Psychology test 2 questions: chapters 6,8,9,11
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
amygdala
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?
instincts
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.
long-term
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ___________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
observational
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
partial
John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?
partial
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.
implicit
Although B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C. Tolman
Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?
Edward C. Tolman
Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.
what the word chocolate means
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) __________ schedule.
CS + UCS; continuous
Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?
He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.
Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?
He is considered the founder of behaviorism
Which statement about B.F. Skinner is correct?
He is famous for demonstrating the principle of operant conditioning: the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstraited
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?
Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.
_________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.
John B. Watson
According to Albert Bandura, ________.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B.F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.
The name "B.F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."
What should be changed to the make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.
The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.
The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."
Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification
Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
acoustic
Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
acquisition
Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.
arousal
Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
arousal theory
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associational
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?
being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics
Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?
being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.
bias
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory.
change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"
In _________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
classical
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?
conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
continuous
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called _______ reinforcement.
continuous
Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
distortion
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion can be a conditioned response
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
extinction
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Francis receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
In ____________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
hippocampus
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories
Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?
knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called __________ learning.
latent
Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.
latent learning
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.
learning
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
model
Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have __________.
modified the way witnesses are questioned
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ___________.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, _________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of behavior.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
reflexes
Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?
remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.
retrograde
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?
self-reference effect
Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.
spontaneous recovery
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
stimulus generalization
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
Which of the following is an example of fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
In classical conditioning, the ___________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).
unconditioned response
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?
vicarious punishment
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.
visual
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
your first day of school
