Psychology Semester 2
The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the:
"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress
Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgrams' initial obedience experiment because the:
"teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted
The use of physical punished may (3 effects):
1.) lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior 2.) model aggression as a way of coping with problems 3.) lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent
Persistent exclusion from peer social relationships is most likely to increase teens' risk for _______
depression
Adolescence is typically a time of
diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence
Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of _______.
discrimination
Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a _____ ______.
facelike image
Marls is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her infant daughter. According to Erickson, Sara is likely to:
form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the wold.
Fourteen-year-old Lisa was asked, "What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?" She responded, "Those who had previously been blind would become leaders." Lisa's answer indicates she is in the ______ _______stage of development.
formal operational
The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the ______ ______stage of development
formal operational
If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates _____ ______.
latent learning.
Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of _____.
learning
Compared with authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be ____ ______.
less trusting
Positive reinforcers ______ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding.
increase; increase
Our earliest conscious memories seldom predate our third birthday. This best illustrates _____ ____.
infantile amnesia
After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of _______ ______ ______.
informational social influence.
Accepting others' opinions about reality is to _______ as the desire to gain approval is to _________
informational social influence; normative social influence
Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of ______ ______.
insecure attachment
Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of _______ _______.
instinctive drift.
Which of the following is true of adolescence in contemporary industrialized societies, as compared with previous centuries?
It begins earlier in life and ends later in life
What describe adolescent self-esteem?
It falls through the early teen years and rise during the late teen years.
Deindividuation refers to:
a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
What is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?
male facial hair
Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to ______.
maturation
Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among:
men in cultures that value individualism
Among the hallmarks of growing up are a boy's first ejaculation and a girl's first menstrual period, which also is called ______
menarche
The first ejaculation is to an adolescent boy as _______ is to an adolescent girl.
menarche
Unlike ducklings, children do not imprint. Their fondness for certain people, however, is fostered by ______ ______.
mere exposure
It has been suggested that _______ ______ are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its own mouth and when a monkey simply observes other monkey move a peanut into their mouths.
mirror neurons
Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of ______.
modeling
We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates ____ ____.
mood linkage
Learning to delay gratification promotes ____ ____
moral action
Haidt's intuitionist perspective highlights the impact of automatic gut-level feelings on _____ ______.
moral judgements
An ongoing study of 1100 children in 10 American cities has found that those who had spent the most time in day-care facilities had slightly _________ thinking and language skills and an _________ rate of aggressiveness
advanced; increased
The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when:
an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked
Prejudice is best defined as:
an unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members
Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior? a.) studying for a test b.) blushing when embarrassed c.) thanking someone for their help d.) sniffing to locate the source of a strong odor
b
Maturation refers to:
biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience
It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ____ _______ in learning.
biological predispositions
If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates the __________________ ______________.
blame-the-victim dynamic
A Skinner box is a:
chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the _______ _____.
chameleon effect
When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should:
continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums
A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of ______ _______ followed by _____ ______.
continuous reinforcement; partial reinforcement
Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to:
open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek
Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called _____ behaviors.
operant
Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying _____ _______.
operant conditioning
Laurie's thumb sucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of ______ _______.
operant conditioning
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called the _____ _____.
other-race effect
The set of people perceived as different from "us" is called a ______
outgroup
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a ____ ______.
positive reinforcer
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as _______ is to _______.
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
Critics have noted that Kohlberg's _______ level of moral reasoning is culturally limited, appearing mostly among people who prize individualism
postconventional
Laboratory games reveal that people's desire to punish wrongdoings is driven mostly by automatic emotional reactions rather than by deliberate conscious calculations that punishment will deter crime. This most clearly supports the _______ perspective on morality.
postconventional
Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hand before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to:
preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness
Critics have noted that Kohlberg's _____ level of moral reasoning is culturally limited, appearing mostly among people who prize individualism
preconventional
Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's __________ stage of morality
preconventional
Avoiding physical punishment is to _______ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality
preconventional; conventional
Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence _______ increased rates of violent behavior
predicts
During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?
