Psychology of Personality

Which of the following is a heavy metal whose ingestion might lead to depression?

Arsenic

Which of the following is a heavy metal whose ingestion might lead to depression?

Arsenic Heavy metals like arsenic, lead, and mercury can alter our behaviors. Arsenic, specifically, can lead to anxiety and depression.

How did Julian Rotter define social learning theory?

Behavior is controlled by the personality's response to the environment.

Which of the following conditions would produce the most accurate flashbulb memory?

Being in the passenger seat of a car while your friend was driving and getting into an accident that killed your friend

Which of the following might cause hyperactivity in girls, when exposed to it while in utero?

Bisphenol A is a toxic compound that has been found in some plastics. Some research has suggested that when a child is exposed to bisphenol A, they may have hyperactive tendencies later in life.

_____ is more frequently diagnosed in women than in men.

Borderline personality disorder

Which of the following is FALSE about the Thematic Apperception Test?

The background of the examiner is irrelevant to the scoring of the subjects' stories. so, the scorer's background is relevant

Which theoretical view MOST closely relates social intelligence and personality?

The cognitive view NOT "theory of multiple intelligences" The cognitive view sees social intelligence as an outward manifestation of the cognitive processes of our personalities.

If someone looks down upon you because they believe you are immoral, even when most everyone thinks you are a moral person, then which of the following may be true?

Their superego is overly dominant in their personality.

If you could sum up the period of the 1950s-1970s in the field of personality psychology, you'd say it was _____.

This period was marked by identifying key constructs in the field. NOT "flourishing in every way"

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages can be compared to Freud's oral stage of development?

Trust vs. mistrust

Who was the father of cognitive psychology and publisher of the book Cognitive Psychology?

Ulric Neisser focused his research on cognitive psychology on memory and intelligence. He published his book Cognitive Psychology in 1960.

id

basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification under the surface. ego and superego are partially above surface.

What are the four components of Rotter's social learning theory?

behavioral potential, expectancy, reinforcement value, and psychological situation

Prior to the humanistic-existential model, which of the following models were used to explain abnormal behavior?

biological, psychodynamic, and behavioral models.

Which of the following statements is TRUE:

both birth order and sibling relationships are considered important to Adler

Although choice is subjective and cannot be measured by common forms of measurement, the behaviorism and psychodynamic theories prided themselves on strict adherence to:

scientific methods of measurement

_____ is the theory that some organisms are better equipped to survive because they have adapted traits that make them better able to attract a mate.

sexual selection, they allegedly develop traits that make them more attractive to mates

Which of the following did Erich Fromm feel had the biggest influence on personality development?

socioeconomic status

Jesus gets upset when he gets a bad haircut. His sister tells him that his hair will grow out again, but Jesus insists that he'll be ugly forever now. Jesus is demonstrating a _____ view about this situation.

stable means he expects the situation to last; unstable means not last

Which of the following statements about the Thematic Apperception Test is FALSE?

that it remains unchanged Since it was created in the 1930s, psychologists have significantly expanded how they use, administer and score/interpret the TAT.

According to Adler's theory about birth order, which child would likely be the most independent?

the youngest

Which of the following is true of feelings of inferiority:

these feelings can cause a superiority complex if they are extremely developed these feelings are experienced by everyone these feelings begin in early childhood these feelings create a motivational drive all correct

Which of the following is true of a middle child according to Adler:

they may feel life is unfair they can become a peacemaker they often feel left out they can become rebellious all correct

Henna believes that she has anxiety because when she was a baby, her parents didn't provide for her needs well enough. Henna likely has a _____ view of identity.

trauma NOT "motivation"

John B. Watson conducted an experiment proving that _____.

we could learn behavior through associating it with something else

How would someone who was irritable be viewed in light of the humorism of the ancient Greeks?

yellow bile = irritability It was assumed that yellow bile indicated a choleric, or easily irritable person.

How many processes are involved in Social Learning Theory?

Four

Social role theory focuses on gender differences in all of the following areas except one. Which of the following areas is NOT a focus of social role theory?

Friendship roles Social role theory focuses on how gender differences in behavior and gender stereotypes develop. It proposes that traditional gender roles assign men and women to different family roles (e.g. provider versus caretaker), occupational roles (e.g. laborer versus librarian), and status levels (e.g. manager versus secretary).

Which cognitive revolutionist was famous for his study on working memory and his publication of 'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information'?

