Psychology of Learning Final (test #2)

If jay obtains 20% of his kisses from Francine and 80% of his kisses for Delores, the matching law predicts that he will choose to spend_______ of his time with Delores.

80%

The Schedule that is not an intermittent/partial schedule is? A. FR1 B. FR5 C. VI 1 D. IRF

A. FR 1

Which of the following statements above behaviorism is False? A. it argued that mental events should be the focus of research B. it claims that the human and animal learn in the same ways C. it studied environmental causes of behavior D. it claims that ALL behavior is due to learning E. none of the above are false; all are true

A. it argued that mental events should be the focus of research

The level of deprivation is MOST important when the reinforcer use is a/an ________reinforcer. A. primary B. secondary C. salient D. intrinsic E. tertiary

A. primary

Lucy is an autistic child who has a problem engaging in self-injurious, head -slapping behavior. Her behavior analyst recently implemented a new program that offer Rf for engaging in behaviors that involve the use of her hands in healthier ways. Since she cannot simultaneously slap herself and play with toys, her schedule is best describe as_____. A. DRL B. DRI C. DRH D.DRC E. DRZ

B. DRI

Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show_____. A. increased immune functioning B. Decreased immune functioning C. No change in immune functioning D. incidental conditional responses

B. Decreased immune functioning

A graph expressing response rates under different simple reinforcement schedule would be characterized by straight lines_____ for schedules and scalloped lines for_______schedules. A. variable ratio (VR); variable Interval (VI) B. VI; FI C. FI; FR D. FR; Fi E. none of the above are true!

B. VI; FI

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by________. A. escape from the CS B. a reduction in the # of aversive events C. positive Rf that follow aversive events D. non-contingent aversives E. both a and b

B. a reduction in the # of aversive events

Clark Hulls' explanation of RF assumes that reinforces________. A. Can be used to reinforces less probable behaviors B. reduce drives C. cause frustation D. are valued at different levels E. get their power from secondary reinforces

B. reduce drives

Danyelle believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on access to high probability behavior. She is most likely an advocate of______ theory. A. drive-reduction B. relative value C. response deprivation D. frustration E. response unit

B. relative value

A DRL intervention would be most useful in which of the following scenarios? A. teach an individuals with autism to maintain eye contact in conversation B. teach someone to stop biting their fingernails C. people to wash their hands other to prevent the flu from spreading D. teach students to participate in class more E. duh, a DRL schedule would be useful in all of the above!

B. teach someone to stop biting their fingernails

In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that__________. A. The reasoning ability of cats is quite remarkable B. treadle stepping increase b/c it had been "stamped in" C. the treadle is a CS for stepping D. learning meant connecting the treadle with food E. the cat was positively rf

B. treadle stepping increase b/c it had been "stamped in"

Skinner describes some of his most important research in.

Behavior of Organisms

Although different people have different view on whether punishment or Rf is the best way to alter behavior, most agree that_______.

Both punishment and Rf are most effective when they immediately follow the desired behavior

The schedule to use if you want to produce the most rapid learning of NEW behavior is_____. A. FI 3 B. VI 3 C. CRF D. FR 2 E. DRH

C. CRF

Your sister's tarantula, named Mortis, keeps escaping from its cage. On the first day, it took Mortis 14 hours to escape by jumping, but by the second week, the tarantula could only be confined for 30 minutes before it worked its way to Freedom. According to Throndike's law of effect_________. A. the stimulus of the cage has become associated with the desire to be free B.the stimulus of the cage has become associated with the jumping necessary to gain freedom C. The tarantula jumps because doing so resulted in freedom and was stamped in D. the tarantula operates on the environment to gain freedom E. esacpe fro the cage its instrumental to freedom, this is indicated by Mortis' enthusiasm as he raises his egs and excliams FREEDOM

