Psychology- Review Quiz Questions

Houmam moved from Syria to England 8 months ago. He is struggling to communicate in English and fit in with his new friends in school. What kind of stress is Houmam experiencing?

Acculturative

Which hormone increases in production during puberty and plays an important role in the development of sexual interest?

Adrenal androgen

What factors can influence the functioning of your immune system?

Age, genetics, and nutrition

Neurofeedback has been used to teach individuals with depression and anxiety how to self-regulate which response?

Amygdala

Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive?

An attractive person who is an expert.

The Japanese term for menopause, "konenki," means ____________.

"time of renewal"

The developmental period of emerging adulthood typically occurs between the ages of ____________.

18 and 25

During the second trimester, a fetus creates ________neurons a minute.

250,000

At which month of pregnancy does the fetus have fully developed organs and a chance of survival if born prematurely?

6 months

What percentage of teen social media users report observing cyberbullying online?

95 percent

Which message is likely to be the most persuasive?

A message that presents both sides of the argument and where it is not obvious that it is meant to persuade

A cognitive appraisal of a stressful situation involves two steps. What are they?

A primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal

Keesha grew up in a home where there were guidelines and rules. She was expected to complete chores, do her best in school, and be respectful. Her parents also gave her praise when she did well, hugged her before she left for school, and told her they loved her. She was able to talk to them about her ideas and offer her own opinions, even if they differed from her parents. This is an example of what type of parenting?

Authoritative

Chen is a 2-year-old who likes to dress himself and insists on helping with the dishes, even though he makes a mess cleaning them up. He likes to feed the family dog, even though he spills the food all over the place. He insists that he can do things by himself. Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages would Chen be in?

Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

Marissa's boyfriend broke up with her, and she failed her chemistry test the same day. Marissa feels depressed and worried. Which foods is she most likely to eat in response to her stress?

Brownies and ice cream

Political and other messages should be simple so that the audience can focus on and understand the content without distractions. This example is assuming which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model?

Central route

Keneesha, Tory, and Bev have been best friends since the seventh grade. They do everything together and share all their secrets. They gossip about boys, and when one of them has a problem they call each other rather than their moms. This is considered which type of peer group?

Clique

Leesa is excited and nervous to go on her first overseas vacation. She has been thinking about how much the trip will cost and wonders if she is independent enough to manage on her own. Leesa is experiencing which aspect of psychological stress?

Cognitive

_________________ cultures tend to have the _____________ rates of cyberbullying.

Collectivistic; lowest

In what way is compliance different from conformity?

Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

Which one of the following activities will not reduce cognitive dissonance?

Continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

According to Kohlberg, someone who makes a moral decision by focusing on the opinions of others and conforming to social laws is likely at which level of moral reasoning?

Conventional

You forget to pay for the big bag of dog food on the bottom of your cart at Wal-Mart, and your neighbor in the next checkout lane notices. If you go back to pay for the dog food because you want to be seen as a good person to your neighbor, this is an example of which stage of Kohlberg's morality?

Conventional morality

What is the leading cause of death in North America?

Coronary heart disease

What type of research study examines individuals of different ages at one point in time to track the differences related to age?

Cross-sectional study

___________ research designs show a decline in intelligence with age, while ____________ research designs show more stability in intelligence over time.

Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Dr. Samuelson wants to study the impact of social media on the friendships of 20-, 40-, 60-, and 80-year-olds. He plans to follow each age group for 10 years and study their use of social media and their relationships. What type of study is Dr. Samuelson conducting?

Cross-sequential study

Ceresei, Daenerys, and Jorah agreed to participate in a study of concentration and attention. Ceresei had her phone turned on but in her purse, Daenerys left her phone in her office to charge, and Jorah turned his phone off and placed it face down on the table. Who is likely to perform the best on the concentration and attention task?

Daenerys

It is rare to see a baseball player or football player stay in the professional game past age 40. What contributes to this phenomenon?

Decline in vision, strength, reaction time, and stamina as we age

Baby George is 4 months old. He typically has a hard time falling asleep and then only sleeps 2 hours at a time. George doesn't like it if the routine changes and usually responds with crying and frustration. He only wants to be held and fed by his mother and cries when passed off to another person. George would be considered what type of temperament?

