Psychology Review (Chapters 2, 3, and 4)

What does the reticular formation do?

A brain structure that regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal. Is actually a small cluster of neurons found in the medulla.

What does the pons do?

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.

What do birds and reptiles lack?

A cerebral cortex.

Inattentional blindness?

A failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention.

Which of the following is the best definition of a hypothesis? empirical evidence a scientific investigation a falsifiable prediction a theoretical idea

A falsifiable prediction

What is the limbic system and what does it do?

A group of forebrain structures including the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala, which are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory. The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex.

What does the cerebellum do?

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. Also contributes to the fine-tuning of behavior: smoothing our actions to allow their graceful execution rather than initiating the actions.

What is a template?

A mental representation that can be directly compared to a viewed shape in the retinal image.

What is AcH?

A neurotransmitter involved in a number of functions, including voluntary motor control. ACh is found in neurons of the brain and in the synapses where axons connect to muscles and body organs, such as the heart.

What is serotonin?

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior. Low levels of these have been linked to mood disorders.

What is norepinephrine?

A neurotransmitter that is particularly involved in states of vigilance, or heightened awareness of dangers in the environment. Increases heart rate.

What is dopamine?

A neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal.

Josh goes to get his hearing checked. He is supposed to signal when he hears a sound in his right ear. Josh's doctor is testing his __________ for hearing.

Absolute threshold

The smallest intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is called proportional magnitude. absolute threshold. just noticeable difference. Weber's law.

Absolute threshold

We can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is an example of a(n)

Absolute threshold

The _____ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (eg color, orientation and motion) which are handled different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (eg blue, horizontal, moving to the left)

Binding

_____ refers to the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of stereopsis.

Binocular Disparity

______ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is a basis of stereopsis

Binocular disparity

What are pheromones>

Biochemical odorants emitted by other members of its species that can affect an animal's behavior or physiology.

Complete this sequence to accurately reflect the order in which light stimulates cells early in the visual processing of an image: rods and cones, _____, ganglion cells.

Bipolar cells

Feature analysis assumes that we progress from individual elements to the whole in the formation of our perceptions. This is a case of

Bottom-up processing

The location and type of pain we experience is indicated by signals sent to the amygdala. the spinal cord. pain receptors. the somatosensory cortex.

The somatosensory cortex.

To what extent can the temporal and place codes explain the perception of high- and low-pitched sounds? The temporal code cannot explain the perception of low-pitched sounds. The temporal code cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds. Neither the temporal nor the place code can explain the perception of low-pitched sounds. The place code cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds.

The temporal code cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds.

What is the vestibular system>

The three fluid semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear. Key in maintaining BALANCE

What is a refractory period?

The time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

______ is the complex quality of sound that lets us distinguish a note played on the piano from the same note played on a trumpet

Timbre

What is the ventral stream?

"what" pathway; travels across the occipital lobe into the lower levels of the temporal lobes and includes brain areas that represent an object's shape and identity

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision?

cornea -> pupil -> lens -> retina

Imagine that in a signal detection experiment, an observer responds "yes" when a tone is presented. The observer's response is termed a:

hit

Jason is missing the long-wavelength cone type. Jason and others with this type of color blindness likely have trouble perceiving the color _____.

red

Pathway for visual information:

Optic nerve -> optic chiasma -> thalamus -> visual cortex

With respect to vision, what exactly is constant in perceptual constancy?

Our perception of the environment

How does synaptic transmission work?

(1) The action potential travels down the axon and (2) stimulates the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles. (3) The neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, where they float to bind with receptor sites on a dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron, initiating a new action potential. The neurotransmitters are cleared out of the synapse by (4) reuptake into the sending neuron, (5) being broken down by enzymes in the synapse, or (6) binding to autoreceptors on the sending neuron.

Corrine is a supertaster. According to the text, about _____ percent of all people are supertasters.

25

What is the amygdala and what does it do?

A part of the limbic system that plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories. When we are in emotionally arousing situations, the amygdala stimulates the hippocampus to remember many details surrounding the situation.

What does the tegmentum do?

A part of the midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal. Also helps to orient an organism toward sensory stimuli.

What does the tectum do?

A part of the midbrain that orients an organism in the environment. The tectum receives stimulus input from the eyes, ears, and skin and moves the organism in a coordinated way toward the stimulus.

What is an illusory conjunction?

A perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined. Occur due to feature-integration theory, which says that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, such as the color, shape, etc., but is required to bind those individual features together.

What is perceptual constancy?

A perceptual principle stating that even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent.

What is the temporal lobe?

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language. The primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe is analogous to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe and the primary visual areas of the occipital lobe: It receives sensory information from the ears based on the frequencies of sounds. Secondary areas of the temporal lobe then process the information into meaningful units, such as speech and words.

What is the frontal lobe?

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment. Contains the motor cortex, which coordinates movements of muscle groups throughout the body.

What is the occipital lobe?

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information. Sensory receptors in the eyes send information to the thalamus, which in turn sends information to the primary areas of the occipital lobe, where simple features of the stimulus are extracted, such as location, etc.

What is the parietal lobe?

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch. Contains the somatosensory cortex, a strip of brain tissue running from the top of the brain down to the sides. Within each hemisphere, the somatosensory cortex represents the skin areas on the contralateral surface of the body. If a body area is more sensitive, a larger part of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to it. Directly in front of the somatosensory cortex, in the frontal lobe, is a parallel strip of brain tissue called the motor cortex. The motor cortex intiates voluntary movements and sends messages to the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

What is the basal ganglia and what does it do?

A set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements. They receive input from the cerebral cortex and send outputs to the motor centers in the brain stem. The striatum is involved in the control of posture and movement.

