Psychology Test 3

A statistical measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables is called___.

A correlation coefficient

A problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of solutions is known as___.

A heuristic

The smallest unit of language that carries meaning is known as which of the following?

A morpheme

The text defines intelligence as the mental abilities necessary to do which of the following?

Adapt to and shape the environment

People who score high on___ tend to be good-natured, soft-hearted, courteous, and sympathetic.

Agreeableness

Which type of tests are designed to predict a person's capacity for learning?

Aptitude tests

According to the text, what is the term of the process of using existing schemas to deal with information encountered in the world?

Assimilation

The use of the word piggy to refer to not only pigs but also other animals, such as cows or horses, is an example of which of the following?

Assimilation

Which of the following is a brain disorder characterized by impaired communication and social interaction which may be partly caused by malfunctioning mirror neurons?

Autism

The tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event is called the___.

Availability heuristic

Very few of the gifted individuals in Lewin Terman's study did which of the following?

Became the best and brightest members of their generation

Why is it that the babbles of young children sound the same no matter where in the world they are raised?

Because early babbling includes the phonemes in all existing languages

The humanistic perspective primarily arose out of dissatisfaction with both the psychoanalytic and___ views of human nature.

Behaviorist

The nine intelligences proposed by Gardner include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal, existential, and___.

Bodily-kinesthetic

What do Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg have in common?

Both believe that there are multiple intelligences

What do psychoanalytic theory and humanistic theory have in common?

Both support the idea that people are basically good.

Which of the following is the brain condition that impairs one's ability to speak and use words, phrases, and sentence to convey information?

Broca's aphasia

At what age would you expect your child to start verbalizing morpheme sounds?

By 1 year of age

Recent studies suggest that we need to evaluate our past selves in a way that makes us feel good about ourselves now. How do we accomplish this?

By perceiving our present self as superior to our former selves

Which type of intelligence is required to solve familiar problems and to judge the quality of ideas?

Crystallized

The claims made by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray in their book The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life are very similar to the ideas advanced in which movement?

Eugenics

Of the following, which is a term used to describe the mental capacity to learn or invent new strategies for dealing with new kinds of problems?

Fluid intelligence

How many phonemes are contained in the word table?

Four

The tendency to think of objects as operating in constant and unchanging ways and ignoring other less obvious ways in which they might be used is known as___.

Functional Fixedness

Galton's assessment battery included measurements of sensory abilities and reaction time, as well as measurements of___ and___.

Head size; muscular strength

If you were arguing with a friend about the major difference between the communications used by human beings and that used by animals, which of the following would be your strongest point?

Humans can discuss what happened long ago, in the future, or what is currently happening far away.

What does factor analysis of a statistical technique allow researchers to do?

Identify clusters of variables or test items that correlate with one another

Which type of intelligence identifies the ability to interact well socially and to reliably predict others' motives and behavior?

Interpersonal

According to the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis ___?

Language determines thinking

Although the goal of ___ in schools is to integrate students with intellectual problems into a normal classroom environment, the reality is that such students are often teased and ridiculed by other students in such settings.

Mainstreaming

With only slight variations, the five basic traits that make up the five-factor model have constantly emerged in studies of children, college students, and the elderly. Further, these traits have been found in societies as diverse as all but which of the following countries?

Nigeria

The smallest significant sound units in speech are known as which of the following?

Phonemes

"Street Smarts" is another name for Robert Sternberg"s___.

Practical intelligence

The degree to which a test predicts what it supposedly measures is referred to as the___ of a test.

Predictive validity

Jeremy developed a strong sense of self-efficacy in math during high school. As a result, he takes a lot of math courses in college, where he tries hard despite difficulties and is quite successful. This builds self-efficacy in math even more, leading him to take even more advanced math classes. What does this process describe?

Reciprocal determinism

Individuals who demonstrate exceptional ability in one specific intellectual area while being relatively limited in all other areas are known as___.

Savants

Which the theory asserts that people are primarily motivated to maintain consistent beliefs about themselves?

Self-verification

The rules used in language to communicate the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences are known as___.

Semantics

___ believed that we are primarily motivated by sexual and aggressive desires, while___ beloved that we are motivated by becoming the best we can be.

Sigmund Freud; Carl Rogers

What is the verbal use of language called?

Speech

The sentences "The waiter brought the dessert tray" and "The dessert tray was brought by the waiter" have different ___?

Surface structures

What is the most extensively researched and widely used personality inventory?

The MMPI

Which of the following is one of the most popular projective tests currently in use?

The Thematic Apperception Test

Hugh Hartstone and Mark May demonstrated in their research that it was not___ that most strongly determined whether children would lie, cheat, and steal, it was___.

The consistent traits of the child; the situation

What is a major communication difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?

The direct versus indirect expression of personal needs and feelings

Alfred Binet did not believe which of the following?

The lower-performing children are incapable of learning

What does research indicate that we pay close attention to when we believe that others are trying to deceive us?

The nonverbal gestures

A distribution of scores that clusters around the average test scores, with fewer scores found far from the average, describes___.

The normal distribution

Sometimes, SAT scores are reported as percentiles. What do percentiles tell you?

The percentage of people in the standard group who scored at or below your score

If your test-retest reliability study resulted in a correlation of -.17, which of the following would you probably conclude?

The reliability of the measure you are testing is extremely low.

Genetic testing of different click-speaking East African tribes who live thousands of miles apart reveals that although these click language appear to derive from a common language, which of the following is true?

There is no evidence of an interbreeding over tens of thousands of years.

What is a major disadvantage to the problem-solving techniques of trial and error and algorithms?

They are time intensive

The famed behaviorist B.F.Skinner believed that people develop language skills primarily because of which reason?

They have been reinforced for doing so

How many morphemes are contained in the word gentlemanly?

Three

When Sir Francis Galton devised the concept of eugenics and attempted to put it into practice by way of intelligence testing, what was his ultimate goal?

To improve the hereditary characteristics in society

Carl Rogers' person centered theory focused on___, or complete acceptance toward another person regardless of what she or he has said or done as.

Unconditional positive regard

About which of the following did Charles Spearman and Louis Thurstone disagreed ?

Whether intelligence is made up of one predominant factor or several factors

Finding something that you love to do is one of the six steps recommended in the text for increasing your___.

Creativity

The tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information is known as the ___?

Confirmation bias

Deaf infants pay more attention to ___ than to the more rapid, fluid signing typically used between adults.

Child-directed signing