psychology of creativity
The belief is that a novel idea or product validates a person's .............. in that he or she has "made a mark" on the world a. Belief b. Personality c. Existence d. All of the above
Existence
......................... Creativity is often found in children and adults who have not been trained in the arts a. Expressive b. Productive c. Inventive d. Innovative
Expressive
Creativity evaluation is performed ................. by others in the field (i.e., experts, colleagues) or outside the field (i.e., government, consumers) on the product and creator. a. Internally b. Equally c. Externally d. None of the above
Externally
It was demonstrated that companies that focus on individual talent tend to................: a. Fail b. Succeed c. Innovate d. None of the above
Fail
Regarding the organizational structure and context, the "............" organization affects innovation largely by shaping and constraining the "..........." organization a. Informal, Formal b. Formal, Informal c. Flexible. Mechanistic d. None of the above
Formal, Informal
One of the dimensions of role is ...................., it serves or contributes in some way to a greater system. a. Function b. Position c. Purpose d. None of the above
Function
Management theorists have consistently argued that .................are more innovative. a. Mechanistic organizational forms b. Improvised organizational forms c. Bureaucratic organizational system d. None of the above
Improvised organizational forms
The best scientific explanation of empirically observed data of the creative process might be hybrid, which refers to................: a. Individual properties b. Group properties c. Incorporating individual and group properties d. None of the above
Incorporating individual and group properties
From the ....................... perspective, often viewed by creative practitioners, the function of creativity is to express hidden aspects of the self. a. Individual b. Social c. Cultural d. None of the above
Individual
According to the .................... definition; Creativity is a new mental combination that is expressed in the world. a. Sociocultural b. Individualist c. Individualism psychology d. None of the above
Individualist
The ......................... definition of creativity refers only to structures and processes that are associated with a single person. a. Sociocultural b. Individualist c. A & b d. None of the above
Individualist
In many highly innovative organizations, innovation emerges from ................... that emerge outside of the formal organization. a. Formal teams b. Informal teams c. Friendly teams d. All of the above
Informal teams
For creative problem solving, the ............. organization has been shown to matter more than the ........... organization a. Informal, Formal b. Formal, Informal c. bureaucratic, autocratic d. None of the above
Informal, Formal
Creative activities express the .................. being of the person, and result in great personal fulfillment. a. Outer b. External c. Inner d. a & b
Inner
"The successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization" is the definition of ......... a. Creativity in organizations b. Invention c. Innovation in organizations d. Entrepreneurship
Innovation in organizations
Traditionally, ................. is defined as a state of overlapping, symmetrical (equal) mental representations a. Unpredictability b. Inter subjectivity c. Non-reducibility to models of participating agents d. All of the above
Inter subjectivity
Artists who experiment with their craft, exploring different ways of using familiar tools and mediums reflect ..................... creativity. a. Expressive b. Productive c. Inventive d. Innovative
Inventive
Highly specialized people were ............ to become entrepreneurs. a. More likely b. Less likely c. Highly educated d. None of the above
Less likely
All of the following are reasons of increased importance of creativity except.... a. Globalized markets. b. The increase of sophisticated information and communication technologies. c. Less turnover rates in some industries. d. Increased demand on leisure products.
Less turnover rates in some industries.
Managers with dense networks have been found to be ...... adaptable, and ......... likely to modify their networks when the task environment changes. a. More, more b. More, less c. Less, more d. Less, less
Less, less
.................................. Creativity is inspired by our surroundings, which may include the people we talk to, the things we read and forms of day - to - day stimuli. a. Big "C" b. Little "c" c. Mini "c" d. None of the above
Little "c"
The selection of products is accomplished by an even more complex organization named...........: a. Workplace b. Market c. Community d. None of the above
Market
According to .................., a phenomenon is said to be explained when the realizing mechanism that gave rise to the phenomenon is sufficiently described a. Covering law approach b. Mechanism approach c. Methodological individualism d. None of the above
Mechanism approach
.............. attempts to explain an observed group-level regularity in terms of mental states and actions of the individual members of the group. a. Methodological groups b. Methodological processes c. Methodological individualism d. Individual properties
Methodological individualism
Concerning the Social Psychology of Organizing, it has been argued that smaller, "loosely coupled" organizations are ............... than carefully planned organizations. a. More adaptive b. Less adaptive c. More rigid d. None of the above
More adaptive
Creativity can be defined as the process that leads to the generation of a product that has the following two characteristics....................: a. New & present b. New & low priced c. New and appropriate d. None of the above
New and appropriate
The letters "PHOSITA" refers to................................: a. Peron Having Ordinary Skill in The Art b. People Having Opposite Structure in The Aim c. Person Having Obstacles in The Art d. None of the above
Peron Having Ordinary Skill in The Art
Research that focuses on the external forces or "pressures" acting on the creative person or process is the ......... creativity research. a. Product. b. Press. c. Process. d. Person.