What is the hippocampus and what does it do?

A structure critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex.

What is the hypothalamus and what does it do?

A subcortical structure that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. When you think about sex, messages from your cerebral cortex are sent to your hypothalamus to trigger the release of hormones.

What does the thalamus do?

A subcortical structure that relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex. Receives input from all the major senses except smell; the thalamus also closes the pathways of incoming sensations during sleep.

What is the gate-control theory of pain?

A theory of pain perception based on the idea that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped, or gated, by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions. ex. rubbing the affected area.

What is the corpus callosum?

A thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres. Information received in the right hemisphere can pass across the corpus callosum and be registered in the left hemisphere. This is the first level of organization.

Research on many wine drinkers demonstrated that: a wine's price has no effect on its perceived taste. a wine's price has a bottom-up influence on its perceived taste. a wine's price has no top-down influence on its perceived taste. a wine's price has a top-down influence on its perceived taste.

A wine's price has a top-down influence on its perceived taste.

Which of the following drugs carries the least amount of risk for physical and/or psychological dependence? a. LSD b. cocaine c. amphetamines d. heroin

A, LSD

A person might end up in a coma if the following area of the brain is damaged a. reticular formation b. medulla c. hypothalamus d. pons

A, Reticular Formation

Compared to the low notes on a piano, the high notes always produce sound waves that have a. a higher frequency b. a lower amplitude c. a higher amplitude d. a lower frequency

A, a higher frequency

Optical illusions tend to be a. influenced by our experiences b. more pronounced in children c. less pronounced in adults d. genetically determined

A, influenced by our experiences

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly ever detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's _____ threshold.

Absolute

Alex recently quit smoking. Now he has trouble concentrating at work and forgets simple things. What neurotransmitter is most likely causing Alex's symptoms? acetylcholine (ACh) serotonin dopamine GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Acetylcholine

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in the activation of motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles?

Acetylcholine

Signals are transmitted from one neuron to another across a synapse. through a glial cell. by the myelin sheath. in the cell body.

Across a synapse

"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground floor apartment. "I do not even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the perceptual process of _____.

Adaptation

Harry has been having problems eating lately and his doctor things it is likely because the neurotransmitter that regulates this behavior is probably not doing its job well. If the doctor wants to increase the activity of this neurotransmitter, he will most likely prescribe Harry a drug that acts as a(n) _____

Agonist

Amphetamine and cocaine are _____ because they prevent the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, which increases the activation of their receptors.

Agonists

____ is a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion:

Akinestopia

What are psychologists ethically required to do when reporting research results? to report findings truthfully to share credit for research to make data available for further research All of the above.

All of the above.

Deterioration of acetylcholine-producing neurons has been associated with: Alzheimer's disease. mood disorders. Parkinson's disease. "runner's high."

Alzheimer's Disease

the function of the middle of the ear is to

Amplify the sound.

An electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron's axon to the synapse is called a resting potential. an action potential. a node of Ranvier. an ion.

An action potential

Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested

An amphetamine

What is the fovea?

An area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all. If you look off the side of a target, you will see the clearest.

What does the medulla do?

An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration.

Agonist is to __________ as afferent is to __________. a. efferent; antagonist b. axon; synapse c. antagonist; efferent d. phenotype; genotype

Antagonist, efferent, C

In which part of the brain is the primary visual cortex, where encoded information is systematically mapped into a representation of the visual scene? the thalamus the lateral geniculate nucleus the fovea area V1

Area V1

What are association areas?

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex.

What are the subcortical structures?

Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain. Houses the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala, and the basal ganglia.

What are monocular depth cues?

Aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye.

A researcher administers a questionnaire concerning attitudes toward global warming to people of both genders and of all ages who live all across the country. The dependent variable in the study is the _____ of the participants. age gender attitudes toward global warming geographic location

Attitudes toward global warming

The ______ automatically controls the organs of the body. autonomic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

A family of chemicals produced in the body that resemble the opiates are the a. endorphins b. dopamines c. biogenic amines d. acetylcholines

B, dopamines

"Parallel processing" in the visual pathways suggests that separate neural channels a. do the same things at different locations b. extract different information from visual inputs c. send the same information to many different places d. provide safety backups for each other

B, extract different information from visual inputs

Identifying the brain areas that are involved in specific types of motor, cognitive, or emotional processing is best achieved through recording patterns of electrical activity. observing psychological disorders. psychosurgery. brain imaging.

Brain imaging

The intensity or amplitude of a light determines its

Brightness

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation is A. parsimony B. dogmatism C. empiricism D. scientific research

C, Empiricism

The rods and cones are to vision as the taste buds are to a. olfaction b. kinesthesis c. gustation d. flavation

C, gustation

How does sensorineural hearing loss happen?

Caused by the damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve, and it happens to almost all of us as we age. A cochlear implant is an electronic device that replaces the function of the hair cells.

Sensation is to the peripheral nervous system as perception is to the _____ nervous system.

Central

Eddie has been feeling very lethargic lately and the doctors think he may have a thyroid problem. They told him the problem could be originating in his brain or at the gland. If it is beginning in his brain, it is coming from his _____ nervous system, and if it is beginning in his gland, it is coming from his _____ nervous system.

Central; peripheral

During the course of embryonic brain growth, the ______ undergoes the greatest development. cerebral cortex cerebellum tectum thalamus

Cerebral cortex

In a television drama, an actor is shown holding a glass of wine during a conversation. The next shot focuses on the actor's conversational partner. When the camera returns to the actor, he is no longer holding the glass. Most viewers fail to notice the absence of the glass. This example BEST illustrates the psychological phenomena known as: change blindness. binocular disparity. the phi phenomenon. blindsight.

