Psychology test #3

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

Motivated forgetting

Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact of people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the accept ion to the rule. This illustrates that judgements are influenced by

The availability heuristic

A televised image of a starving child has a greater impact on Mr. Whites perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by

The availability heuristic

Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of

The availability heuristic

Just passing by a person who sneezes and coughs heightens our perceptions of various health risks. This illustrates the impact of

The availability heuristic

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

The availability heuristic

The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many peoples estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of

The availability heuristic

Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem-strategy best illustrates

Trial and error

bernard is an ambitious, highly competitive corporate lawyer who recently had a heart attack. he tends to be impatient and a perfectionist, and he gets angry over little things. research suggests that bernard's susceptibility to heart attacks may be most closely linked to his

anger

people are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of

anger

mindfulness meditation has been shown to reduce

anxiety

on average, the intelligence test scores of the dingbats are much higher than those of the Dodos. the difference in the average test scores of the two groups might be product of

any of these things

an impairment of language is known as

aphasia

a test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered a(n) _______ test

aptitude

test designed to predict ability to learn new skills are called

aptitude tests

the intelligence test scores of today's better-fed population ______ the scores of the 1930s population

are higher than

research on the accuracy of lie detector tests suggests that they

are more likely to declare the innocent guilty than to declare the guilty innocent

the feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel happy they

are more willing to help others

a general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is least related to whether people

are young or old

which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies

arousal theory

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that the storage of their maze memories

Was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex

according to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ______ and ________

a cognitive label; physical arousal

Convergent thinking involves

Narrowing down the available solutions to a problem

At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries "hoy" when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the _____ stage of language development

One-word

by about age 7, those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language. this illustrates the importance of _______ for language acquisition

a critical period

babies in a Romanian orphanage suffered delayed intellectual development due to

a deprived environment

the characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence is

a diverse set of distinct abilities

for a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce

a drive

walter cannon obsessed that a variety of stressors trigger

a fight or flight reaction

according to maslow, our need for _____ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for _______

adequate clothing; self-esteem

activities such as jogging or swimming are forms of

aerobic exercise

evidence suggest that _______ may foster neurogenesis

aerobic exercise

mildly depressed female college students assigned to a program of ______ reported a greater decrease in depression than those assigned to a program of ________

aerobic exercise; relaxation exercises

according to the james-lange theory, we experience emotion ______ we notice our physiological arousal. according to cannon-bard theory, we experience emotion _____ we become physiologically aroused

after; at the same time as

cameron, a 50 year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside, indicating that he had been fired from his job. which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is cameron most likely experiencing.

alarm reaction

the three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome as

alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

coping refers to a variety of methods used to

alleviate stress

Stress hormones provoke the _______ to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia

amygdala

our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the

amygdala

people with savant syndrome are best described as those who demonstrate

an exceptional specific skill

laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of

an external locus of control

sasha believes that the questions on school tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. sasha's belief most clearly illustrates

an external locus of control

the passive resignation of learned helplessness is most likely to be associated with

an external locus of control

the perception that our fate is determined by chance events is most closely associated with

an external locus of control

Noam chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by

an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules

it is characteristic of bears to hibernate. this behavior is an example of

an instinct

for a person who is younger than age 18, an IQ of approximately 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of life is most clearly an indication of

an intellectual disability

emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. her belied most clearly illustrates

an internal locus of control

Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will allow them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates

Overconfidence

When Larina started college, she was certain that she would never smoke marijuana. By the end of her freshman year, however, Larina had used this drug on three different occasions. Larina's experience best illustrates

Overconfidence

Dating partners who fell in love ______ how much they liked each other when they first met. Dating partners who broke up _____ how much they liked each other when they first met

Overestimated; underestimated

Which of the following best account for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile

Perceived control

the part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as

broca's area

charles darwin suggested that violent gestures increase one's anger. this suggestion is most INCONSISTENT with the presumption of those who have advocated the therapeutic value of

catharsis

encouraging people to vent their anger in order to reduce it presumes that angry expressions promote

catharsis

destruction of an appetite-suppressing area within the hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to

cause the rat the become extremely fat

to avoid placing individual refugee families in communities where they are likely to feel socially isolated, U.S. policies today encourage

chain migration

interventions that promote increasing intelligence teach early teens that the brain is like a muscle that strengthens with use. this idea is designed to encourage teens to view intelligence as

changeable over time

one of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of

character strengths

Which measure of memory retention assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Relearning

A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as

Repression

Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ______ rarely, if ever, occurs

Repression

To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

Adult memories of experiences happening before the age of 3 are unreliable

Which of the following techniques used by professional therapists is(are) likely to promote false memories in patients

All of these techniques

The experience of memory loss is called

Amnesia

A chess-playing computer program the routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

An Algorithm

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the, meaning of the term "retroactive interference." Surprisingly, however, she accurately remember that the term appeared on the first line of a right-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

Automatic processing

The ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your phone for text messages during the past 24 hours best illustrates

Automatic processing

We encode implicit memories by means of

Automatic processing

The earliest stage of speech development is called the ______ stage

Babbling

An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

Belief perseverance

People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more stonily than ever. This best illustrates

Belief perseverance

The value of making a good first impression when you begin work for a new employer is best understood by the research on

Belief perseverance

When Quang couldn't find his wallet, he began to wonder about his roommate's honesty. Although Quang later recalled that he left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, he continued to doubt his roommate's honesty. Quang's irrational thinking best illustrates

Belief perseverance

A prototype is a

Best example of a particular category

Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of a word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between

Deep and shallow processing

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if they rehearse the meanings of the Latin words. This best illustrates the value of

Deep processing

Encoding verbal information semantically involves

Deep processing

Instead of simply repeating a series of numbers he wants to remember, David mentally associates the numbers with meaningful dates such as his friends' birthdays. This best illustrates

Deep processing

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facillitates

Deep processing

Using your working memory to associate an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with other familiar words that are similar in meaning to the glossary term best illustrates

Deep processing

Source amnesia helps to explain

Deja vu

Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates

Effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

Effortful processing

The use of mnemonics such as the peg-word system illustrates

Effortful processing

The ability of some Alzheimer's patients to learn how to do something despite the fact that they have no conscious recall of learning their new skill best illustrates the need to distinguish between

Explicit memory and implicit memory

Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate that

Extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered

Research on memory construction indicates that

False memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of ______ on problem solving

Fixation

A $100 coat marked down from $150 can seem like a better deal than the same cost priced regularly at $100. This best illustrates the importance of

Framing

Consumers respond more positively to "75 percent lean" than they do to "25 percent fat." This illustrates the consumer reactions are influenced by

Framing

In writing survey questions, political pollsters when want to gather evidence for people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of

Framing

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so sherryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that is would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryls behavior illustrates the effect of

Framing

People are very likely to decide to be organ donors when the default option on their renewable driver's license forms is yes but they can choose to drop out. They are much less likely to decide to be organ donors if the default option on their license forms is no but they can choose to opt in. This best illustrates the effect of

Framing

Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that is evokes a desired judgement is called

Framing

the ABC program is an educational program designed to prevent

HIV infections

When George Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants

Had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters

The persistence of learning over timemost clearly depends on

Memory

A mnemonic is a

Memory aid

An algorithm is a

Methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems

on some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performances with a gold star on their helmets. this practice best illustrates the use of

incentives

positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called

incentives

the role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of

incentives

a dieter whose weight falls below his or her set point is likely to experience a(n)

increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate

employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will

increase their hostility

exercising regularly and getting enough sleep contribute to a(n) _____ in metabolism and a(n) _______ in the settling point

increase; decrease

aerobic exercise is associated with

increased levels of serotonin and increased levels of the endorphins

a perceived loss of control is associated with _____ epinephrine levels and ______ lymphocyte activity

increased; decreased

in the united states, the rate of obesity among adults has ______ over the last 40 years, and the rate of obesity among children and teens has ______

increased; increased

during the last half-century, the buying power of americans has ______ and their self-reported personal happiness has _______