Difficult

Ellie is a healthy 12-month-old baby. She has been crawling for several months but her mother recently looked up to see Ellie walking over toward her in a wobbly fashion. When her mother described the day to Ellie's pediatrician, she stated, "it was like she took a giant step over night in her development." This is an example of which type of developmental model?

Discontinuous model

Researchers believe that emotional eating and obesity use similar brain pathways as substance use and addiction. Which neurotransmitter is associated with these pathways?

Dopamine

While longitudinal studies produce valuable data, there are some limitations to these research designs. What are two of the problems?

Dropout rate of participants; large amount of time and effort required

During which stage of pregnancy is the developing baby most susceptible to damage from harmful agents like drugs or alcohol?

Embryonic period

Helga was diagnosed with breast cancer and is anxious and worried about the outcome. Her friends have rallied around her, spending time watching funny movies or taking her to comedy clubs. Helga's friends are engaging in which type of coping?

Emotion-focused coping

Which of the following is considered a risk factor for intimate partner violence?

Experiencing abuse as a child

A researcher plans to test the effectiveness of a new cyberbullying reporting app. She randomly selects one eighth-grade class to receive training on how to install and use the app. The students are assured the reporting is anonymous. The other eighth-grade class is not told about the app. The researcher then measures the rates of cyberbullying in both classes over the next 3 months. This study utilizes which type of research design?

Experiment

Ross has decided that he is a Republican just like his parents and embraces their religious values as well. He has never questioned his parents' beliefs or ideas. He has also decided to attend the university they chose for him and the course of study they believe he needs to pursue. According to Marcia's categories, Ross is in which stage?

Foreclosure

What is one of the risks for developing a smartphone addiction?

Frequently checking social media throughout the day

Henry is 16 years old and has had his driver's license for 2 months. He and his friend are drinking beer while driving around town one night. They decide to drive down country roads with the lights off as fast as they can. This is an example of lack of maturation in which part of the brain?

Frontal lobe

Which part of the brain is not fully developed in adolescence?

Frontal lobes

Which of the following explains why a person may become aggressive?

Genetic predisposition, Alcohol, Excessive heat

Which of the following is not one of the three major components of attitudes?

Goals

Quincy is imagining himself lying on a beach. He tries to feel the cool ocean breezes against his skin, hear the quiet lap of the ocean, and see the swaying of the palm trees. He is using which technique to reduce stress?

Guided imagery

Hank, who just turned 50, believes he will enjoy his middle and older years and has a positive outlook on the aging process. What implications can this have for the rest of his life?

Hank will live longer than his less optimistic friends.

John Gottman has studied relationships for more than 40 years. Which of the following has he identified as an important predictor of a successful marriage?

Having five times more positive interactions than negative ones

Which of the following increased the likelihood that participants would disobey in Milgram's obedience study?

Having the experimenter be an ordinary man

What are some of the positive physical health outcomes associated with being religiously active?

Healthier diet, more physical activity, improved immune system functioning

Using smartphones to store personal and health data presents some ethical concerns. What are some of the ethical concerns discussed in the chapter?

Identity theft, privacy infringement, and inappropriate use of data

According to Erikson's theory, which crisis is to be resolved in adolescence?

Identity vs. role confusion

What is the difference between obedience and conformity?

In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.

What are some of the physiological changes that make up the fight-or-flight response?

Increased heart rate, increased respiration, sweating, decreased digestive function

Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?

It occurs without conscious awareness.

At what age do most people in Western societies achieve total independence and identify themselves as adults?

Late 20s

Nathan has a father who yells and tells him he is stupid. His father beats him when he doesn't do his chores quickly enough. Nathan believes he is stupid and that he will never be able to escape his situation at home. What is Nathan experiencing?

Learned helplessness

How long does it typically take a person to formulate a judgment about the trustworthiness of a stranger?

Less than 1 second

Which psychological treatment has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression among cancer patients?

Mindfulness-based therapy

Dr. Tomas is interested in studying how a person's biological makeup vs. environment affects criminal behavior. Who would be the ideal candidates for this study?

Monozygotic twins raised in different homes and dizygotic twins raised together

Which of the following is a risk factor for being both a perpetrator and a victim of cyberbullying?

Not feeling safe at school

How does social networking vary between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?