Change blindness

Binocular disparity as a cue to depth perception was first discovered by: Adelbert Ames. Charles Wheatstone. Fillipo Brunelleschi. Hermann Snellen.

Charles Wheatstone

The coiled, snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the ear is called the

Cochlea

The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the

Cochlea

Sound travels how?

Cochlea -> auditory nerve -> thalamus -> tempora lobe

What is the opponent process theory?

Color perception depends on receptors that make opposite responses to 3 pairs of colors. (complementary colors, afterimages etc.)

Light striking the retina, causing a specific pattern of response in the three cone types, leads to our ability to see motion. colors. depth. shadows.

Colors

What are the two types of photoreceptor cells?

Cones (for color) and rods (for nighttime vision)

When we view cars in a distant parking lot, we know that the cars are not actually the size of toy cars because of a perceptual

Constancy.

For a given stimulus dimension, such as weight, a jnd (just noticeable difference) is a

Constant proportion

Tobias is installing a new printer and has to determine which power cord behind his desk go with the old printer. According to the Gestalt principles of perception, the rule of _____ will help Tobias solve this problem.

Continuity

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the path that light takes as it enters the eye?

Cornea, pupil, lens, retina

The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the

Corpus callosum

Zachary is looking at a reversible figure which first appears to be a vase and then appears to be two faces. His perception of the figure keeps switching between these two interpretations. This switching perception is caused by the fact that a. reversible figures cause people to experience the phi phenomenon b. the Gestalt principle of simplicity doesn't work for reversible figures c. The Gestalt principles of proximity and closure are both at work in reversible figures d. the figure-ground distinction in reversible figures is often ambiguous

D, the figure-ground distinction in reversible figures is often ambiguous

Aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should are called observer biases. reactive conditions. natural habitats. demand characteristics.

Demand characteristics

Signals from other neurons are received and relayed to the cell body by the nucleus. dendrites. axons. glands.

Dendrites

Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease have trouble with motor skills because they have problems with their dopamine levels. L-Dopa is used to treat the symptoms of the disease because it is an agonist for the neurotransmitter. This means it increases the activity of _____.

Dopamine

What are antagonists?

Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter. If it blocks a neurotransmitter -> is an antagonist.

What are agonists?

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter. If, by binding to a receptor, a drug that activates the neurotransmitter, is an agonist. Amphetamine and cocaine prevent the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Both of these drugs are strong agonists, although the psychological effects of the two drugs differ.

Endorphins are involved in: dulling pain and elevating mood. voluntary motor control. motivation and pleasure. regulation of sleep and wakefulness.

Dulling pain and elevating mood.

The body's own painkillers are called

Endorphins

An experiment that operationally defines variables in a realistic way is said to be externally valid. controlled. operationally defined. statistically significant.

Externally valid

"See that I knew it!" exclaims an expectant father, pointing at the ultrasound. Really, there is nothing in the ultrasound to indicate the baby's sex yet. In signal detection terms, the father's response reflects a:

False alarm

On one trial in a signal detection experiment, an observer responds "yes," even though no tone is presented. The observer's response is termed a(n) _____.

False alarm

Our ability to visually combine details so that we perceive unified objects is explained by feature-integration theory. illusory conjunction. synesthesia. ventral and dorsal streaming.

Feature-integration theory

What is referred pain?

Feeling of pain when sensory information from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cell in the spinal cord. ex: heart attack (feeling pain in left arm instead of middle of chest)

Their movement of a flock of seagulls distinguishes the birds as _____ against the sky's background.

Figure

How is the sense of touch routed?

First detected on patches of skin (like receptive fields in vision) and then cross to opposite sides of brain. Then, projects through thalamus and onto the somatosensory cortex in the brain's parietal lobe.

The first true central nervous system appeared in flatworms. jellyfish. protozoa. early primates.

Flatworms

Taste and smell combine to cause a person to experience: gustation. olfaction. taste transduction. flavor.

Flavor

What are the receptors for pain?

Free nerve endings in skin

Timbre is the mix of what

Frequencies

The theory of hearing that views the basilar membrane as being like a drumhead is

Frequency theory

Perceiving pitch?

From the inner ear, action potentials in the auditory nerve travel to the thalamus and to a place in the cerebral cortex called area A1, a portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex.

Your grandmother recently had a small stroke that left her unable to move her right side. In which lobe of the cerebrum did the stroke most likely cause damage?

Frontal lobe

Tracy has the flu and is experiencing a fever, aches, and an upset stomach. The _____ theory of pain suggests that if Jane were to stub her toe on the way to the bathroom, she is likely to experience this event as more painful than if she were not already sick.

Gate control

In the 1920s and 1930s, the _____ psychologists identified the principles by which visual information is organized into coherent images. psychoanalytic structural humanist Gestalt

Gestalt

Cells found in the nervous system that insulate, nourish and direct the growth of neurons as well as remove dead neurons and waste products are known as

Glial cells

The field of psychophysics was founded by the German scientist: Wilhelm Wundt. Edward Titchener. Hermann Ebbinghaus. Gustav Fechner.

Gustav Fechner

The actual, direct receptors for hearing are the

Hair cells

What are the ossicles in the middle ear and what do they do?

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup; amplify tiny changes in air pressure

The term _____ perception denotes the knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, and usually involves active exploration. vestibular tactile gustatory haptic

Haptic

John has just twisted his ankle. How can he apply the gate-control theory of pain to keep his ankle from hurting?

He can rub the ankle that hurts.

If a person's visual perception does not match his or her vestibular input, that person may experience: motion sickness. synesthesia. clumsiness. referred pain.

Motion sickness

What is the hindbrain? What parts of the brain does it contain?

