psychology of women Chapter 1

In the context of the impact of higher education on women in the United States and Europe in the early 1900s, identify a true statement about the first scientifically trained women.

Some of them devoted their research efforts to challenging accepted wisdom about the extent and nature of sex differences.

Identify the important themes shared by feminist perspectives.

Feminism values women as important and worthwhile human beings. Feminism recognizes the need for social change if women are to lead secure and satisfying lives.

Identify a characteristic of correlational studies in psychological research.

They can determine whether two or more variables are related to each other.

In the context of psychological research, identify a true statement about correlational studies.

They cannot determine whether the relationship between two or more variables is causal.

Psychologist Phyllis Chesler's book Women and Madness claimed that psychology and psychiatry were used to _____.

control women

In the context of psychological research, the process of _____ is perhaps the most neglected and understudied part of the scientific enterprise.

creating research questions

In a sense, the research projects of the pioneering women psychologists were dictated by _____.

other people's questions

____ occurs when gender differences in performing a specific task are interpreted as evidence of a more general difference, perhaps even one that is considered permanent and unchangeable.

overgeneralization

the term ____ is used by statisticians to describe the outcome of a set of mathematical operations.

significant

_____ often urge a return to what they consider the good old days when there were no lesbian, gay, or transgendered people, good young women all got married and produced babies, and the world of work and achievement was a man's world.

social conservatives

In the context of psychological research, quantitative methods allow for the use of random samples, so that _____.

the results can be generalized

Before the women's movement of the late 1960s, when women behaved differently from men, the differences were attributed to _____.

their female biology

Understanding gender oppression in conjunction with different kinds of power imbalances caused by colonialism, global capitalism, and economic exploitation is the work of

transnational feminism

The first wave of the women's movement lost momentum in the 1920s because women believed that _____.

winning votes would lead to political, social, and economic equality

In general, _____ do not see men of color as their oppressors but as brothers who suffer the effects of racism just as women of color do.

womanists

The work of the pioneering women psychologists of the early 1900s opened the way for research to replace unexamined assumptions about _____.

women's so-called natural limitations

Which of the following happens in the design stage of a psychological research process?

A method to conduct the research is selected.

Identify the type of feminism that emphasizes differences between women and men.

Cultural feminism

Which of the following is an insight of feminism related to research?

Each research project or theory is situated in a particular period in history.

True or false: Men can never be feminists.

False

True or false: The perspectives of dominant groups in a society are always recognized as being infused with dominant group values.

False

_____ is based on the value judgment that women and men and their concerns are of equal worth and importance.

Gender-fair research

Identify the qualitative methods that are most often used by psychologists in psychological research. (Check all that apply.)

Interviews Focus Groups

Ethnography

It involves researchers working within a community and trying to learn its customs and beliefs.

Identify a true statement about overgeneralization.

It is a type of interpretation bias.

Identify a true statement about androcentric research.

It is based on the value judgment that men and their concerns are more important than women and their concerns.

Identify a feature of the third-wave feminism developed in the 1990s.

It is less connected to the psychological establishment than earlier feminist movements were.

Identify a feature of liberal feminism.

It relies on deeply held American beliefs about equality.

Which of the following is true of cultural feminism?

It views some gender differences in values and social behaviors as an essential part of womanhood.

_____ emphasizes the similarities between males and females, maintaining that given equal environments and opportunities, males and females will behave similarly.

Liberal feminism

Based on psychology's history, identify an important bias in choosing participants for psychological research.

Male-only studies were considered representative of people in general.

Identify a criticism of the experimentation method of research.

Researchers create an artificial environment and manipulate the experience of the participants.

The first wave of the women's movement had reached its peak with the _____, which rejected the doctrine of female inferiority then taught by academics and clergy.

Seneca Falls Declaration of 1848

Which of the following is true of experiments in research?

They are inherently hierarchical with the all-knowing researchers instructing and sometimes deceiving the subjects.