People from individualistic cultures spend more time and have more friends with social networking than those from collectivistic cultures.

A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they are customers of the company. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing?

Peripheral route

Harry Harlow's famous study in the 1950s about infant attachment could be summarized in these few words:

Physical contact from a caregiver is more important than nourishment or food when attachments are being formed.

Danika spends 20-30 minutes each night before bed scrolling through social media and reading the news on her smartphone. What implications would be predicted based on Danika's behavior?

Poor quality sleep, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of anxiety

During the civil rights movement in the 1960s, people broke state laws so that Black people could sit where they wanted to on the bus or drink from the same water fountain or use the same bathroom as white people. Kohlberg would say these people were operating at which stage of morality?

Postconventional morality

Nunzio, an 8-year-old boy, stole a candy bar from the grocery store. His parents never found out about it, and Nunzio didn't feel it was wrong because he was never punished for it. This level of reasoning would fit into which of Kohlberg's stages?

Preconventional morality

Stuart's car breaks down his first week of college. He has just started a new job and needs his car to get to work. He calls around to mechanics to get an estimate of the cost of repairs and compares that to the money he has saved up in the bank. He decides to call his parents and ask if he can borrow half the money needed for the repair. Which strategy is Stuart using to cope with this stress?

Problem-focused coping

Which of the following abilities is most affected by functioning of the frontal lobes of the brain?

Problem-solving

Nikki has a high-pressure sales job. She experiences physiological and psychological stress on a daily basis. Nikki is learning how to systematically tense and relax her muscles to relieve the tension in her body. What is this technique called?

Progressive muscle relaxation

What are the physical changes in an adolescent's body that lead to sexual maturation called?

Puberty

Ethical research involves obtaining informed consent. However, sometimes people change their behavior if they know their behavior is being monitored. What is this phenomenon called?

Reactivity

Which of the following stages of cognitive development occur first according to Piaget's theory?

Sensorimotor stage

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social-psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

Social loafing

After baby Lorenzo was born, the nurses checked him for these five reflexes to make sure he was a functioning normally.

Stepping, Babinski, grasping, Moro, and rooting

How is stress related to cancer?

Stress can make a person's body more hospitable to cancer.

What is the relationship between stress, cortisol, the immune system's functioning, and the risk of illness?

Stress leads to increased cortisol and decreased functioning of the immune system, which increases the risk of illness or infection.

Which part of the nervous system directs the fight-or-flight response in times of stress?

Sympathetic

For months, you have been thinking that you need to lose weight to be healthier, yet you are still eating fast food every day. Which of the following approaches will reduce the cognitive dissonance you are experiencing?

Telling yourself that this is a particularly stressful time and you'll cut back on fast food next month, Stop eating fast food, Deciding that rather than losing weight, you need to work on being happy with your body the way it is

You are playing baseball and miss catching a ball that should have been easy to catch. Others watching you are likely to think you aren't good at playing baseball, whereas you are likely to point out that the sun was in your eyes. This is an example of which type of attribution?

The actor-observer bias

Which method of compliance was at work during Milgram's obedience study?

The foot-in-the-door technique

______________ refers to the tendency to overestimate dispositional influences (and underestimate situational influences) when explaining another person's behavior.

The fundamental attribution error

How is Facebook related to social support?

The number of Facebook friends is positively related to perceived social support.

Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory?

The set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits

Sa'dia is an 18-month-old girl whose parents use flash cards to teach her the alphabet and simple words, they use videos and music to teach her other languages, and they use infant swimming and movement classes to improve her coordination. Despite all these classes, Sa'dia walked at 12 months and spoke her first word at 13 months. What would developmental psychologists tell Sa'dia's parents?

There is little one can do to rush motor skill development. Babies have to have adequate muscular and neural maturity to reach developmental milestones

What is the function of the natural killer (NK) cells?

They patrol the body looking for diseased cells and attack them with lethal chemicals.

During periods of stress, the brain releases cortisol and other stress-related hormones. What impact do these stress hormones have on the immune system?

They suppress the disease-fighting activity of the T cells, B cells, and NK cells leaving the person more susceptible to illness.

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?

Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20.

Johann is competitive, easily angered, impatient, and verbally aggressive toward those around him. Johann is considered to have which personality type?

