Psychology quiz 1

The _____ perspective of psychology focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically. A. humanistic B. psychodynamic C. positive D. cognitive

A. Humanistic

About _____ percent of psychological studies involve human participants. A. 60 B. 90 C. 70 D. 80

B. 90

A psychologist who focuses on observable actions MOST likely takes a _____ perspective. A. psychodynamic B. behavioral C.biological D. cognitive

B. Behavioral

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard University? A. William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women and refused to support her application despite the fact that she was his most brilliant student. B. At the time, Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research. C. She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution. D. Her research was in an area called "comparative psychology," which was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time.

C. She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

The _____ perspective studies the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics, while _____ exclusively studies the nervous system. A. neuroscience; biologists B. cognitive; biologists C. biological; neuroscientists D. behavioral; neuroscientists

C. biological; neuroscientists

Which of these statements BEST characterizes the principle of natural selection? A.Natural selection is the consistent finding that when given an abundant and wide range of food choices, animals in the wild will naturally select a diet that supplies all the necessary nutrients. B.Natural selection is the strong human tendency to socialize with people of the same ethnic group. C.If given ample social opportunities, each person will naturally select a mate with similar personality characteristics. D.Organisms that inherit characteristics that increase their chances of survival in their particular habitat are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their characteristics to their offspring.

D. Organisms that inherit characteristics that increase their chances of survival in their particular habitat are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their characteristics to their offspring.

Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy? A. structuralism B. psychoanalysis C. functionalism D. behaviorism

B. psychoanalysis

When psychologists systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, they are using a descriptive method called: A. case study survey research. B. the experimental method. C. naturalistic observation. D. meta-analysis

C. naturalistic observation.

Edward Titchener is associated with which early approach, or "school," of psychology? A. behaviorism B. psychoanalysis C. structuralism D. functionalism

C. structuralism

You are a participant in an experiment in which you are told: "Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them." The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology? A. psychoanalysis B. structuralism C. functionalism D. behaviorism

B. structuralism

What are the most basic units or structures of consciousness?" This is a question that would MOST likely be of interest to a follower of: A. humanism. B. functionalism. C. structuralism. D. behaviorism

C. structuralism.

At the time, _____ University produced more Black American psychologists than all other U.S. universities combined. Francis Sumner chaired the psychology department during this time. A. Harvard B. Atlanta C. Cornell D. Howard

D. Howard

Who would have been MOST likely to say: "You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness"? A. John B. Watson B. William James C. G. Stanley Hall D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

According to the scientific method, after Dr. Haley formulates a hypothesis, designs a study, and collects data for their research on childhood obesity, they will next have to: A. prove his theory. B. report the results. C. develop a new theory. D. analyze the data to arrive at conclusions.

D. analyze the data to arrive at conclusions.

While conducting research on intelligence, the experimenters were very careful to control for unwanted variability in such factors as age, gender, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and so on. They did this in order to avoid or minimize the influence of: A. dependent or outcome variables. B. practice effects. C. extraneous or confounding variables. D. demand characteristics.

C. extraneous or confounding variables

Which of these events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline? A. Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C.E., entitled "On the Soul" B. the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 C. the 1924 publication of John Watson's book, titled Behaviorism D. Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in the early twentieth century

B. the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879

A study in which neither the researchers nor the participants are aware of the treatment or condition to which the participants have been assigned is called a _____ study. A. controlled B. double-blind C. placebo D. meta

B. double-blind

A representative sample is a: A. sample questionnaire that represents the most likely set of survey responses. B. group of participants that closely parallels the larger group to be studied on all relevant characteristics, such as age, sex, and race. C. small group of volunteers who try to predict the survey results. D. list of all the possible questions that might be represented on the final survey.

B. group of participants that closely parallels the larger group to be studied on all relevant characteristics, such as age, sex, and race.