Press
According to Feldman ( 2003 ) definition of creativity, middle C is roughly equivalent to .....................: a. Little C. b. Big C. c. Pro C. d. Mini C.
Pro C.
Artistic or scientific products that restrict and control free play and develop techniques for producing finished products reflects .................. creativity. a. Expressive b. Productive c. Inventive d. Innovative
Productive
............. Refers to "a process of coordination of individual contributions to joint activity rather than as a state of agreement". a. Traditional view of inter-subjectivity b. Proper view of inter-subjectivity c. Interdependency d. None of the above
Proper view of inter-subjectivity
One of the dimensions of role is...................., it provides meaning and direction. a. Function b. Position c. Purpose d. None of the above
Purpose
Creativity researchers refer "problem-finding" to: a. Recognizing opportunities b. Value creation c. Idea generation d. Data finding
Recognizing opportunities
The following are distinct competencies which are required from entrepreneurs, EXCEPT: a. Recognizing an opportunity b. Formulating the problem (perhaps the most creative stage of the process) c. Exploiting the opportunity d. Recruiting staff with irrelevant expertise
Recruiting staff with irrelevant expertise
................... refer to powerful individuals who are responsible for selecting, from among the myriad potential new ideas and products in their fields a. Benefactors b. Regulators c. Consumers d. None of the above
Regulators
Evaluation is necessary because creativity requires the use of ................ a. Multiple resources b. Scarce resources c. Unique resources d. Not applicable
Scarce resources
Sociocultural novelty can be judged only by ....................., who can collectively determine whether an individual creation really is new. a. Individuals b. Peers c. Social groups d. All the above
Social groups
The definition of ...................... creativity is the generation of a product that is judged to be novel and appropriate, useful, or valuable by a suitably knowledgeable social group. a. Individualism b. Sociocultural c. Entrepreneurial d. None of above
Sociocultural
All the following criteria describes creativity from an individualist point of view except .... a. The definition of creativity refers only to structures and processes that are associated with a single person. b. The idea has to be recognized as socially valuable in some way to some community. c. The creative thoughts or actions are essentially novel and original. d. Creative ideas should be expressed rather than being kept in a person's
The idea has to be recognized as socially valuable in some way to some community.
The belief that a novel, appropriate solution will create a positive spiral of productivity and achievement reflects ............................ a) The improvement role of creativity in society b) The expression role of creativity in society c) The Ideal role of creativity d) None of the above
The improvement role of creativity in society
Creativity researchers refer "appropriateness" to ......................: a. Problem solving b. Idea implementation c. Value creation d. All of the above
Value creation
.......... ties — where two people are linked, but not very strongly — are more strongly associated with creativity. a. Strong b. Weak c. Moderate d. Tight
Weak
When team members have ..............., the team is more likely to be creative. a. Strong external ties b. Connected external ties c. Weak external ties d. None of the above
Weak external ties
A strength of the covering-law approach is that laws can: a. explain past phenomena b. predict when similar phenomena will occur in the future. c. a & b d. None of the above
a & b
One of the most solid findings of SNA is that strong friendships aren't good for creativity because................: a. We tend to have close relationships to people who are like us b. Our good friends typically know each other c. a & b d. None of the above
a & b
The individualist approach is associated with .................. a. The first wave of psychology and personality b. The second-wave experimental cognitive psychology c. a & b d. A only
a & b
Experts are more likely to be .......................... to the old ways of doing things. a. Tied up b. Neglectful c. Bound up d. a & c
a & c
Mechanistic organizational structures refer to.................: a. decentralized, with flexible policies and procedures b. centralized control and formalized procedures c. a & b d. None of the above
centralized control and formalized procedures
Innovations usually come up from......................: a. Independent Individuals b. collaborative teams c. Both d. Neither
collaborative teams
Organic organizational structures refer to: a. decentralized, with flexible policies and procedures b. centralized control and formalized procedures c. a & b d. None of the above
decentralized, with flexible policies and procedures
According to the social network analysis, the ideal network is one that has both ..................and ................., and is often referred to as a small world network. a. dense connections and strong connections b. dense connections and loose connections c. too dense connections and too unconnected d. None of the above
dense connections and loose connections
Highly cohesive teams is, by definition, are..................: a. densely connected b. loosely connected c. strongly connected d. All of the above
densely connected
..................... is a network where all ties are strong ties, and where the same people are all connected to each other. a. Loosely connected network b. densely connected network c. flexible network d. None of the above
densely connected network
Covering-law models have always been problematic in the social sciences - including in psychology - primarily because of: a. Laws are made for physics and chemistry b. difficulty translating the notion of "law" to social reality c. Individuals cannot follow laws d. All of the above