Type A

Which personality type predicts subsequent physical and/or mental health issues after the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease?

Type D

Latetia, age 5, has learned to do simple addition problems through using small objects in her environment like toys. Her teacher has assisted her in this process and now is challenging Latetia to use subtraction in her work. As Latetia gains confidence in each stage, the teacher allows her to do the problems on her own. Latetia's teacher is using the process of scaffolding based on which theory of cognitive development?

Vgotsky's theory of cognitive development

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance?

Violent video games can promote violence; I let my 7-year-old play video games.

Increased heart rate, increased respiration, sweating, decreased digestive function

Weight gain and memory impairment

Intimate partner violence refers to aggressive behavior between which groups of people?

Women and their female intimate partners, Men and their female intimate partners, Men and their male intimate partners

A contemporary definition of stress includes ____________.

a subjective discrepancy between a situation and a person's ability to cope with the situation

Marcy was 3 years old when she went to the zoo for the first time. She saw her first leopard and called it a "kitty." Her mother responded, "that is a leopard, which looks like a kitty but is much bigger and has spots." The next time Marcy saw a leopard, she said "leopard!" This is an example of Piaget's notion of ____________.

accommodation

The ______________theory of aging suggests that elderly people are happiest when they stay active and involved in the community.

activity

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. Her trust of the candidate represents the ___________________ component of her attitude toward him.

affective

Prejudice against the elderly is called ____________.

ageism

The three stages of the general adaptation syndrome are:

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Tristan became aware that a fellow student had become a victim of bullying. Tristan did all he could to help his classmate, even though he didn't know him well and didn't expect any reward in return. Tristan's behavior is an example of _______.

altruism

T cells work directly to kill _______ without the help of ______.

antigens; antibodies

DeShawn learned to call his father "Daddy" and then began calling other men "Daddy," including the police officer, mail carrier, and nurse. This is an example of Piaget's process of ____________.

assimilation

Prejudice is to discrimination as ________.

attitude is to behavior

Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________.

attitude; behavior

Nate thinks Republicans and Democrats almost never work together in Congress. The reason he believes this is that he finds it much easier to think of examples of politicians from the two parties not working together than to think of examples of them working together. It is likely that the ______________ has caused Nate to underestimate how frequently Democrats and Republicans work together.

availability heuristic

When people feel stressed, they often start eating unhealthy food and stop exercising. These ____________ aspects of stress can lead to more stress in the future.

behavioral

A person may inherit the predisposition for heart disease but not experience the symptoms of heart disease until he loses his job and gets a divorce in the same year. The genetic predisposition is considered a _____ factor in the biopsychosocial model.

biological

Dr. Banini is a health psychologist. When she conducts assessments of new patients, she is sure to ask about their medical history, family history of illness, any psychological symptoms, and current stressors in their life (e.g., family, work, home environment). Dr. Banini is practicing from a __________ perspective.

biopsychosocial

Your mental image of your own body is called your ____________.

body image

All of the following are considered psychological responses to stress EXCEPT

bullying

Tyrone is a 12-month-old who, like most other children, was able to hold his head up, roll over, and sit up before he could walk. This sequence of motor skill development follows the ________.

cephalocaudal rule

Darius is a 6-year-old boy who can throw and catch a ball like a 10-year-old. Researchers would say that his developmental age is more advanced than his_______________.

chronological age

Social _______________ refers to the role of our thoughts and interpretations in social interactions.

cognition

Representative Jansen, a U.S. congresswoman, believes in the reproductive rights and welfare of women but voted to ban late-term abortions. Jansen feels very uneasy about the conflict between her beliefs and her behavior. She is most likely experiencing_______.

cognitive dissonance

Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________.

competition over scarce resources

Behavior initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______.

compliance

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________.

conformity

The trend for women to delay childbirth until their late 20s or early 30s has ___________ while the peak years for female fertility are ____________.

continued; late adolescence and early adulthood

The conflicts that parents and adolescents engage in while the adolescent is in the process of forming their own identity are usually about __________.

control

Under stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis releases _____________, whereas the sympathetic nervous system releases ____________ and ______________.

cortisol; epinephrine; norepinephrine

An individual's ___________ should be viewed as an overarching factor that affects other biopsychosocial factors.