_____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism. A. Edward Titchener; William James B. Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener C. Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt D. William James; Mary Whiton Calkins

A. Edward Titchener; William James

_____ became the first Black American president of the American Psychological Association in 1970. A. Kenneth Clark B. G. Stanley Hall C. Francis C. Sumner D. Mamie Phipps Clark

A. Kenneth Clark

_____ is a(n) _____ that conducts research with pandas. She has studied spatial memory in adult giant pandas and play behavior in cubs, for example. A. Rebecca Snyder; comparative psychologist B. Mary Whiton Calkin; evolutionary psychologist C. Mary Whiton Calkin; comparative psychologist D. Rebecca Snyder; evolutionary psychologist

A. Rebecca Snyder; comparative psychologist

Psychologists' open-minded attitude is tempered by a healthy sense of scientific _____. That is, psychologists critically evaluate the evidence for new findings, especially those that seem contrary to established knowledge. A. skepticism B. intuition C. dualism D. empiricism

A. Skepticism

Which statement is TRUE regarding correlational research studies? A. They can reveal the degree to which two factors are related or co-vary in a systematic way. B. They provide the most compelling evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. C. They are not considered a form of empirical research. D. They can indicate causality in either a positive or a negative direction.

A. They can reveal the degree to which two factors are related or co-vary in a systematic way.

You are participating in a psychological experiment. In this experiment, you are asked to raise your right hand when a red square is presented on the computer screen, and to raise your left hand when a black square is presented. Your reaction time for raising your hand is automatically recorded. This experiment would likely have been conducted in whose lab? A. Wundt's, because you are measuring a fundamental psychological process, reaction time B. Titchener's, because you are breaking down your experience into their component parts C. James's, because you are measuring how the behavior of raising your hands serves a purpose D. Freud's, because you are measuring unconscious processes and how these relate to your personality

A. Wundt's, because you are measuring a fundamental psychological process, reaction time

Your friend has told you to watch the Netflix show, 100 Humans, which consists of numerous psychological experiments. Your friend says everything in the show is 100 percent valid. For example, 100 Humans found that funny people are always considered more attractive. Which of the four steps of critical thinking did your friend not follow? A. accepting this testimonial as valid ​ B. considering the source of the research C. evaluating the evidence D. considering alternative explanations

A. accepting this testimonial as valid

Zhang wants to conduct an experiment on whether dogs learn to sit on command better inside or outside. Zhang's experiment is part of the field of: A. animal cognition. B. human cognition. C. developmental psychology. D. comparative psychology.

A. animal cognition.

In Dr. Foster's study, one group is given a new medication that is believed to reduce anxiety. Another group is given a medication that looks like the real medication but has none of the active ingredients in it to affect anxiety. In this experiment, the experimental group is the: A. group that receives the new medication. B. group that receives the medication without the active ingredients. C. anxiety group. D. group without anxiety

A. group that receives the new medication.

Which of these correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two factors? A. −0.80 B. +0.38 C. +0.03 D. −0.15

A. −0.80

Dr. Mendoza found a lack of social support, stress at work and in family life, and anxiety are associated with the development of heart disease. Dr. Mendoza specializes in _____ psychology. A. industrial/organizational B. health C. developmental D. educational

B. health

One potential problem with surveys and questionnaires is that: A. random selection procedures are not possible with these forms of data collection. B. people do not always answer honestly. C. expectancy effects usually invalidate the findings. D. these techniques produce false correlations rather than true correlations.

B. people do not always answer honestly

_____ is to psychoanalysis as _____ is to humanistic psychology. A. Skinner; Calkins B. Freud; Rogers C. Maslow; Pavlov D. Freud; James

B. Freud; Rogers

Which individual was NOT a key scientist in the development of behaviorism? A. B.F. Skinner B. Sigmund Freud C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

B. Sigmund Freud

With which behaviorist would you associate the procedures of reinforcement and punishment? A. Abraham Maslow B. Ivan Pavlov C. B.F. Skinner D. William James

C. B.F. Skinner

Limitations of the experimental method include which of these? A. Because the participants are "blind" to the experimental conditions, they are unable to give informed consent. B. It may not be feasible to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. C. It may not be ethical or possible to experimentally investigate some issues. D. Cultural factors cannot be studied experimentally.