preoperational
The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ______ reinforcers.
primary
According to the text, aggression always involves:
the intent to hurt
Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to:
the violence-viewing effect
Recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling sad illustrates an ability known as:
theory of mind
In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This indecent illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when:
they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures
Mrs. Carmichael secretly dabs some lipstick on the nose of her 2-year-old son and then allows him to see his face in a mirror. The child is most likely to:
touch the mirror at the point where the lipstick shows
When placed between a gauze breast pad from their nursing mother's bra, week-old nursing babies are likely to:
turn their head toward the smell of their mother's pad
In Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is an
unconditioned stimulus
In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the ______ and the white rat was the ________.
unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often _______.
unconscious
Mary Cover Jones followed John B. Watson's experiments with methods in classical conditioning to help children
unlearn a fear.
On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ______ schedule.
variable-interval
Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a _______ schedule.
variable-ratio
The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others rewarded for performing best illustrates the influence of _____ _____-.
vicarious reinforcement
Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting ________ ______.
prosocial behavior
The selective loss of unused connected among brain cells is called _____
pruning
According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to ______ _____.
reason abstractly
In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when their photos were framed in _____.
red
An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a _______.
reinforcement
For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of _____ over ____.
reinforcement; punishment
The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ______ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.
reinforcement; punishment
Today many people are helped with John Wolpe's desensitization methods to overcome phobias. His theory is based on ________.
relaxation
Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing _____ _____.
role confusion
Vygotsky suggested that new words provide a temporary ________ from which children can step to higher levels of thinking.
scaffold
Montel, a white university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of the ________ _______.
scapegoat theory
Piaget emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the physical environment. Vygotsky emphasized how the child's mind grows through a ______ ______.
secure attachment
Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to _____ ______.
secure attachment
What is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his student shave stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of _____.
shaping
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. This teacher is using the method of ______.
shaping
B.F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both _______ and _____ ______.
shaping; immediate reinforcement
A preference for our mother's voice over our father's voice has been detected as early as:
the day after birth
Following the stage of initiative children work industriously in grade school to develop a sense of _______.
competence
The average age at which puberty begins is ______ in boys; in girls, it is _____.
13; 11
Following the stage of initiative children work industriously in grade school to develop a sense of ________
competence
Conditioning seldom occurs when a _____ comes after a ________.
Conditioned stimulus; Unconditioned stimulus
_____ ______ boys are more popular and self-assured than boys who _______ late.
Early maturing; mature
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:
Erickson's psychosocial development theory
In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?
Operant conditioning
The Harlows' studies of attachment in monkeys showed that:
a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to:
adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.
In pre conventional morality, the person obeys to _____ ______ or to ______ _____ _____
avoid punishment; gain concrete rewards
Psychologists define learning as the process of
acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors
The occasional impulsiveness of teens may be explained by:
active limbic system, underdeveloped frontal lobe
Prejudice is an _________; discrimination is a _______
attitude; behavior
Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) _________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) _________ stimulus following a behavior
aversive; pleasant
Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal of the defendant in a murder trial. To influence the majority he should:
be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint.
As compared with the production of egg cells, sperm cell production:
begins later in life
John B. Watson considered himself to be a _________
behaviorist
Adolescents are most likely to be influenced by their parents with respect to _____, and they are most likely to be influenced by their peers with respect to ______.
career choices; clothing preferences
Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the last of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates ______ _______.
classical conditioning
Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shorts. Which process accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
classical conditioning
An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a _______ perspective.
cognitive
Kohlberg emphasized that human behavior becomes less selfish as we mature due to _____ ______.
cognitive development
The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called _____ _____.
cognitive learning
After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a _____ ___.
cognitive map
Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whoever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves ______ _______.
cognitive processes
The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of ______ _____.
cognitive processes
As teens mature, the growth of myelin facilitates:
communication between the frontal lobes and other brain regions
Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. The money was a _____ _______.
conditioned reinforcer.
A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a
conditioned response
Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a ________ _______.
conditioned response
The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggest that during extinction the _______ is suppressed.
conditioned response
Extinction occurs when a _____ is no longer paired with a _______.