culture

Cyberbullying is a common form of aggression among adolescents. The concept of _____________ would explain the high prevalence of cyberbullying in terms of the presence of anonymity within a group situation.

deindividuation

Sofia, a 65-year-old woman, can't seem to remember if she has eaten breakfast each day. She also doesn't remember that her granddaughter called to tell her she was going to stop by to visit. She seems to be forgetting more things and doesn't want her family to know. Sofia may be showing signs of ____________.

dementia

All of the following are decision points in helping behavior except ____________.

diffusion of responsibility

Research has shown that males tend to exhibit more ____________ aggression, whereas females tend to display more ____________ aggression.

direct; indirect

The fundamental attribution error involves overestimating ___________________ influences when explaining another person's behavior.

dispositional

While stuck in a traffic jam, Yani notices a frustrated driver frequently honking his horn. Yani thinks to himself, "That driver is a real jerk!" This is an example of a _______________ attribution.

dispositional

The self-serving bias involves making ______________ attributions for your success and ____________ attributions for your failures.

dispositional; situational

Stress that has a negative impact on people is referred to as __________, whereas the stress that has positive results is called ____________.

distress; eustress

A person asks you to volunteer to counsel delinquent youth at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks if you could supervise them during a trip to the zoo. She is using the ______ technique.

door-in-the-face

Seyon is a 24-year-old college graduate with a job that does not pay enough for him to pay rent. He lives with his parents and works at the local Starbucks while he looks for a job. His parents pay his cell phone bill and his car insurance. He is considering going back to school to get a graduate degree. He is in the stage of life called ____________.

emerging adulthood

The psychological aspect of stress may include feelings of anger. Anger is considered part of the _______________ experience of stress.

emotional

In response to stress, the sympathetic nervous system releases ____________, whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system releases ___________.

epinephrine; cortisol

If a stressor is short term, energizing, and seen as something to be conquered, it will likely be experienced as _____.

eustress

Rhianna works in a retail clothing store. Her boss pointed out that she rarely offers help to the overweight customers. When asked about this, Rhianna denied having any negative attitudes toward people who are overweight. Rhianna is verbally expressing a(n) _____________ attitude, but her behavior suggests that her _____________ attitude may be different.

explicit; implicit

The mere exposure effect is the tendency of people to _______.

feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus that they have seen often

Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon.

foot-in-the-door

Julie is 15 years old and has her first long-term serious boyfriend. He is pressuring her to have sex, but she is concerned about getting pregnant. She just read a brochure that stated that teen moms are less likely to ________.

graduate from high school

When members of a group discuss similar opinions about a topic, their views on the topic tend to become even more extreme. This phenomenon is referred to as _______.

group polarization

In general, marriage is a good predictor of ________, health, _______, and income level.

happiness; sexual satisfaction

Mental shortcuts used to reduce complex information from the world around us are called _______.

heuristics

The group of people who will most likely have the highest life expectancy are those who are __________ and ____________.

high SES; live in an urban area

Person perception involves the study of_______.

how impressions of other people are formed

The neuroendocrine system responsible for releasing cortisol and other stress hormones to defend against stress is called ____________.

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Aerobic exercise has been found to ____________.

improve cardiovascular health, reduce stress and symptoms of depression, slow down the cellular damage from stress and stimulate new cell growth

Socioeconomic status or SES is most often calculated using a combination of _______ and ___________.

income; educational attainment

The theory that cognitive development is like a computer model where the environment provides the input and the human mind is a "computer processor" that encodes, stores, and transforms information to produce some output is called ___________.

information processing

Biofeedback is designed to help people control their _____ bodily functions as a way to _____ stress.

involuntary; reduce

Black women in the United States reportedly have a ______ ideal body shape and report being more ______ with their bodies than their White female counterparts.

larger; satisfied

In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic study on cognitive dissonance, participants who were paid $20 for doing a boring task, in contrast to those who were paid $1 for doing the same task, ________.

liked the task less

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique.

lowball

All of the following are Sternberg's components of love except ________________.

loyalty

One criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that there is no distinction between ____________.

moral reasoning and moral action

Muslim Arabs who are ___________ are more likely to experience acculturative stress when trying to adjust to the United States.