C. The tarantula jumps because doing so resulted in freedom and was stamped in

Brittani has trouble sitting still in class. Mr. Smith being praising Brittani every time she its for a reasonable amount of time. He notices improvement in Bittani's classroom behavior and so continues Rf Brittani in this fashion in the weeks that follow. By Thanksgiving, Brittani is behaving as well as her classmates, so Mr. Smith concludes that he no longer has to Rf her for sitting still. Soon after this, Brittani's behavior begins to deteriorate, and by jamuary she is back to her old, restless self. From an operant condition perspective, what should Mr. Smith have done differently in this situation? A. he should have taught Brittani to discriminate between situation in which sitting still was and was not appropriate B. He should have punished her for getting out of her seat and for other similarly "restless' behaviors C. he should've continued to Rf her for sitting quietly on an intermittent basis D. he should have used a Rf other than praise E. he should have incorporated all of the above into his intervention

C. he should've continued to Rf her for sitting quietly on an intermittent basis

When discipling their son, Joshua, Mr, and Mrs. Grinch being with a mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offense continue. This procedure is likely to result in______ A. quicker compliance from Joshua B. confusing Joshua C. increased tolerance D. a rapid suppression of the unwanted behavior E. both A and D

C. increased tolerance

According to_______ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go out at recess to play because they have not done so for several hours. A. drive reduction B. relative value C. response deprivation D. stimulus substitution E. frustration

C. response deprivation

Sometimes, a schedule of extinction will result in_______. A. the partial-reinforcement effect B. rationalization C. resurgence D. post-reinforcement pause E. associative learning

C. resurgence

Alejandra was - rf when______ A. her father canceled their date of the zoo B. her brother teased her and called her 'chubby' C. she removed the shoe that had a pebble in it D. the only way to truly alter a person's behavior is if they really want to change, otherwise it makes no difference whether you us punishment or RF E. all of theses

C. she removed the shoe that had a pebble in it

Kristinia wants to determine which of the two reinforcement schedules is more attractive to rats. She trines a rat to press a lever for food, and the puts the rat into an experimental chamber containing 2 levers. Pressing on one level produces Rf on a FR 1- schedule; pressing the other lever produces Rf on a FI 10/sec schedule. Lever pressing is on a _____.

Concurrent schedule

A chain schedule is most like a _______ schedule. A. multiple B. mixed C. cooperative D. tandem E. concurrent

D. Tandem

Which of the following is an example of + punishment? A. before a body disobeys his mother, she takes away his favorite toy B. after a boy disobeys his mother, she takes away his favorite toy C. before a girl steals a cookie, her mother scolds her D. after a girl steals a cookie, her mother scolds her

D. after a girl steals a cookie, her mother scolds her

One type of counterconditioning that has been called into question due to ethical issues____. A. systematic desensitization B. condition suppression C. reducing conditioned emotional responding D. aversion therapy E. all of the above are unethical

D. aversion therapy

According to the 2 factor theory of - Rf, behavior can be accounted for by__________. A. both pavlovian and classical conditioning B. both Throndikin and operant condition C. both instrumental and operant condition D. boh classical and operant conditioning E. both contingency-based and operarnt conditioning

D. boh classical and operant conditioning

Which of the following has Not been discussed as a potential reason for post reinforcement pause______. A. Fatigue B. satiation C. continuation of response D. failure to recognize discriminative stimulus E. all of these are true!

D. failure to recognize discriminative stimulus

The explanation of the PRE that refutes its very existence is the _____ hypothesis. A. discrimination B. Frustration C. sequential D. response unit E. post reinforcement pause

D. response unit

You want to train your Basset Hound to put her toys away in her toy box. First you Rf her for picking up a toy, then for approaching the toy box, and so on in small steps until your adorable nog-eared girl is successfully dropping her toys in the toy box. You accomplished this by using_____. A. shaping B. chaining C. non-Rf of earlier steps D. A and B only E. A,B, and C

E. A,B, and C

Which of the following statements is true? A. + Rf serves to increase the occurrence of a given behavior while - rf and punishment serve to decrease it occurrence b. + Rf serves to increase the occurrence of a given behavior whereas - RF serve to decreases it occurrence C. + Rf, - Rf, and punishment all serve to increase the occurrence of a given behavior D. + Rf, - Rf, and punishment all serve to decrease the occurrence of a given behavior E. NONE of the above are true