difficulty translating the notion of "law" to social reality
Most of the creative innovations such as (Apple group & Microsoft team) emerged from: a. entire research team b. Creative individuals c. Both d. Neither
entire research team
Creative outputs from social systems that are unpredictable and involve inter- subjectivity are more likely to require: a. group-level accounts b. Individual-level accounts c. Incorporating group and individual levels d. None of the above
group-level accounts
Sophisticated information and communication technologies result in..............: a. Reduced the time spent b. shorter product development cycles. c. Higher production costs d. None of the above
shorter product development cycles.
A person is more likely to acquire new information from a weak tie than a strong tie, because: a. Weakly connected nodes are not sharing knowledge b. strongly connected nodes tend to have the same sources and share the same information. c. strongly connected nodes tend to play not work d. All of the above
strongly connected nodes tend to have the same sources and share the same information.
In case there is an organization with two distinct work groups. If there's no contact between the two groups, this creates a .............. a. Organizational hole b. structural hole c. systematic hole d. All of the above
structural hole
This first wave of creativity research was focused on: a. the internal mental processes b. studying the personalities of exceptional creators. c. creative social systems d. None of the above
studying the personalities of exceptional creators.
The second wave based in cognitive psychology and focused on: a. the internal mental processes b. studying the personalities of exceptional creators. c. creative social systems d. None of the above
the internal mental processes
Increasing ................... , have increased the demand for the products of the creative industries. a. Cost of production b. Employee wages c. wealth and leisure time d. a & b
wealth and leisure time
A patent can be released only to ideas that...................: a. Are shared with a group of people b. Emerge from creative person c. would not have been obvious to another person working in the same area d. None of the above
would not have been obvious to another person working in the same area
The betweenness of a centrality node reflects ----------------------- a. A measure of the average of the shortest distances to all other nodes in the network b. The number of contacts; c. A node can reach other nodes through a minimum number of intermediary nodes d. A node falls between pairs of other points on the shortest path between them
A node falls between pairs of other points on the shortest path between them
Creativity has value in the society because it: a. Changes the status quo for individuals and sometimes for the entire group. b. Helps in problem solving, generating more ideas and concepts c. Makes positive differences in society d. All of above
All of above
There is a significant role of creativity and innovation in human life and development of civilization, this may include..................... a. Development of knowledge-based economies b. Rationalizing improvements in production processes c. Building new categories of added-value in technological processes and products. d. All of above
All of above
An innovation can be considered patentable when it is: a. New b. Useful c. Not-obvious d. All of the above
All of the above
Collaborative emergence in small groups has some characteristics that may include: a. Unpredictability b. Inter subjectivity c. Non-reducibility to models of participating agents d. All of the above
All of the above
Collaborative emergence includes: a. everyday conversation b. small-group collaborations c. brainstorming sessions, and discussion seminars. d. All of the above
All of the above
Creativity is ........... a. The act of turning new and imaginative ideas into reality b. The process of bringing something new into being c. Requires passion and commitment. d. All of the above
All of the above
Innovation isn't simply the creation of something new, it involves................: a. Implementation b. Dissemination c. Adoption of an idea d. All of the above
All of the above
The "interdisciplinary approach" focuses on.................. a. the individual who originates the idea b. the entire organizational system, c. the complex social and interactional processes that result in implementation, dissemination, and adoption d. All of the above
All of the above
The dimensions of role may include................ a. Function b. Position c. Purpose d. All of the above
All of the above
The purpose of creativity research includes: a. Gather empirical data b. Develop explanations c. Practical application d. All of the above
All of the above
The traditional account of inter-subjectivity is inadequate to describe collaborative emergence because of: a. many social interactions where participants do not share mental representations b. debates c. disagreements d. All of the above
All of the above
There are different ways to define the centrality of a node....................: a. the number of contacts b. Betweenness c. closeness centrality d. All of the above
All of the above
To explain any case of important innovation, we need to examine: a. teamwork and collaboration b. overall organizational structures and culture c. contextual factors d. All of the above
All of the above
Creativity as a science should be explained because it ......... a. Forms better leaders through helping them to respond better to the challenges facing modern society, b. Enhances problem solving through providing good ideas. c. Provides better education in classrooms and informal learning. d. All the above.