In the context of quantitative methods, identify a true statement about surveys in psychological research.

They are largely descriptive.

In the context of psychological research, identify a true statement about experiments.

They are often considered the gold standard of methods.

Identify a true statement about the feminist groups of the third-wave of the women's movement.

They emphasize social activism, which refers to women working collectively for social justice.

Identify a characteristic of womanists.

They emphasize the effects of racial stereotyping and prejudice.

Identify a feature of the statistical models used by psychologists.

They lead to a focus on differences rather than similarities.

Identify a true statement about social conservatives.

They seek to keep gender arrangements as they have been in much of the past.

According to psychology's history, identify a true statement about researchers who used an all-female sample for their psychological research.

They were more likely to state it in their article's title.

True or false: Male psychologists can identify as feminist.

True

True or false: Understanding gender oppression in conjunction with different kinds of power imbalances requires structural analysis as well as individual-level analysis.

True

True or false: Unexamined personal biases and androcentric theories often lead to biased research questions in a research process.

True

Identify an important recognition of global feminism.

Western feminists do not have all the answers for women from other cultures.

According to feminist psychologist Elizabeth Cole, taking intersectionality seriously prompts individuals to ask which of the following questions about their research designs? (Check all that apply.)

Where are there similarities between categories? Who is included in a category? What role does inequality play in categories?

Identify the type of feminism that focuses on issues of importance to minority communities such as poverty, racism, jobs, health care, and access to education.

Woman-of-color feminism

Woman-of-color feminism or ____ began with criticism of the White women's movement for excluding women of color.

Womanism

Which of the following is true of men and women psychologists conducting feminist research?

Women psychologists may or may not personally identify as feminists.

Identify a true statement about the psychological theories that were constructed before the women's movement of the late 1960s.

Women's behavior was explained as a deviation from the male standard.

In the late 1960s, psychologists realized that most psychological knowledge about women and gender was ________ , or male-centered.

androcentric

In the context of psychological research, _____ is an approach where a researcher looks for relationships among variables in a preexisting set of data.

archival research

According to Black feminist theorist bell hooks, the simplest definition of feminism is that it is a movement to _____.

end sexism and sexist oppression

In psychological research, many psychologists rely on _____, in which one or more variables are systematically manipulated to determine whether there is a causal relationship among them.

experiments

Researchers who use the term _____ tend to emphasize theoretical connections to women's studies and social activism.

feminist psychology

Before the women's movement of the late 1960s, good psychological adjustment for women was defined in terms of _____.

fitting into traditional feminine norms

____ ____ focuses on how prejudice and discrimination against women are related across cultures, and how they are connected to neocolonialism and global capitalism.

global feminism

In the late 1960s, women within psychology published many books and articles showing _____.

how psychology was misrepresenting women and how it needed to change

The biological justification of the conservative view states that gender-related behaviors are determined by _____.

innate and unchangeable biological differences far more than by social conditions

According to the concept of _____ each individual is a member of many social groups and membership in all these groups has consequences for individual identity and social position.

intersectionality

If a psychological researcher is interested in change over time within the same individuals, he or she can use a _____, measuring variables at two or more points in time.

longitudinal design

In interpreting her results of the experimental laboratory study of sex differences in mental traits, Helen Thompson Wooley stressed the overall similarity of women's and men's _____.

performance

The label ___ is used by men to acknowledge women's leadership of the feminist movement and express their understanding that women and men have different experiences of gender.

profeminist

Researchers who use the term _____ tend to focus on the social and biological processes that create differences between women and men.

psychology of gender

_____ _____ emphasizes male control and domination of women throughout history and views the control of women by men as the first and most fundamental form of oppression.

radical feminism

The _____ justification of the conservative view is that a supreme being ordains female submission and subordination.

religious

Radical feminists have endorsed , which is the idea that women can escape patriarchy only by creating their own woman-only communities.

separatism