George Miller found that there were limits to humans' ability to process information and that, in fact, humans could remember an average of seven items, plus or minus two. The foundation of his research was taken from the computer science concept of information processing.

Gerard makes very quick decisions based on his intuition, whereas Kelly tends to make decisions more slowly, by weighing pros and cons. Who is more likely to have an expressive style?

Gerard because he makes quick, intuitive decisions.

Who published the seminal work Personality: A Psychological Interpretation?

Gordon Allport had his work published in 1937.

Which psychologist pushed the early boundaries of personality psychology with his experimentations in the field?

Henry Murray

Freud's phallic stage of development and his developmental theory that it is based on are:

Highly controversial ideas NOT "Believed to be completely false by all modern psychologists"

Type A and Type B personalities have the same health risks, as long as individuals with Type A personality can manage the deadly trait of _____.

Hostility

Lyme disease might make people _____. I. Violent II. Depressed III. Suicidal

I, II, and III

In what way can pain alter a person's personality? I. It makes them more egocentric.II. It makes a person less empathetic.III. It makes a person more patient.

I. It makes them more egocentric. II. It makes a person less empathetic.

Trying to understand people's personalities by looking at what is unique to each individual is called the _____ approach.

Idiographic

Why might someone in Japan want to know your blood type if they are curious about your personality?

In Japan, some people believe that different blood types are associated with different personalities. People with type A blood are supposedly serious and meticulous; type B, optimistic and curious; type AB, rational and discriminating; and type O, sociable and hard-working. NOTE that the wrong answer was same but misattributed AB as optimist.

Who earned the 1904 Nobel Prize in Psychology?

Ivan Pavlov

Which cognitive revolutionist published The Study of Thinking and The Process of Educationand claimed that perception was an active (versus passive) process?

Jerome Bruner published A Study of Thinking in 1956. His studies proved that perception was an active process in the brain, which is always selecting, organizing and interpreting sensory information in an active manner. This research led to findings related to learning and the publication of The Process of Education in 1960.

Who was Carl Jung?

Jung was the founder and major theorist of analytical psychology.

Which of the following people had the greatest influence on Erich Fromm's political views?

Karl Marx

Which of the following is a nutrient that, in higher than normal amounts, can cause children to become aggressive?

Manganese Excessive manganese intake can also cause other behavioral problems, like refusal to talk.

Which psychologist proposed the concept of learned optimism?

Martin Seligman

Which of the following is a personality test?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator VIA Survey all correct

Which of the following, used as flame retardants, can make children more hyperactive?

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, or PBDEs, have been linked to hyperactivity in children.

B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning attempted to encourage what kind of behavior?

Pro-social he wanted to mold people to be better, not antisocial

Which theoretical view tries to measure social intelligence?

Psychometric is the earliest theoretical approach to social intelligence. Researchers like E.L. Thorndike attempted to develop a way to quantitatively measure social intelligence abilities.

Nomothetic psychologists measure personality via:

Psychometrics

Psychologists who believe in the idiographic approach do NOT measure a person's personality traits using:

Psychometrics

Which one is NOT one of the processes involved in Social Learning Theory

Sensation The processes involved in Social Learning Theory are attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. Sensation is NOT one.

What psychological types does analytical psychology distinguish?

extrovert and the introvert

The _____ perspective of personality suggests that humans have many unique and varied personality traits.

idiographic An idiographic approach to personality suggests that we all have many unique and varied personality traits.

_____ occurs when a child tries to make a good object always present.

introjection According to Klein, introjection is when a child attempts to always have a good object present, such as his or her parent. It's almost like a fantasy of making this object part of oneself.

Which of the following is NOT a critique of behaviorist views of personality?

it cannot explain phobias Behaviorism cannot explain temperament or complex aspects of personality, and it is often at odds with Charles Darwin's theories.

The _____ stage happens when we are about 5-12 years old; this is when we begin to develop feelings for the opposite sex but do not express them until we reach the _____ stage, after 12 years of age.

latency, genital

Superego

morality

Rollo May believed that anxiety resulted from:

people's fear of death and uncertainty

A person with high ACT scores can _____ others just by being in the same room with them.

positively influence this is charisma

Erikson characterizes development as a series of _____.

psychosocial stages

erikson

psychosocial stages

ego

reality

Object relations theory focuses on:

relationships with others. 'object' means the focus of your attention, which is another person

Which text can be a great help in finding out more about psychological tests?