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called _______
conformity
Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ______ the rate of operant responding.
decreases; increases
Although Freida is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of _________.
deindividuation
Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by ______ _______.
delayed reinforcers.
A developmental stage between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood is called
emerging adulthood
A developmental stage between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood is called ______ ________.
emerging adulthood
Alcohol may cause fetal damage by leaving chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off. This best illustrates an _________ ______.
epigenetic effect
According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned form his study of obedience is that:
even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction
A critical period is a phase during which:
exposure to certain experiences is needed for proper development
According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by ____ _____.
external influences
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves _____ _____.
extrinsic motivation
Primary sex characteristics are to ______ as secondary sex characteristics are to _______
female ovaries; deepened male voice
The development stage of adolescence is likely to be most brief in cultures where teens are:
financially self-supporting
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour, he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minute before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a _________ schedule.
fixed-interval
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in the ______ _____.
frontal lobes
During adolescence, maturation of the _____ lags behind maturation of the ______
frontal lobes; limbic system
Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrates the importance of __________.
generalization
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates __________.
generalization
By enabling like-minded White supremacists to pool their ideas, Internet social networking sites are likely to contribute to _____ ______.
group polarization
Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of ______ ______.
group polarization.
A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinate and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit
groupthink
Research indicates that the high school girls who have the most affectionate relationship with their mothers also tend to
have the most intimate relationships with girlfriends
In Ericsson's theory, individuals generally focus on developing ______ during adolescence and then ________ during young adulthood.
identity; intimacy
Giving a hungry rat food for pressing a bar before the rat has a chance to engage in other incidental behaviors like running or scratching best illustrates ________ _______.
immediate reinforcement.
To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use ______ _______ rather than ______ _______.
immediate reinforcers; delayed reinforcers
Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________ _______, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of _________ ________
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
Erickson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop sense of identity by:
investigating the personal suitability of various occupational and social roles
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ______ reinforcer.
negative
Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a ______ ______.
negative punishment.
Escaping the electric shock from the floor of the Skinner box by pressing a leer is an example of _______ ______
negative reinforcement
Escaping the electric shock from there floor of the Skinner box by pressing a lever is an example of ______ ________.
negative reinforcement
Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simple because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of ______ ______
negative reinforcement.
Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of ______ _______ _______.
normative social influence
With repeated presentations of a bright red toy, 2-month-old Anita began to respond with less visual attention to the toy. Her decreasing responsiveness best illustrates _____ ______.
object permanence
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates ________ _________.
observational learning
In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of _____ _____.
observational learning.
According to Piaget, schemas are:
people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
Social facilitation refers to the tendency to:
perform well-learned taste more effectively in the presence of others
Boys who mature at an early age tend to be more ________ and _____-______
popular; self-assured
People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as _________ each other and the members of an ingroup as _________ each other
similar to; different from
Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because
so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned
The "we" aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group membership is our _____ _____.
social identity
The corrupt behavior of many ordinary people who served as Nazi concentration camp guards best illustrates that immorality often results from _____ _____.
social influence
Blindfolded university students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates _____ ______
social loafing
People heavily exposed to violent pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading ______ _______.
social script
To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialist are most likely to recommend that you:
specify your exercise goals and inform some close friends of your goals.
To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you:
specify your exercise goals and inform some close friends of your goals.
The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue of _______ and ______.
stability; change
Overgeneralized belief about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called ________
stereotypes
Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a ________.
stimulus
At about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. This best illustrates ______ _____.
stranger anxiety
A teratogen is a:
substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child
Four-year-old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that:
the hippocampus and frontal lobes are immature during early infancy
An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins is best explained in terms of the ____________ _______.
the just-world phenomenon
B.F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thorndyke had called
the law of effect
Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates:
the law of effect
Psychologists who view the developmental process as a sequence of distinct stages generally believe that _____________________ are the same for everyone
the order but not the timing of the stages
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to:
young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as an ______ and finally develops into a ______.
zygote; fetus