increased; remained almost unchanged

activation of the sympathetic nervous system

increases respiration and decreases salivation

chronic anger _____ the risk of heart disease, and chronic depression ______ the risk of heart disease

increases; increases

those who perceive an internal locus of control believe that

individuals can influence their own outcomes in life

stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by

inhibiting the release of lymphocytes

foolish conformity to peer pressure or who grow up in institutions without a sense of belonging are especially at risk for developing

insecure attachment

a complex, unlearned and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n)

instinct

mr porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. he obviously believes that aggression is a(n)

instinct

which theory of motivation most clearly emphasizes the importance of genetically predisposed behaviors

instinct theory

compared with the unmarried, people in low-conflict marriages are more likely to

live longer

for type A individuals, exposure to stress is likely to inhibit organs such as the ______ from removing cholesterol and fat from the blood

liver

a flashbulb memory would typically be stored in _____ memory

long-term

by activating the amygdala, stress hormones facilitate

long-term potentiation

the increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

long-term potentiation

angel keys and his colleagues observed that men are on a semi-starvation diet

lost interest in sex and social activities

the level of physiological arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be

lower on tasks that are difficult

after expecting the stress of losing her job, colleen suffered an increased incidence of cold and flu infections, her increased illness is best attributed to reduced levels of

lymphocytes

dental students helped more slowly from punch wounds received three days prior to a major exam than from punch wounds received during their summer vacation. the slower healing prior to a major exam is best explained by the students' temporarily reduced release of

lymphocytes

for a hungry person, the consumption of food serves to

maintain homeostasis

if a gender-neutral face is made to look angry, most people perceive it as ______. if asked to imagine an angry face, most identify it as ______

male; male

in a series of studies, research participants were informed that personality test results indicated they were the type of person to end up alone later in life. as a result, they become ______ like to underperform an aptitude tests and ____ likely to become aggressive toward those who had excluded them

more; more

a stroke may impair the ability to speak distinctly without harming the ability to read because different language functions depend on different

neural networks

the distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. this pattern is called a

normal curve

by demonstrating both intelligence and grit, highly successful people demonstrate the importance of both ability and

motivation

when promised money for doing well on an intelligence test, adolescents in four dozen studies scored higher. this best illustrates that intelligence test performance is influenced by

motivation

a psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their

muscle tension

howard is preoccupied with accumulating new Facebook friends because he loves the attention it gives him. on his Facebook page, he posts daily photos of himself that are designed to show off his good looks and body build. howard best illustrates characteristics of

narcissism

some college students were randomly assigned to edit and explain their myspace page rather than the study and explain a google maps routing. these students subsequently scored higher on a measure of

narcissism

food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________

need; drive

when her son fails to arrive home as expected, elena fears he has been in an accident. both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ______ nervous system

parasympathetic

which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed

parasympathetic

one way for people to improve their own subjective well-being is to

participate in regular aerobic exercise

grit can best be described as

passionate dedication to an ambitious goal

the best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that

people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood

evidence that obesity is influenced by factors in addition to genetics includes the fact that

people weight more today than did their counterparts 50 years ago

british civil service workers in executive positions live longer than those in clerical positions. this best illustrates the value of

perceived control

elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack

perceived control

intelligence tests are biased in the sense that

performance differences among test-takers reflect divergent cultural experiences

heart disease and depression may both result when chronic stress triggers

persistent inflammation

addressing stressors with problem-focused coping would be most characteristic of those with

personal control

boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. the machine used in his test is most likely to measure his

perspiration levels

those who attribute their poor performance to a lack of ability or to situations enduringly beyond their control demonstrate

pessimism

a harvard school of public health research team studied 1306 initially healthy men over a 10-year period. they found that ______ were more than twice as likely as _____ to develop heart disease

pessimists; optimists

resistance to stress is greatest during _______ of the GAS

phase 2

who is the best example of a type A personality

philip, a competitive, high-tempered corporation president

the autonomic nervous system regulates the _______ that accompany(is) different emotions