E. NONE of the above are true

Each time Tanner, who has a lisp, say Mithithippi, or the like, his wife, jessica, yells, IDIOT! however there is no evidence that Jessica's efforts reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. In addition, he seems to say it now more than ever-- inventing creative sentences just to say Mithithippi when every he can? We can therefore conclude that_______. A. Tanner's behavior is being + Rf B. Tanner's beahvior has not been punished C. Jessica's efforts to punish Tanner's behavior has actually RF it D. none of the above are correct E. all are true A;B;C

E. all are true A;B;C

Steven trains a pigeon to peck a disk by RF each disk peck. Once the response is learned, Steven begins to cut back on the RF. At first he Rf every other response, then every 3rd response, evert 5th response, everyth 10th response, and so on. Steven is using a procedure called____. A. Duration schedule low B. reinforcement decimation C. strengthening the ratio D. stretching the ratio E. bridging the ratio

E. bridging the ratio

"the best part of going the beach," your friend exclaims as your start your vacation, "is getting away from all the stress of work and school." If this is true, then you friend's vacation-taking behavior is influenced by_______. A. extinction B. positive punishment C. negative punishment D. positive punishment E. negative reinforcement

E. negative reinforcement

The Rotneberg School present evidence that in the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often______.

Effective

According to Skinner, The internal mental states such as thinking, foresight, and reasoning______.

Exist, but should not be used to explain behavior

The explanation of the Pre that puts greatest emphasis on internal, largely emotional cues is the _________ hypothesis. A. discrimination B. frustration C. sequential D. response unit E. Satiation effect

Frustration

Which of the following correctly sums up the plot of Walden Two?

In a utopian society, the principles of RF allow people to lead happy, fulfilling lives.

Margaret hears a noise in the kitchen and investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and her 5-year old daughter, Paige standing nearby. Margaret know what happened, but asks young Paiges anyway. Paige admits that she broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Margaret give Paige a spanking. Paige is most likely to learn form this experience that______.

It doesn't pay to tell the truth

Regarding the effectiveness of Rf, humans are more influenced by Rf in terms of its______, while animals are more influenced by RF in terms of its______.

Magnitude; delay to availability

Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of_______.

Negative Rf

A discriminative stimulus signals that

Rf is available for a particular response

Compared to continuous Rf, Partial Rf results in______ learning that is _____ to extinguish

Slower; harder

In order to determine if one response will rf another, what would Premark suggest you know?

The probabilities of each response

To avoid condition taste aversions, cancer patients are sometimes given______ during chemotherapy

Unusually flavored candies or ice cream

Extinction of a response will occur quickest when learning occurs under which schedule?

continuous

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to_______.

learned helplessness

You are absent from school for an afternoon. When you return, you read the report left by your substitute. Te report states that half of your class behaved wonderfully and completed their entire assignment. The other half of the class misbehaved and did not finish their assignment. For the students who behaved, you give the free time on their cell phones. For the students who misbehaved, you give them an extra, more difficult assignment to accomplish. In this situation, you provided_____.

positive Rf and Positive Rf, respectively

Wolfgang Kohler suggested that chimps_______.

use insight to come up with novel solutions to problems

As someone who enjoys backpacking and camping. Stephanie decides to challenge herself by going into the wilderness with only a few basic resources and try to survive for a month. In order to boil her water and cooke her food, she must produce fire. She decides to rub 2sticks together continually until she gets a spark and thus a flame. For Stephanie, the fire-making activity is on a ________.

variable duration schedule

Ayla spends her summer in the city panhandling. Every day she takes a position on a busy corner and accost passerbyers saying. "can you spare some change?". Most people ignore her question, but every now and then after she asks, someone gives her money. Ayla's Rf schedule is best described as a_______.

variable ratio schedule