Hindbrain: An area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord. Controls the most basic functions of life: respiration, alertness, and motor skills. The structures that make up the hindbrain include: the medulla, the reticular formation, the cerebellum, and the pons.

What is signal detection theory?

Holds that the response to a stimulus depends both on a person's sensitivity and past experiences/motivations

Psychology, like other sciences, essentially works on the _____ system.

Honor

Wavelength goes to ____, Amplitude goes to ____, Purity goes to _____. (in vision)

Hue; Brightness; Saturation

What is the trichromatic theory?

Human eye has 3 types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths.

Much of the endocrine system is controlled by the nervous system through the

Hypothalamus

The ______ regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. cerebral cortex pituitary gland hypothalamus hippocampus

Hypothalamus

Two theories of object recognition?

Image-based object recognition: an object you have seen before is stored in your memory as a template. Is not widely accepted. Parts-based object recognition theories propose instead that the brain deconstructs viewed objects into a collection of parts. Objects are stored in memory as structural descriptions or geons.

What is the Gate-Control Theory?

Incoming pain sensations must pass through a "gate" in the spinal cord that is closeable.

The characteristic of an experiment that allows conclusions about causal relationships to be drawn is called external validity. internal validity. random assignment. self-selection.

Internal validity

List some monocular depth cues.

Interposition (objects overlapping), relative height/size, texture gradient, linear perspective (when parellel lines converge as they recede into the distance), and familiar size.

The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the

Iris

What are terminal buttons?

Knoblike structures that branch out from an axon.

For most people, the production of language resides in the

Left cerebral hemisphere

Braden is a strict vegan. He is always on the alert lest restaurant meals advertised as vegetarian actually contain, say, beef broth. Oftentimes, he is convinced that a dish contains an offending ingredient even when it does not. Which alternative best expresses this example in signal detection terms?

Liberal response bias

Pleasure centers in the brain appear to be concentrated most heavily in the

Limbic system

Juggling two independent sources of sensory information at one time is called _____.

Multitasking

Synaptic vesicles are structures that

Store neurotransmitters

In a beginning drawing class, you attempt to depict depth when drawing a city scene by drawing the sides of the road so that they converge in the distance. You are using the monocular depth cue known as

Linear perspective

The placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head is crucial to our ability to localize sound sources. determine pitch. judge intensity. recognize complexity.

Localize sound sources

The time difference between left and right auditory stimulation, which can be experienced by cocking one's head from side to side, is most important for accurately: detecting pitch. locating sounds. recognizing rhythms. judging amplitude.

Locating sounds

Amplitude measures what in sound?

Loudness

Amplitude goes to ____, Frequency goes to ____, and Purity goes to ___. (in hearing)

Loudness; Pitch; Timbre

In addition to describing a relationship between variables, a strong correlation also allows researchers to: calculate measures of central tendency. determine a cause-and-effect relationship. create hypotheses. make predictions.

Make predictions

Which of the following describes the average value of all the measurements in a particular distribution? mean median mode range

Mean

_____ acts both as an agonist and as an antagonist to alter neurotransmitters that affect perception and interpretation of visual images. Amphetamine Cocaine Methamphetamine MPTP

Methamphetamine

the _____ consists of three tiny bones called ossicles.

Middle ear

An agonist

Mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.

What is additive color mixing?

Mixing red, blue, and green and receiving white

Proponents of the _____ view believe that there are specialized areas of the brain for detecting different stimuli such as human faces. monist distributed representation modular dualist

Modular

Researchers have found that a number of brain areas are involved in face recognition. This statement contradicts a(n) _____ view of object recognition.

Modular

Difference between modular view and distributed representation?

Modular view means that specialized brain areas, or modules, detect and represent faces or houses or even body parts. Distributed representation means that the pattern of activity across multiple brain regions identify any viewed object.

Artists use ____ cues to create a perception of depth on a two-dimensional surface.

Monocular

What kind of cues are relative size and linear perspective? motion-based binocular monocular template

Monocular

In the Ames room, the parallel lines formed by the edges of interlocking black tiles seem to converge toward the back of the room. This illustrates the _____ depth cue of _____. binocular; disparity binocular; interposition monocular; relative height monocular; linear perspective

Monocular; linear perspective

The middle temporal area is critical for the perception of _____.

Motion

___is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object:

Motion after effect

When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of:

Motion parallax

According to the feature integration theory, focused attention is: necessary to build perceptions of unified objects. needed to detect basic visual features. not needed, either to detect individual features or to perceive coherent objects. needed both to detect individual visual features and to perceive unified objects.

Necessary to build perceptions of unified objects.

The early use of cochlear implants has been associated with improved speech and language skills for deaf children. If this is true, researchers should find a(n) _____ correlation coefficient between the age of cochlear implantation and scores on the measure of language skills among deaf children.

Negative

Frequency and wavelength are what?

Negatively correlated.

The _____ system is an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body.

Nervous

What explains the apparent beneficial effects of cardiovascular exercise on aspects of brain function and cognitive performance? the different sizes of the somatosensory cortices the position of the cerebral cortex specialization of association areas neuron plasticity

Neuron plasticity

Difference between conduction and transmission?

Neurons have an electrochemical action; conduction is the movement of an electrical signal within neurons, from the dendrites to the axon, while transmission is movement of electrical signals from one neuron to another over the synapse.

What are mirror neurons?

Neurons that are active when an animal performs a behavior, such as reaching for or manipulating an object, and are also activated when another animal observes that animal performing the same behavior. Found in the frontal and parietal lobes.

What are motor neurons?

Neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement. These neurons often have long axons that can stretch to muscles at our extremities.

What are interneurons?

Neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons. They work together in small circuits to perform simple tasks, such as identifying the location of a sensory signal, and much more complicated ones, such as recognizing a familiar face.

What are sensory neurons?

Neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord. They have specialized endings on their dendrites that receive signals for light, sound, touch, taste, and smell.

The chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites are called vesicles. terminal buttons. postsynaptic neurons. neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters

Imagine that a mammal was discovered that had no pons in the hindbrain. You should predict that this mammal would

Never experience REM sleep

Does the brain control all inputs?

No, Many actions of the central nervous system don't require the brain's input. For example, withdrawing from pain is a reflexive activity controlled by the spinal cord. Painful sensations travel directly to the spinal cord via sensory neurons, which then issue an immediate command to motor neurons to retract the pain.

Research suggests that people are usually open to seeing both sides of an issue. able to reason without emotion. able to arrive at conclusions based solely on facts. none of the above.

None of the above.

Samantha gets nervous when she is home alone and always feels as though she is hearing things in her house. Samantha's increased awareness of her immediate environment is likely caused by the neurotransmitter _____.

Norepinephrine

In the scheme of "big issues" in psychology, the monocular cue of familiar size best illustrates the importance of: nature. the mind-body problem. unconscious processes. nurture.

Nurture

Which of the following is NOT a function of a neuron? processing information communicating with other neurons nutritional provision sending messages to body organs and muscles

Nutritional provision

Image-based and parts-based theories both involve the problem of motion detection. object identification. separating figure from ground. judging proximity.

Object identification.

The sense associated with the perception of smell is

Olfaction

What is the only sense that does not go through the thalamus?

Olfaction

What are the smell receptors?

Olfactory cilia

During the resting potential, channels for potassium ions (K+) are generally_____, and channels for sodium ions (Na+) are generally closed.

Open

Jayden is staring at an illustration of the American flag for one minute, and then he glances at a blank white page. Jayden wonders why the red stripes look green when he glances at the blank page. The explanation for this phenomena is that: cones responsive to red light stop firing. opponent-process cells activated by green light begin adapting. cones responsive to green light begin firing. opponent-process cells activated by red light become fatigued.

Opponent-process cells activated by red light become fatigued.

Because of the partial crossing of visual information at the _____, the left visual field projects to the right hemisphere.

Optic chiasm

What is the color-opponent system?

Pairs of visual neurons working in opposites

Frederika is participating in an experiment in a psychology laboratory. On each trial, she searches for a yellow diamond among yellow squares and blue diamonds. According to the text, Frederika's _____ lobe should be active.

Parietal

In which of the lobes of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex located?

Parietal lobe

Top down processing involves

Past experiences and expectations

Juliana's vision is 20/20 but she cannot recognize the faces of her friends, family members and acquaintances. Juliana's impairment reflects a deficit in the information-processing activity of _____.

Perception

The principle of ______ holds that even as sensory signals change, perception remains consistent. apparent motion signal detection perceptual constancy closure

Perceptual constancy

The _____ nervous system is the major system that connects the brain and spinal cord to the organs and muscles throughout the rest of the body.

Peripheral

______ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species:

Pheromones

What kind of cells does the retina contain?

Photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells (collect neural signals from the rods and codes -> transmits them to the outermost layer of the retina). Cells called retinal ganglion cells organize the signals and send them to the brain.

Frequency determines what in sound?

Pitch

What does the frequency of a sound wave determine? pitch loudness sound quality timbre

Pitch

The brain is remarkably adaptive and the functions of areas that are damaged may be taken over by other areas of the brain. What is the term for this phenomenon?

Plasticity

If a neuron was compared a prison, the _____ could be compared to the prison guards when the neuron is at the resting potential. dendrites sodium ions axon potassium ions

Potassium ions

If a neuron was compared to a prison, the potassium ions could be compared to the _____ when the neuron is at the resting potential. prison guards cell doors prisoners prison building

Prison guards

Distal vs. Proximal Stimulus

Proximal is how you perceive the object and how it reflects on your eye, whereas distal is how the object actually is in reality.

Dr. Breiland examines the relationship between the physical properties of light, such as its amplitude and wavelength, and humans' perception of color. Which of the following terms MOST ACCURATELY describes Dr. Breiland's field of study?

Psychophysics

Introspection is to subjective, as _____ is to objective.

Psychophysics

_____ is a procedure in which all participants have an equal probability of being placed in either the control or experimental group.

Random assignment

Genes set the ____ in populations within a given environment. individual characteristics range of variation environmental possibilities behavioral standards

Range of variation

The methods of psychological investigation take _____ into account because when people know they are being studied, they don't always behave as they otherwise would. reactivity complexity variability sophistication

Reactivity

In order for a neuron to respond to a particular neurotransmitter, it must possess a(n) _____ for that neurochemical. myelin sheath agonist terminal button receptor

Receptor

What are olfactory receptor neurons?

Receptor cells that initiate a sense of smell.Groups of these send their axons from the olfactory epithelium into the olfactory bulb, a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes.

Touch travels?

Receptors -> spinal cord -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe

What is subtractive color mixing?

Red, blue, and yellow -> receiving dark colors (absorption)

With _____, internal and external sensory information converge on the same spinal nerve. B-gamma fibers gate-control pain A-delta fibers referred pain

Referred pain

What is temporal code?

Registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve.

What does the pupil do?

Regulate the amount of light coming into the eye.

What is the forebrain and what two main structures does it have?

The forebrain is the highlest level of the brain and controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions. Has two main sections: cerebral cortex and subcortical structures.

Pablo is standing on the beach and the sea is choppy. He observes that the crests of distant waves appear not only smaller, but also higher in his field of vision than do the crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates the monocular depth cues of: linear perspective and relative height. relative size and relative height. linear perspective and interposition. relative size and interposition.