physiological arousal

today's researchers have identified many different chromosomal regions important to intelligence. this indicates that intelligence is

polygenetic

for purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n)

polygraph

the study of positive emotions, desirable character traits, and enabling institutions is central to the emerging subfield known as

positive psychology

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. she is using a memory aid known as

chunking

recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the times of the retrieval and encoding are the same. this best illustrates

context-dependent memory

the parasympathetic nervous system is to the sympathetic nervous system as ______ is to ________

contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils

a loss of perceived control tends to result in

reduced immune responses

B.F. Skinner emphasized the importance of ______ in language acquisition

reinforcement

haley's parents bought her a used bicycle for her birthday. she was thrilled until she learned that her best friend received a brand new bicycle for her birthday. haley's declining satisfaction illustrates

relative deprivation

winston has a very negative academic self-concept because most of his classmates are more academically advance than he is. winston's experience best illustrates

relative deprivation

compared with those who perceive an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to

cope effectively with stress

depression increases the risk of death, especially death from

coronary heart disease

older people's capacity to understand the meaning of words does not decline as much as their capacity to engage in abstract reasoning. this best illustrates the stability of

crystalized intelligence

which of the following terms refers to a person;s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

crystalized intelligence

psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. these include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives and

drive reduction

victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger. this behavior is best explained in terms of

drive-reduction theory

aviad, a 50-year-old banking executive and type A personality, recently suffered a serious heart attack. to prevent a recurrence, aviad would probably benefit most from

relaxation training

the third phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

exhaustion

surgeons removed a sizable part of tom's stomach to prevent the spread of a cancerous tumor. following a successful recovery, tom;s reduced appetite for food is most likely attributable to his body's reduced secretion of

ghrelin

we experience hunger when the level of

glucose in our blood is low

the similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is

greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together

energetic persistence in pursuit of challenging goals is most clearly an indication of

grit

a polygraph examination of a suspected murderer included an assessment of his reaction to a detailed description of the victim's clothing and death wounds -- details that would be known only to a person at the scene of the crime. the investigators were making use of the

guilty knowledge test

psychologists use the term _____ to refer to human resilience under stress

hardiness

Mr. and Mrs. Vernays are parents of an adult child who received a diagnosis intellectual disability. It is most likely that their child

has a difficulty adapting to the demands of independent adult life

by dramatically reducing her daily calorie intake, marilyn plans to reduce her normal body weight by 10 to 15 pounds. research suggests that after three or four weeks of sustained dieting, marilyn will

have a lower resting metabolic rate

which of the following has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction

having an active religious faith

intelligence tests have effectively reduced discrimination in the sense that they have

helped limit reliance on educators' personal opinions regarding students' academic potential

logan is an unsuccessful businessman who feels little satisfaction with life. to increase his subjective well-being, logan should

imagine what his life might be like if her were suffering from a fatal disease

the macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the

immune system

melinda completed the computer programming aptitude test when she applied for a position with beta electronics. six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with another company. the fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggests that the test has a high degree of

reliability

when 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. the picture served as a powerful

retrieval cue

memories are primed by

retrieval cues

mood-congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experienced while learning something become

retrieval cues

an inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called

retrograde amnesia

in 8 to 10 seconds, the late memory whiz Kim Peek could read and remember the contents of a book page. yet, he had little capacity for understanding abstract concepts. Kim's mental capacities best illustrate

savant syndrome

after long-term potentiation has occurred

sending neurons release their neurotransmitters more easily

after his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. he couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakir's pattern of recall best illustrates

state-dependent memory

working with walter cannon, A.L. washburn used a balloon to show that feelings of hunger are accompanied by

stomach contractions

a body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing

stored energy

compared with non-internet users, today's online social networkers are likely to experience ______ relationships with their existing friends and are ______ likely to know their real-world neighbors

strengthened; less

luigi minimized the stress of testing positive for HIV by viewing this circumstance as an opportunity for renewed religious commitment and spiritual growth. his reaction best illustrates the importance of

