an ability included in which measure

instrumental activities of daily living

Age cannot be used as an independent variable in developmental research because

it cannot be manipulated by the experimenter

A british documentary film maker followed a group of children every 7 years starting when they were 7 years old and continuing to track them down through age 56. This film comes closest to which type of developmental research design

longitudinal

rare type of research study that gathers data from same participants at 2 or more time points, over long period of time

longitudinal research design

the sense of generativity, according to Erikson, can be developed in midlife through

mentoring other people

which psychological disorders are most prevalent among residents of nursing homes

mood and anxiety

the majority of residents in assisted living facilities pay for their costs out of what types of funds

personal/own funds

the behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases in later adulthood include tobacco smoking, unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol, and

physical inactivity

the idea that the ego plays a central role in behavior is most likely associated with which theoretical perspective in personality psychology

psychodynamic

because age cannot be an independent variable, research on aging uses a(n) type of design

quasi-experimental

research study that allows researchers to compare groups on characteristics like age, gender. Ethnicity, etc.

quasi-experimental design

non-normative influences

random not expected and atypical events that occur

Holland's vocational development theory describes the RIASEC model, which stands for the

six fundamental types that make up the model

To provide old age retirement benefits and unemployment insurance, Congress passed the _______ ________ law in 1935.

social security

the "stroke belt" is located in which part of the world

southeast US

110+ years

super-centenarians

Research on age and job performance shows that older workers are typically better in which regard than are younger workers?

taking fewer voluntary absences for personal reasons

which cosmetic procedure is shown to be associated with a higher rate of skin cancer

tanning beds

independent variable

the factor that researchers manipulates; the "predictor"

dependent variable

the outcome that researchers observe

people who use emotion focused coping are most likely to try to change ______ when they have to deal with a life stress

their mood

most rigorous and strongest research design

true-experimental design

which of the following is assessed in the activities of daily living

ability to dress oneself

a major emphasis of psychodynamic theory is understanding the use of ______ in adulthood

defense mechanisms

75-84 years

old old

according to the age discrimination in employment act (ADEA), what type of behavior by an employer would explicitly be prohibited

asking a job interviewee for his or her age

normative age-grouped influences

biological and environmental influences that are similar to individuals in a specific age group regardless of when/where they were raised.

an advantage of living in a Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRC) is that older adults

can move from minimal to higher levels of care within the same community

variable

characteristic that varies from individual to individual

the world health organization defines health as having which qualities

complete physical, mental and social well-being

control group

group that is exposed to same experimental environment but is not given the treatment/intervention

a large meta analysis of studies on aging and job satisfaction showed that older workers were more satisfied with their job if they

had longer job tenure

which type of care for older adults provides such services as Meals on Wheels, friendly visiting, assistance with household tasks, and rehabilitation outside of an institutional setting

home health services

the average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live

life expectancy

deaths in family, injury, promotions are examples of these

non-normative influences

85 and older

oldest old

research study that is more frequently used and more suitable for real-world situations

quasi-experimental design

Tests that produce consistent results are said to be psychometrically

reliable

A supervisor in a large hardware store wants to encourage his older workers to seek out on-the-job training so they will keep themselves familiarized with new products. One way to do so is to build the sense of _______________ in these older workers.

self-efficacy

research study that is a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs that combines variables like age, cohort, and time of measurement

sequential research design

The gradual loss of cognitive abilities as individuals get closer to death is referred to in research terms as

terminal drop

When Medicare was signed into law in 1965, budgetary issues were not of great concern to legislators or economists primarily because:

there were enough under-65 workers to support the system

the five factor model of personality fits into which overall category of psychological theories

trait

only research design that allows cause and effect conclusions

true-experimental design

accuracy; how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure

validity

65-74 years

young/old

the majority of nursing homes in the US fall into which category of ownership

for profit

people who feel that their occupation is a "calling" are likely to believe that it

fulfills their purpose in life

a(n) ____ nursing facility provides the highest level of nursing care that a person can receive outside a hospital

skilled

intraindividual differences

variations in performance within the same person

psychologists diagnosing Alzheimer's disease look for which key symptom in its early stage

forgetting material that one has just read/ forgetting names of close family or friends

A psychologist is conducting a study on the effect of intergenerational contact on happiness rating, focusing on how such contact can be beneficial t older adults. In one condition, she pairs an older adult with a young child and in the other she pairs 2 older adults with each other. Both sets of pairs meet for 30 minutes at a time. In this study, the dependent variable is

happiness rating of the older adults

75-year-old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly. However, Mrs. B.'s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging?

interindividual differences

max age for a given species. Oldest age documented is 122 years

life span

The large impact that Hurricane Sandy had on residents of the Northeast U.S. in 2012 makes it a ________________ influence on development.

normative history-graded

COVID 19, great depression, wars are examples of these

normative history-graded influences

the passing of the ____ act in 1987 first gave nursing home residents protection of rights under the US federal law

nursing home reform

consistency of measurement; degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same conditions with same participants

reliability

the quality of ______ refers to the ability to recover from stress

resilience

Day services for older adults that allow caregivers a break are known as

respite care

Tests that are intended to measure personality need to meet psychometric criteria showing that they actually do relate to personality. These criteria refer to a tests

validity

Researchers studying the effects of videogame training on the cognitive abilities of older adults expose separate groups of male and female participants to a training condition and 2 other groups to a no-training condition in performance on a cognitive test. They then conduct a similar comparison involving male and female younger adults. In this study, the only true independent variable is

videogame training