more religious

Compared to a collectivistic culture, a person from an individualistic culture is likely going to have __________ friends and be ___________ likely to seek out social support.

more; more

Men tend to report a desire for a more _______ body shape than their own perceived level.

muscular

Neural processing slows in older adulthood, which means older adults take more time to react and remember _______.

names

The three lymphocytes that play a role in health and disease are ____________.

natural killer cells (NK), B lymphocytes (B cells), and T lymphocytes (T cells)

The question of whether a person's development is more influenced by genetics or by life experience is considered ____________.

nature vs. nurture

For most people to enjoy their work, it needs to be complex, varied, and ________.

not closely supervised

Smartphones have been found to help deliver effective treatments for ____________.

obesity, high blood pressure, anxiety

Graycen was walking alone through the mall and suddenly experienced an epileptic seizure. She would be most likely helped if ___________________ .

one person was in the area

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.

one-third

Reza's parents are going through a divorce. Reza would like to live with his mother, but where he lives will be decided by a judge. Reza feels stressed, in part, because he lacks ____________.

perceived control

Rea was asked to view a series of silhouettes ranging from very thin to very overweight and identify her current body size and ideal body size. She was completing a(n) ____________ measure of body image

perceptual

Older adults recall more _______ events, while younger adults recall both ___________ events.

positive; positive and negative

A person who is considered religiously active is likely to experience _____________ compared to people who are not religiously active.

psychological and physical advantages

The interdisciplinary field that emphasizes the interaction of psychological, neurological, and immunological factors in stress and illness is called ____________.

psychoneuroimmunology

Luke is an 18-year-old who argues with his parents about politics. He feels very strongly that the United States should have a comprehensive socialized medicine program. This demonstrates his ability to ___________, or organize information and his beliefs into coherent arguments.

reason

Tyrone is 18 years old and challenges his 55-year-old father to a memory test. Tyrone would be most likely to win a memory test based on ____________.

recall of information

Shania has been looking for her breasts to develop since she was in fifth grade. She thinks she is the only girl in seventh grade who does not have a bra. She has noticed some underarm hair growing and is hopeful that she will start developing breasts soon. Shania is worried about the development of __________.

secondary sex characteristics

Garrett has a tendency to take credit for his good actions, but he attributes his mistakes to factors beyond his control. This is an example of the _____.

self-serving bias

Increased contact between two warring groups has a tendency to ________.

showcase similarities between the groups and reduce prejudice

Mitch was raised in foster care and has no real family to rely on when life becomes overwhelming. He also has difficulty making friends because he does not trust that people won't leave him. Mitch does not have good _______, which can increase the impact of stressors.

social support

As a child, Liam was an outgoing boy who made friends easily. Today, he is the top salesman in his company and he is still outgoing and engaging. Liam's case would be interesting to developmental psychologists studying the consistency of traits and characteristics over time to answer the question of ____________.

stability versus change

An event that is perceived as threatening or challenging is known as a ______.

stressor

A hurricane and an hour daily commute are both considered:

stressors.

Women's emotional response to stress typically involves nurturing behaviors that have been called ___________________.

tend and befriend

Brittany is 12 weeks pregnant and has been drinking a few beers followed by a glass or two of wine a night. She hasn't told her doctor, but she knows from looking online that alcohol is considered a(n) _________ that can have an extremely negative impact on the development of her baby.

teratogen

People are more likely to be obedient to authority if _______.

the authority figure is perceived as an expert

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______.

the bystander effect

Conformity may result from normative social influence, which involves _________________ and/or informational social influence, which refers to ________________.

the desire to be part of a group and gain approval; presenting information that can change an opinion

In measurements of perceptual body image, women tend to rate their ideal image as _______ than their current image and think men prefer a ______ female image than men actually report.

thinner; thinner

People with lower socioeconomic status (SES) are ____ more likely to die at a younger age than their higher SES counterparts.

three times

Some stress researchers have proposed we restrict the definition of stress to situations that involve ____________.

unpredictability and lack of control

A 5-year-old may struggle to complete a puzzle by himself, but when his mother helps him he is able to accomplish the task. This is an example of what Vygotsky called _____________.

zone of proximal development

Once a sperm and egg have fused into a single fertilized cell, it is called a(n) ____________.

zygote