All the above
Jobs that do not require creativity will face the risk of ................. a. Auto play b. Automation c. Self-administration d. All of the above
Automation
social network analyses have converged on the finding that both too- dense and too-unconnected networks are ........ for creativity a. Good b. Preferable c. Bad d. None of the above
Bad
..................... such as funders, venture capitalists, incubators, and suppliers, influence the beginning of creativity. a. Benefactors b. Regulators c. Consumers d. None of the above
Benefactors
................................. creativity is the breakthrough kind of thinking that most people are familiar with, but it's relatively rare. a. Big "C" b. Little "c" c. Mini "c" d. None of the above
Big "C"
A company that invented the new 4G (Apple computer) applies the .................. creativity a. Big "C" b. Little "c" c. Mini "c" d. None of the above
Big "C"
Using the metaphor of a piano keyboard," High C" creativity can be equivalent to ................. a. Little C. b. Big C. c. Pro C. d. Mini C.
Big C.
Only those combinations that are............ &................. are considered as patentable: a. not obvious, b. have unpredictable results. c. Both d. Neither
Both
A product is creative when it is............ a. Novel b. Appropriate c. Neither A or B d. Both A & B
Both A & B
Entrepreneurs are people who can.................: a. Recognize opportunities b. Have the motivation to pursue opportunities c. Both a & b d. Neither
Both a & b
In real corporations, the organization's creativity is a complex and emergent property, depending not only on the employees but also on.................: a. the structures that organize them b. the joint practices that they engage in together. c. Both a & b d. Neither
Both a & b
In the study of the creative process, the things of interest to creativity researchers are: a. Specific instances of new things emerging b. Regular, repeatable patterns of new things emerging. c. Both a & b d. Neither a or b
Both a & b
The term "useful" in the patentable innovation refers to the condition that the subject matter has a................: a. Useful purpose b. Operativeness c. Both a & b d. Neither
Both a & b
................ refers to the degree to which a person is in the middle of the network, loosely speaking. a. Centrality b. Reliability c. Accountability d. None of the above
Centrality
In ..................., a group behaviour must be thought of as emergent in cases where there is no structured plan guiding the group and no leader who directs the group. a. Collaborative emergence in small group b. Cooperation within groups c. Mechanisms of emergence d. None of the above
Collaborative emergence in small group
New products are created by complex social organizations, that is called.........: a. Collaborative teams b. Collaborative emergence c. Collaborative webs d. None of the above
Collaborative webs
Creativity and mental illness are ...................... a. Unrelated b. Disappointing c. Connected d. None of the above
Connected
.................. in scientific explanations, a phenomenon is said to be explained when salient properties of the event are shown to be consequents of general laws a. Covering law approach b. Mechanistic approach c. Methodological individualism d. None of the above
Covering law approach
Convention is the enemy of creativity, because it blocks the pure inspiration welling up from the creative spirit. This reflects the belief of .................... a. Creative ideas emerge mysteriously from the unconscious. b. People are more creative when they're alone c. Creativity is more likely when you reject convention d. None of the above
Creativity is more likely when you reject convention
................. refers to the science of how these new products come into being. a. Creativity b. Innovation c. Entrepreneurship d. Creativity research
Creativity research
.......... Is an entirely new principle or assumption around which new schools flourish. a. Expressive. b. Emergentive. c. Inventive. d. Innovative.
Emergentive