stress appraisal

the importance of environmental influences is provided by evidence that

the cognitive development of neglected children is often delayed

the fact that people from widely different cultures display and interpret facial expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. this suggestion best illustrates

the evolutionary perspective

resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies left research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. this illustrated that self-control momentarily weakens following

the exercise of willpower

the correlation between religious involvement and life expectancy best illustrates the health value of

the faith factor

the fact that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion serves to support

the james-lange theory

psychologists define stress as

the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events

the james-lange theory of emotion states that

to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event

if a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of

reliability

Convergent thinking is to academic aptitude as divergent thinking is to

Creativity

Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of

Creativity

The ability to produce novel (new) and valuable ideas is called

Creativity

human language appears to have evolved from

gestured communication

Deja vu refers to the

Eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event

Which of the following questions would best enable you to remember that you saw the word PEACH on today's test

Is the word a type of fruit

Research findings suggests that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is

"Consider the opposite"

which of the following suggestions would be the WORST advice for a dieter

"avoid eating during the dat so you can enjoy a big meal during the evening"

rosaria is upset with her husband for not putting his dirty clothes in the laundry basket. anger experts would most likely recommend that she deal with her frustration by saying to him

"it bothers me that you leave your dirty clothes for me to pick up"

five-year-old benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the stanford-binet. his mental age is

6

a 12-year-old who responded to the original stanford-binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old was said to have an IQ of

75

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is called

A fixation

A tendency to approach a problem only in a particular way that worked previously is most indicative of

A mental set

During prior school years, Charlie found it easy to get away with cheating on his tests. Now it's not so easy, so Charlie so Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's shortsightedness best illustrates the consequences of

A mental set

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence, "George eats old gray rats and paints houses yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography". Tim is using

A mnemonic technique

Echoing memory refers to

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

The testing effect is also known as

A retrieval practice effect

the greatest number of deaths in africa today result from

AIDS

After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events her experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

Anterograde amnesia

The most creative scientists are those who

Are intrinsically motivated to solve problems

In the study led by Elizabeth loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who hear the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled

Broken glass at the scene of the accident

The effortful processing of information

Can become automatic through practice

Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning

Cerebellum

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of

Chunking

Varsity basketball players can recall the positions of the players after a 4-second glance at a basketball play. This ability is best explained in terms of

Chunking

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Cognition

Professor pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influence the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent

Cognitive psychology

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas and people is a(n)

Concept

When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)

Concept

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehaviors. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

Confirmation bias

Business managers are often overly confident of their hiring ability because they are more likely to monitor the successes of people they hired than the achievements of those they rejected. This illustrated that overconfidence may be facilitated by

Confirmation bias

Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce

Confirmation bias

Automatic processing most clearly occurs without

Conscious rehearsal

A mental set is most likely to inhibit

Creativity

Allowing time for complex ideas to incubate outside of conscious awareness is most likely to promote

Creativity

Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be

Distorted by our current expectations

A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates

Divergent thinking

Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem illustrates

Divergent thinking

The inability to remember whose face appears on a five dollar bill is most likely due to a failure in

Encoding

Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to

Encoding failure

We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are constantly bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to

Encoding failure

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ______ memory

Explicit

The process of encoding refers to

Getting information into memory

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgements efficiently are called

Heuristics

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to but all of these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of

Hierarchical organization

Chickadees and other birds that store food in hundreds of places cannot remember the food storage locations months later if their _____ has been removed

Hippocampus

Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?

Hippocampus

A good nights sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the

Hippocampus to the cortex

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ______ memory

Iconic

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip cod. His experience best illustrates ______ memory

Iconic

Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that

It is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories

We are more likely to remember the words "bicycle, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of

Imagery

Cherri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal she experienced a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) _______ memory

Implicit

Following brain injury from a brutal knife attack, mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is. But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife. His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ______ memory

Implicit

Procedural memories for well learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ______ memories