The Mental Measurements Yearbook

What age are children during the phallic stage?

3-6 years

Which of the following best explains the nomothetic view of personality?

A nomothetic view of personality is one that seeks to identify generalized or universal traits of human personality. For example, the Big 5 personality traits are an example of this perspective.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding personality assessment predictions?

Any assessment method can yield clues to a valid prediction, but the best predictions are based on pre-determined rules and statistical formulas.

Evolutionary psychologists have argued that personality traits are domain specific. Which of the following best explains this idea?

Adaptive personality traits have evolved over time to be useful in particular areas of human life to help us survive

Who first used the term 'extraversion' to describe a personality type?

Carl Jung

Amanda is a researcher who wants to study the relationship between child abuse and borderline personality disorder. Amanda decides to use a case study to examine her research question. Which of the following statements supports Amanda's decision to use a case study design?

Case studies are useful for studying situations that could not be created experimentally due to ethical concerns.

What personal experience may have shaped Abraham Maslow's heirarchy of needs?

Childhood abuse

Why did Alfred Adler feel the best parenting style was a balance between pampering and neglectful?

Children are provided with safety but allowed to get hurt from time to time. NOT "Children are provided with safety but allowed to get hurt from time to time."

In personal construct therapy, constructs are often analyzed in their relation to which of the following?

Contrasts

What hormones make us more irritable when we're hungry?

Cortisol and epinephrine

Which of the following theorists did Erich Fromm pattern his beliefs after early in his career?

During the early part of his career, Fromm's greatest influence was Sigmund Freud, who developed psychoanalysis.

According to Jean Piaget, once the perceptual mechanism of information processing is complete, what state do we achieve?

Equilibrium in regards to schemata, according to Piaget, is the state reached when knew information is fully integrated into existing schemata or a new schema is formed.

Which type of psychology says that people inherently have both good and evil in them?

Existential

_____ is the theory that some species have traits that make them better able to adapt to their environment and thus continue to survive.

Natural selection NOT "evolution"

Which of these is a part of a person's self?

Nuclear self Virtual self Cohesive self Grandiose self All are correct

What is Erich Fromm's explanation for the rise of totalitarian leaders?

People submit to totalitarian leaders because of their fear of facing adult decisions. They enjoy the comfort of having someone else make their decisions for them.

After losing a game of chess, pessimistic Paul says to himself, ''I never win anything.'' Which aspect of explanatory style does Paul's statement best reflect?

Permanence is the degree to which we attribute an event to either permanent or temporary causes. In Paul's statement he is attributing his loss to a permanent cause.

In terms of becoming a discipline, personality psychology arose _____.

Personality psychology became a discipline in the 1930s.

Which of the following did Kelly use as a tool for personal construct therapy?

Repertory grid a way for people to analyze themselves

Prior to the birth of the humanistic psychology movement, what did psychologists concern themselves with?

Specific human problems

Which of the following best explains Klein's concept of splitting?

Splitting occurs when a child sees the same object as both good and bad.

What cultural attitudes in Austria at the time of Freud's work might have influenced him?

Victorian sexual morality

An exaggerated feeling of being superior to others that is used as a defense mechanism to conceal feelings of extreme inferiority is:

a superiority complex

At which stage in human psychological development does the reality principle begin to develop?

during childhood

Mary is very focused on details and cleanliness and does not like to relinquish control. According to Freud, Mary may be fixated in the _____.

anal stage

Which of these exists to healthily regulate the id?

ego

People arrive at constructs and contrasts by using certain examples that they can apply to both, which Kelly referred to as what?

elements examples that fit within the construct

Which of the following people likely has a dominant ego to their personality?

can be so conscious of reality that doesn't have much fun

Which theoretical view MOST closely relates social intelligence and personality?

cognitive The cognitive view sees social intelligence as an outward manifestation of the cognitive processes of our personalities.

Which type of psychology deals with the 'why' of our behaviors and actions?

cognitive psychology

_____ occurs when a test has different meanings for members of different cultural groups.

construct bias

The ultimate goal of Kelly's approach is to help the individual gain insight and deeper understanding of what?

constructs

Theorists following the intelligence model break down social intelligence into what two categories?

declarative and procedural knowledge It further subdivides declarative knowledge into semantic memory and episodic memory while dividing procedural knowledge into cognitive skills and motor skills.