Relative size and relative height

When a measure produces the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing, it is said to have validity. reliability. power. concreteness.

Reliability

The _____ is the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's membrane. refractory period action potential resting potential recovery period

Resting potential

The thin layer of receptors at the back of the eye is termed the

Retina

The world of light outside the body is linked to the world of vision inside the central nervous system by the cornea. lens. retina. optic nerve.

Retina

The optic nerve is composed of axons of _____ cells.

Retinal ganglion

The process that occurs when the presynaptic terminal buttons reabsorb a neurotransmitter is referred to as: reabsorption. reuptake. binding to autoreceptors. enzyme deactivation.

Reuptake

patients with _____damage have problems directing attention to the objects and places on their left:

Right parietal lobe

A researcher has enlisted a family to be his participants in a study of a specific therapy for trauma. This therapy is likely to produce psychological distress during the process and is estimated to be effective on 5 percent of the population. Which ethical principle may be violated? risk-benefit analysis debriefing freedom from coercion informed consent

Risk-benefit analysis

Clem is missing the _____-cones. Clem is likely to have trouble perceiving _____.

S; blue

The purity of a wavelength of light corresponds to the perception of

Saturation

Sofia is reading her psychology text. The stimulation of receptors in her retina is called _____.

Sensation

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize that the music is too loud. This best illustrates ____.

Sensory adaptation

Which type of neuron receives information from the external world and conveys this information to the brain via the spinal cord? sensory neuron motor neuron interneuron axon

Sensory neuron

A person suffering from depression may be suffering from low levels of norepinephrine or _____, because both of these are involved in mood and arousal.

Serotonin

Some recent research suggests a relation between response to human pheromones and: monogamy. happiness. sexual orientation. aggression.

Sexual orientation

Mary is in the mall, looking at a blue sweater. Which is FALSE? Cones responsive to blue light in the retina begin responding. Blue/yellow color-opponent cells increase their rate of firing. Short-wavelength ganglion cells begin firing. Retinal S-cones are highly active.

Short-wavelength ganglion cells begin firing.

According to _____ theory, watching a horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound when you subsequently try to fall asleep.

Signal detection

The fact that your criterion for hearing mysterious noises at night may change after a rash of burglaries in your neighborhood can best be explained by

Signal detection Theory

Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes how visual information is transmitted to the brain?

Signals from both eyes go to both hemispheres of the brain.

Different principles of Perceptual Organization?

Simplicity: We see the easiest, not the most complicated Closure: We tend to fill in missing elements of a visual scene, like Perc p tion Continuity: Edges or contours that have the same orientation -> ex. we can see what cord links to which outlet by following the cord with our eyes. Similarity: Regions that are similar are perceived as belonging to the same object. Proximity: Objects that are close together tend to be grouped together. Common fate: Elements of a visual image that move together are perceived as parts of a single moving object.

What is the midbrain and what two parts of the brain does it contain?

Sitting on top of the hindbrain is the midbrain, which is relatively small in humans. The midbrain contains two main structures: the tectum and the tegmentum. deals with orienting a person toward or away from pleasurable or threatening stimuli.

vibrations transmitted through the tympanic membrane and middle-ear bones cause the ___ to push and pull the flexible window in and out of the vestibular canal at the base of the cochlea.

Stapes

There is a dance event going on with students attending from two different elementary schools. Students from one school are wearing purple shirts and students from the other school are wearing silver shirts. Imagine that the students in the purple represent potassium ions and the students in silver represent sodium ions, while the gymnasium represents the neuron. If their distribution is similar to what occurs during the resting potential for a neuron, which students would be more highly concentrated inside the building? students in the silver shirts students in the purple shirts There would be no students inside the building. They would be equally distributed.

Students in the purple shirts.

Glial cells?

Support cells found in the nervous system. Myelin sheath is composed of these cells. Some glial cells digest parts of dead neurons; others provide physical and nutritional support for neurons, and others form myelin to help the axon carry information more efficiently. The demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath deteriorates, showing the transmission from one neuron to the other.

What are glial cells?

Support cells found in the nervous system. Myelin sheath is composed of these cells. Some glial cells digest parts of dead neurons; others provide physical and nutritional support for neurons, and others form myelin to help the axon carry information more efficiently. The demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath deteriorates, showing the transmission from one neuron to the other.

Perceiving a musical note as a taste is an example of:

Synesthesia

______ is a phenomenon in which a sensation may evoke perceptions associated with different sensory systems.

Synesthesia

Where does taste transduction take place?

Taste buds.Each taste bud contains several types of taste receptor cells whose tips, called microvilli, react with tastant molecules in food. The papilla has taste buds.

The visual areas of the brain are mainly located in the occipital and _____ lobes.

Temporal

When people find evidence that confirms their beliefs, they often tend to stop looking. seek evidence that disconfirms their conclusions. seek evidence that presents both sides. talk to their colleagues.

Tend to stop looking

While traveling through the Midwest, you notice that you can see individual stalks of wheat near the road, but in the distance the wheat stalks blend together into a smooth blanket of yellow. This is an example of the monocular cue known as

Textural gradient

What is the pituitary gland and what does it do?

The "master gland" of the body's hormone producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body. The hypothalamus sends hormonal signals to the pituitary gland, which in turn sends hormonal signals to other glands to control stress, digestive activities, and reproductive processes.

What is visual acuity>

The ability to see fine detail.

What is haptic perception?

The active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands.

The ____ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two targets stimuli amid a stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.

The attentional blink

Which part of the hindbrain coordinates fine motor skills? the medulla the cerebellum the pons the tegmentum

The cerebellum

What is a resting potential?

