psychology review

The claim that a whole is different from the sum of its parts is central to which of the following schools of thought?

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following statements best describes the placebo effect?

It can be brought about by the individual's expectations.

Cognitive theorists emphasize the

formation and modification of schemas

12, 3, 3, 4, 8 What is the mean of the set of numbers above?

6

A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?

77

A double-blind control is essential for which of the following?

Assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms

John B. Watson is best known as the founder of

Behaviorism

Dr. Patel is conducting a study to test a hair-growth shampoo she is developing. She instructs fifty participants to use the hair-growth shampoo once daily for a month and another fifty to use a regular shampoo once a day for a month. Dr. Patel measures the participants' hair length at the beginning and the end of the thirty days. Which of the following is the dependent variable?

Change in hair length

Ivan Pavlov was most well known for which of the following?

Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell

There is a strong positive correlation between ice cream sales and instances of snakebites. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this correlation?

Hot weather is related to both ice cream sales and snake activity.

Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized?

Humanistic

Which of the following is a strength of naturalistic observation?

It minimizes artificiality, which can be a problem in laboratory studies.

All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT:

Research may not involve deception.

Students from a journalism class ask only their friends to participate in a school newspaper survey and neglect to ask the rest of the student body. The journalism students' data may not be generalizable due to

Sampling bias

Which of the following studies has had the most profound impact on ethical issues in psychological research?

Stanley Milgram's study of obedience

Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design?

Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year

Which of the following best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research?

They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects.

Marjorie's little brother tends to bother her when he is bored. Marjorie wants to figure out which toy will keep her brother occupied the longest so he will not bother her. She conducts a study where each day at 6P.M. for a week she gives her brother a different toy and on one of the days she gives him no toys to play with. She measures the amount of time he spends playing with each toy before he comes to bother her. Which of the following is the independent variable in this example?

Type of toy

A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is

case study

In an experiment, which of the following variables refers to the outcome that is measured by the experimenter?

dependent

In experimental psychology, a significant difference refers to a

difference not likely due to chance

Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that

each person in town has the same probability of being chosen for the study

Of the following, a behavioral psychologist is most likely to study the

effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances

A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group.

experimental

Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more?

experimental

The mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that

is positively skewed

A study can be regarded as scientific only if

its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies

Experimental research differs from correlational research in that experimental research

may reveal a causal relation

Which of the following is required for a psychological experiment?

precise operational definitions

The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives?

psychoanalytic

Which of the following is used to reduce the effects of confounding variables in experiments?

random assignment

Of the following, an evolutionary psychologist will most likely investigate the

reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark

A psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates which of the following test properties?

reliability

Introspection, a research tool used by early psychologists, is a technique which involves

self-examination of mental processes

A teacher finds the distribution of scores on a final exam to be positively skewed with low variability. On the basis of this information, the teacher would be most justified in concluding that

the exam was too difficult

The generalizability of a study increases when

the sample is more representative of the population

A research group involved with advertising is conducting a study to investigate whether shoppers are more likely to engage in impulse buying at the checkout than at any other place in the store. For the results of the study to be generalizable, the researchers should

use a representative sample