C. It may not be ethical or possible to experimentally investigate some issues.

Adam has just started college and is having a hard time adjusting to meeting so many new people. He decides to go see a psychologist to help him through this crisis. After a few weeks, Adam starts to feel more well-adjusted to college. Which type of psychologist did Adam go see? A. a clinical psychologist B. an educational psychologist C. a counseling psychologist D. a personality psychologist

C. a counseling psychologist

Professor Loomis decided to study activity preferences of senior adults, so they visited a local retirement village and invited residents to participate in a lengthy survey. Professor Loomis's survey results are probably invalid because they did not use: A. independent and dependent variables. B. an operational definition. C. a representative sample of participants. D. a valid hypothesis.

C. a representative sample of participants

Mary Whiton Calkins was the first woman to: A. earn a Ph.D. in psychology from Cornell University. B. graduate from Harvard University with a degree in psychology. C. be elected president of the American Psychological Association. D. publish a graduate-level book on personality theories.

C. be elected president of the American Psychological Association.

A _____ is a specific question or prediction to be tested, whereas a(n) _____ tries to integrate and summarize a large number of findings. A. variable; operational definition B. descriptive method; experimental method C. hypothesis; theory D. theory; hypothesis

C. hypothesis; theory

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. Then they tested their reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was: A. how often the participants fell asleep during the sleep deprivation phase of the experiment. B. how much sleep each group needed following the sleep deprivation experiment. C. the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task. D. the amount of sleep deprivation each group was subjected to.

C. the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task.

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on: A. the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries. B. how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences. C. the role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think. D. the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential.

C. the role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think.

Dr. Washington conducts research with mice, pigs, and chimpanzees. Dr. Washington's specialization is in _____ psychology. A. experimental B. educational C. clinical D. comparative

D. Comparative

Brahmi is an herb thought to improve focus and attention. In a carefully controlled study investigating this claim, young adults were assigned to one of two groups. Those in group 1 took a capsule containing 300 milligrams of brahmi once a day. Those in group 2 took a capsule that looked identical but was a sugar pill. In this example, group 2 is the: A. independent variable. B. confounding variable. C. experimental group. D. Control group

D. Control group

Marco conducted an experiment in which their fellow introductory to psychology students completed two surveys. The first survey asked how many hours a week they leisurely read books. The second survey consisted of twenty vocabulary words where students were asked to match the word to the proper definition. Marco found a correlation coefficient of +1.00 and concluded that reading more causes one to have a better vocabulary. What would you tell Marco about their conclusion? A. Since the correlation coefficient is positive this means that as students read more, their vocabulary decreases. B. This correlation is only a weak relationship. C. Because introductory to psychology students completed these surveys, Marco's results are generalizable for every subject. D. Correlation does not equal causation

D. Correlation does not equal causation

In contemporary psychology, the psychodynamic perspective, the behavioral perspective, and the humanistic perspectives A. are considered pseudosciences. B. focus on how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think. C. have been combined to form a new major perspective in modern psychology called "comparative psychology." D. are often used among psychologists working in the mental health field.

D. are often used among psychologists working in the mental health field.

Today, psychology is formally defined as the scientific study of _____ and _____. A. structuralism; functionalism B. consciousness; unconsciousness C. free will; motivation D. behavior; mental processes

D. behavior; mental processes

Dr. McNair has been studying the effects of different levels of estrogen hormones on mating behaviors in male and female hamsters. Dr. McNair is MOST likely a _____ psychologist. A. clinical B. developmental C. cognitive D. biological

D. biological

Professor Nelson wishes to investigate the relationship between stress and visits to the college mental health clinic. Which of these research methods would be MOST appropriate? A. case study B. naturalistic observation C. meta-analysis D. correlational study

D. correlational study

A _____ very closely matches the population from which it is drawn. A. case study B. random selection C. naturalistic observation D. representative sample

D. representative sample

To ensure that participants are responding honestly and consistently, survey researchers: A. almost always interview the participants on two separate occasions using two different interviewers. B. usually withhold payment for participating in the survey until the person's answers have been independently checked and verified. C. routinely check the participant's responses with the spouse or a friend of the participant. D. sometimes ask the same question in a different way at different points during the survey.

D. sometimes ask the same question in a different way at different points during the survey.

The finding that practicing retrieval of information from memory produces better retention than restudying the same information for an equivalent amount of time is called the _____ effect. A. confounding B. placebo C. cohort D. testing

D. testing