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane. In the resting state, there is a high [] of a positively charged ion, as well as negatively charged protein ions inside the neuron's cell membrane compared to outside it. Discovered by Huxley and Hodgkin while studying marine invertebrates.

What is binocular disparity?

The difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth. Accounted by Charles Wheatstone, ex. Ames Room

What does a correlation coefficient show? the value of one specific variable the direction and strength of a correlation the efficiency of the relevant research method the degree of natural correlation

The direction and strength of a correlation.

What depends on A-delta fibers?

The fast pathway of pain - registers localized pain and relays it to cortex in a fraction of a second.

What are gyri and sulci?

The smooth surfaces of the cortex are called gyri and the indentations are called sulci.

Which constitutes perceptual constancy with respect to vision? the retinal image the human interpretation of the environment the physical environment the human response to sensory stimulation

The human interpretation of the environment.

Imagine that you have stumbled across a secret laboratory where an evil scientist is conducting unauthorized brain research. By altering brain structures he has created superheroes that have specialized powers or abilities. One of these superheroes seldom feels hungry or thirsty and can go for days without feeling the need to eat or drink. In this case, the brain structure that the scientist most likely altered would be

The hypothalamus

What is visual form agnosia?

The inability to recognize objects by sight.

What best explains why smells can have immediate and powerful effects? the involvement in smell of brain centers for emotions and memories the vast number of olfactory receptor neurons we have our ability to detect odors from pheromones the fact that different odorant molecules produce varied patterns of activity

The involvement in smell of brain centers for emotions and memories.

What is glutamate?

The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. If too much glutamate -> seizures.

What part of the brain is involved in movement and arousal? the hindbrain the midbrain the forebrain the reticular formation

The midbrain

The idea that specialized brain areas represent particular classes of objects is the modular view. attentional processing. distributed representation. neuron response.

The modular view.

Lily floats a note across a river to Karen instead of directly passing it from her hand to Karen's hand. If, in this scenario, the river represents the synapse, which component of the scenario represents the neurotransmitter? Lily the note Karen the river

The note

the ______ is the blueberry sized extension of the brain, just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed.

The olfactory bulb

What creates the blind spot>

The optic nerve

What is perception?

The organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation.

Parts of the ear and what do they do?

The outer ear (pinna, auditory canal, and the eardrum) collects sound waves and funnels them to the midde ear (contains the three smallest bones in the body, called the ossicles), which transmits vibrations to the inner ear (cochlea, basilar membrane), where they are transduced into neural impulses.

What is the cerebral cortex and what does it do?

The outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye and divided into two hemispheres.

What is an axon?

The part of a neuron that carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Santiago Ramon was the first to see that each neuron is composed of a body with many threads extending outward toward other neurons. He also saw that the threads of each neuron do not actually touch other neurons. An axon insulated with myelin can more efficiently transmit signals to other neurons, organs, or muscles.

What is the soma?

The part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive. Also houses the chromosomes with the organism's DNA and maintains the health of the cell.

What is Area V1?

The part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex. Responsible for giving edges to objects. Fires neurons at specific angles to give full shape to an object.

What is apparent motion?

The perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations.

When two variables are correlated, what keeps us from concluding that one is the cause and the other is the effect? the possibility of third-variable correlation random assignment of control groups the existence of false-positive correlation correlation strength is impossible to measure accurately

The possibility of third-variable correlation.

What is gamma-aminobutryic acid?

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Too little GABA -> seizures

What is accommodation?

The process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina.

In a double-blind observation the participants know what is being measured. people are observed in their natural environments. the purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed. only objective, statistical measures are recorded.

The purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed.

What is Kinesthesia/

The sense that indicates where the parts of the body are in respect to each other.

What depends on C fibers?

The slow pathway of pain - conveys less-localized, longer-lasting pain

Amy believes that people who share an astrological sign are compatible. When she met a man whose sign was not compatible with hers, she immediately saw him as "all wrong" for her. This is an example of _________ information processing.

Top-down

People tend to rate wine as tasting more pleasant when they think it costs more. Because this finding reflects the effects of experience or expectations, it represents a(n) _____ influence on perception.

Top-down

The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on

Top-down processing

For the sense of taste, _____ occurs at the papillae. perception cognition flavor transduction

Transduction

What process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system? representation identification propagation transduction

Transduction

What do A-delta fibers do? C-fibers?

Transmit the initial sharp pain one might feel after a sudden injury, C-fibers transmit longer-lasting, duller pain that persists after the initial injury.

What is the dorsal stream?

Travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobes, connecting with brain areas that identify the location and motion of an object; "where" pathway

Television sets are able to recreate the entire visible spectrum by additively mixing three primary colors. This process is similar to the view of human color vision called

Trichromatic theory

True or false: Taste perception fades with age.

True, most people lose half of their taste receptors by age 20.

The fact that psychology works on an honor system and researchers are required to report fully and accurately highlights the ethical principle of respecting the _____.

Truth

Taste receptors that are sensitive to a meaty or savory taste are categorized as

Umami

What is periadequctual gray?

Under high stress, endorphis can activate the PAG to send inhibitory signals to neurons in the spinal cord that suppress the pain signals to the brain

What is place code?

Used for high frequencies; refers to the process by which different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane.

In a vision science laboratory, a monkey is viewing simple visual stimuli on a screen while an electrode records activity from a cell in its brain. On one trial, a bar slanted at a 60-degree angle appears on the screen. The cell begins responding actively. The cell is probably located in area _____.

V1

The function relating the value of a stimulus along some dimension to the just noticeable difference is known as _____ law.

Weber's

The ventral-dorsal stream of the occipital-parietal lobe is also known as the:

What-where pathhway

What is change blindness?

