Psychology

what are the three levels of processing theory which leads to better long term memory.

1. Physical level: This is a shallow layer of processing where we only pay attention to the outward appearance of a word (e.g. its morphology) 2. acoustic level: This is a deeper level of processing where we listen to the sound of the word. 3. Semantic level: This is the deepest level of processing where we consider the meaning of the word. Semantic level leads to better long term memory the deeper the level the better the memory.

what is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia- is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact Retrograde amnesia (RA) is a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease

What are Chunks and how do they affect ones ability to remember during a memory span or task?

Chunking is a term referring to the process of taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units. By grouping each piece into a large whole, you can improve the amount of information you can remember. It improves memory

what are the main types of long term memory what is the distinction between explicit ( declarative memory) and implicit ( nondeclartive memory)

Declarative memory and procedural memory are the two types of long-term memory. Procedural memory in the unconscious memory which consists of how to do things such as moving things. Declarative memory consists of facts, general knowledge, and personal experiences in the conscious memory explicit/declarative memory- is conscious memory procedural memory- is unconscious memory

what are the two types of explicit/declarative memory what are the three types of implicit or non declarative memory.

Declarative/explicit- episodic and semantic memory Implicit/non declarative memory- Priming, conditioning, skill learning.

what is automatic and effortful processing, recognize examples of each.

Effortful Processing. Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic Automatic processing- thoughts are the thoughts and images that involuntarily pop into our conscious (or just below if they are habitual). They make up how we "read" a situation. Understanding your automatic thoughts can influence change in a variety of situations

be able to define elaborative rehearsal, self-reference effect, encoding specilality principle. according to state dependent memory when is long term memory retrieval best.

Elaborative rehearsal- is a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over The self-reference effect- is a tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which the self is implicated in the information. When people are asked to remember information when it is related in some way to the self, the recall rate can be improved. encoding specilality principle -the principle states that memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval.

how can false memorys develop?

Existing knowledge and other memories can also interfere with the formation of a new memory, causing the recollection of an event to be mistaken or entirely false

what is source misattribution and what does it result in, what is a false memory

Misattribution of Memory, one of the four sins of memory as studied by Harvard psychologist Schacter, refers to the ability to remember information correctly, but being wrong about the source of that information. For example, an eyewitness confidently points out a man in a lineup as the bank robber when he was actually driving a bus that was passing the eyewitness at the same time as the bank robbery. The possibility of Misattribution has to be considered in legal situations so that innocent people are not accused of wrongdoing A false memory is the psychological phenomenon where a person recalls something that did not happen.

define primary effect and recency effect.

Primacy Effect This is the tendency for the first items presented in a series to be remembered better or more easily, or for them to be more influential than those presented later in the series. If you hear a long list of words, it is more likely that you will remember the words you heard first (at the beginning of the list) than words that occurred in the middle recency- the phenomenon that when people are asked to recall in any order the items on a list, those that come at the end of the list are more likely to be recalled than the others

What is procedural memory what is priming

Procedural memory-Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. As the name implies, procedural memory stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike. which does not require conscious memory. Priming-is a nonconscious form of human memory concerned with perceptual identification of words and objects. It refers to activating particular representations or associations in memory just before carrying out an action or task. For example, a person who sees the word "yellow" will be slightly faster to recognize the word "banana." This happens because yellow and banana are closely associated in memory. Additionally, priming can also refer to a technique in psychology used to train a person's memory in both positive and negative ways Priming is the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus. It is a technique in psychology used to train a person's memory both in positive and negative ways.

be able to define and recognize proactive interference and retro active interference

Retroactive interference is when more recent information gets in the way of trying to recall older information. An example would be calling your ex-boyfriend/girlfriend by your new boyfriend/girlfriend's name. The new name retroactively interferes with the old one, which is clearly problematic for recall. Proactive interference is the reverse direction of interference to retroactive interference. This is when old information prevents the recall of newer information. This could, for example, occur with telephone numbers. When trying to recall a new phone number, the old phone number you have previously had for years could proactively interfere with the recall, to the point when it is very difficult to remember the new number.

what is short term memory, how many items can typically be stored there, how long can the items typically be stored.

Short term memory- Stores small amounts of information which we are consciously aware of Short-term memory, also known as primary or active memory, is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. for 12-30 seconds or so these memories can be encoded by images or by sounds 7 chunks/items can be stored in short term memory plus or minus 2

What is long term memory

The final stage of the multi-store memory model responsible for the long term storage and recollection of of information and skills

what is spacing?

The spacing effect is the phenomenon whereby learning is greater when studying is spread out over time, as opposed to studying the same amount of content in a single session. That is, it is better to use spaced presentation rather than massed presentation.

what is tip of the tongue phenomenon when is it most likely to occur

Tip of the tongue (or TOT) is the phenomenon of failing to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent. it is most like to occur when retrieval of a memory goes awry

List the three stages of memory in order and what is sensory memory

encoding( when memory comes in via sensory input the information is changed into something the mind can cope with) Memory storage( the storing of encoded memory in the brain) Memory retrieval( short term memories are stored and retrieved sequentially so and example if you hear words on a list rattled off you will recall them in order, Long term memory is stored and retrieved by association that's why you can remember why you went upstairs if you go back to the room where your first thought about it) Sensory memory(It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended. It acts as a kind of buffer for stimuli received through the five senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch, which are retained accurately, but very briefly)

what is the distinction between semantic and episodic memory

episodic memory- represents our memories of events or experiences memories with a emotional attachment Semantic Memory- Memories that are more factual such as math problems or state capitals these memories often have little emotional attachment.

What is short term memory often refereed to as

working memory