When people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene.

How does conductive hearing loss happen?

When the eardrum or ossicles are damaged to the point where they cannot conduct any sound waves to the cochlea.

What is contralateral control?

When your right cerebral hemisphere perceives stimuli from and controls movements on the left side of your body, vice versa.

Sensory adaptation is the result of

a decrease in the responsiveness of sensory neurons

The Action Potential?

a) electric stimulation shuts down the K+ channels and open the Na+ channels, allowing Na+ to enter the axon. The increase of Na+ inside the neuron results in an action potential b) in the refractory period after the action potential, the channels return to their original state, allowing K+ to flow out of the axon. this leaves an abundance of K+ outside and Na+ inside the cell c) A chemical pump then reverses the ion balance of ions by moving Na+ out of the axon and K+ into the axon. The neuron can now generate another action potential

The rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of the brain seem to be mediated by

activation of dopamine-releasing neurons

Emma has multiple sclerosis. If you could view her nervous system you would find

areas where the myelin sheath has degenerated

Peggy smells a very strong odor; Harry smells an odor that is barely detectable. Based on what is known about neural transmission you could predict that the action potentials will

be the same in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle

Length of light determines its

color

In Parkinson's, the tremors, muscular rigidity and reduced control over voluntary movements appears to be a function of

degeneration of neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter

Olfaction is directly linked to the

forebrain

Dr. Thompson is studying the binding problem. In other words, she is examining: how people perceive the world as three-dimensional. disorders of visual object recognition. impairments in visually-guided actions. how people perceive objects rather than disconnected features.

how people perceive objects rather than disconnected features.

Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which appearance differs from "reality" are called _____.

illusions

Faster neural impulses occur in

insulated or myelinated axons

The moon illusion is that the moon appears ____ when near the horizon than when overhead and is explained by ____.

larger; size constancy

When standing on a street corner, taxis way down the street project smaller images to your eye than the one parked next to you. Of course, you know they are not toy cars; they are just really far away. This example illustrates the ________ depth cue of _________.

monocular; relative size

Demyelinating diseases?

myelin sheath deteriorates causing a slowdown in the transmission of information from one neuron to another Multiple sclerosis

Dr. Rajah is studying the effects of a new drug on cognitive performance. After random assignment of groups, one group takes the drug while the other takes a placebo. Afterward, both groups do a series of timed brain teasers and are scored on performance. Dr. McCabe calculates a p < 0.05. Does his experiment have external validity? yes, because he has established cause and effect no, because he has not ruled out the possibility of the third-variable problem yes, because he has established a control group no, because performance on brain teasers are not a real world way of defining cognitive performance

no, because performance on brain teasers are not a real world way of defining cognitive performance

In the initial processing stage in the olfactory system, odorants bind to: olfactory receptor neurons; in turn, the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons converge on all of the olfactory bulbs in the glomerulus. glomeruli; in turn, the glomeruli converge on olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory bulb. glomeruli; in turn, the glomeruli converge on the olfactory bulbs on olfactory receptor neurons. olfactory receptor neurons; in turn, the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons converge on glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.

olfactory receptor neurons; in turn, the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons converge on glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.

As a result of the pathway through which visual information travels from the eye to the visual cortex, images seen in the left visual field are received in

only the right visual cortex.

the purpose of the ear canal is to:

prevent damage to the tympanic membrane

Which sequence best orders the information processing activities described in the text, from first to last? transduction; sensation; perception transduction; perception; sensation sensation; perception; transduction sensation; transduction; perception

sensation; transduction; perception

Touch begins with the transduction of ____ sensations into neural signals.

skin

Sensation involves______, whereas perception involves_____. organization; coordination stimulation; interpretation identification; translation comprehension; information

stimulation; interpretation

What is a chromosome?

strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration humans have 23 pairs each

When we organize patterns in order to perceive an entire stimulus rather than just its parts, we are using

the Gestalt principle of perception.

REM sleep is paradoxical because

the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed

What is an EEG?

the electroencephalogram (EEG) records electrical activity in the brain. Many states of consciousness, such as wakefulness and stages of sleep are characterized by particule types of brainwaves

When sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into a neuron, it causes

the likelihood of an action potential to increase.

When the scores for a recent Chemistry exam were calculated, the mean was 60 and the median was 65. Later the professor discovered that one score had been recorded incorrectly; it had been entered into the computer as a 5, instead of as a 50. When this correction is made

the mean for the exam will change, but the median will stay the same

As Briana drove down the highway, the pickets of the fences moved past her in a blur, but the mountains in the distance didn't appear to move at all. Briana was experiencing

the monocular cue for depth called motion parallax.

Purity is

the number of distinct wavelengths that make up the light.

Dr. Prutherow believes that people who are under stress will develop more colds than people who are not under stress. When he randomly selects 10 participants and exposes them to high levels of stress, he finds that 9 of the participants develop colds. Based on these results he concludes that stress causes an increase in colds. Dr. Prutherow's reasoning may be flawed because in this study

there was no control group for comparison

Who was Phineas Gage?

traumatic accident allowed researcher to investigate the function of the frontal lobe and its connections with emotion centers in the subcotical structures

In order to maximize visual acuity at night, you should

turn your head at a slight angle to the object.

The blind spot in the eye is

where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye

What are the four types of nerves and tell me what they control?

• Cervical nerves in the spine are responsible for the head and neck, diaphragm, deltoids, biceps, and wrist extenders. • Thoracic nerves in the spine are responsible for triceps, hands, chest muscles, and abdominal muscles. • Lumbar nerves in the spine are responsible for leg muscles. • Sacral nerves in the spine are responsible for the bowels, bladder, and sexual function.