Implicit

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates _______ memory

Implicit

Retention skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as _____ memory

Implicit

Cerebellum is to ______ memory as hippocampus is to _____ memory

Implicit; explicit

Stress hormones promote stronger memories by

Increasing the availability of glucose

A lack of conscious memories of your first three years of life best illustrates

Infantile amnesia

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

Insight

In Wolfgang köhler's experiments, the chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to retrieve a longer stick, which he then used to reach a piece of fruit. The chimpanzee appeared to display

Insight

People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize

Interference

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve

Interference

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

Intuitions

When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are usually credible if

Involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity

Long-term memory

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from _______ memory into _______ memory

Long-term; working

At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to

Lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear

Weather forecasters typically avoid overconfidence when making weather predictions because they

Prompts receive clear feedback on their accuracy

Eva had difficulty recognizing that a seahorse is a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

Prototype

People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman most closely represents the nurse

Prototype

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of

Prototypes

Although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often adaptive because it facilitates

Quick decisions

Herman ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially

Rapid and subsequently slows down

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used

Recall

Which measure of memory retention accesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness

Recall

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest revival clues

Recall

Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions

Recognition

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates

Recognition

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory is called

Retrieval

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of

Retrieval cues

An inability to access information in long-term memory is known as

Retrieval failure

Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may be told they are repressing the memory. This explanation for their lack of abuse memories emphasizes

Retrieval failure

The title of a favorite song is on the tip of Gerald's tongue, but he cannot remember it until he mentions the songwriter's name. Gerald's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by

Retrieval failure

Prototype is to category as ______ is to _____

Rose; flower

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

Save time in arranging at solutions to problems

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

Search for information that supports our preconceptions

An iconic memory is a ______ memory

Sensory

Some information in our fleeting _______ is encoded into working memory

Sensory memory

Encoding words based on the appearance of the word's letters involves

Shallow processing

George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ______ memory

Short term or working

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of

Source amnesia

As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, He mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates

Source amnesia

Faulty memory for how, when or where information is learned is called

Source amnesia

The psychologist Jean piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of nursemaid's thwarting his kidnapping after hearing false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates

Source amnesia

Language refers to the

Spoken, written or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning

The retention of encoded information over time refers to

Storage

A loss of an encoded memory as a result of a gradual fading of the physical memory trace best illustrates

Storage decay

Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for infantile amnesia?

The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature

Which of the following poses he greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse

The misinformation effect

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a persons ability to learn

The names of newly introduced people

Chunking refers to

The organization of information into meaningful units

Associating carrots with a mental image of a bun, milk with a mental image of a shoe, and paper towels with a mental image of a tree best illustrates

The peg-word system

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

The sequence of your day's events

By consciously rehearsing to-be-learned facts in many separate study sessions throughout the semester, you are most clearly taking advantage of

The spacing effect

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

The spacing effect

Students who study throughout the term then re study course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates

The spacing effect

The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention is best illustrated by

The testing effect

The difference between automatic and effortful processing best illustrates

The two-track mind

unlike intelligence scores, achievement scores of NOT follow the pattern of

a bell curve

Forrest dwelling chimpanzees use a light, flexible stick for fishing for termites. This illustrates their naturally developed use of

Tools

Telegraphic speech is most clearly associated with the ______ stage of language development

Two-word

We fear too little those events that will claim lives

Undramatically

block design puzzles are used in one of the subtests of the

WAIS

Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires

Wokingmemory

According to Allen Baddeley, we consciously process incoming auditory and visual-spatial information in our _______ memory

Working

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

Working memory

people's implicit memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of

a mental image

motivation is defined by psychologists as

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

long-term potentiation is believed to be

a neural basis for learning and memory

twenty-five-year-old Alexandrea has an intellectual disability and can neither read nor write. however, after hearing lengthy, unfamiliar, and complex musical selections just once, she can reproduce them precisely on the piano. it is likely that alexandra is

a person with savant syndrome

if a test is standardized, this means that

a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group

when asked to describe personal episodes that made them feel particularly bad about themselves, about four times in five, people describe

a relationship difficulty

fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's

ability to reason speedily and abstractly

to qualify for the office manager's job, 55-year-old mariel must take a series of psychological tests. her performance on the test of ______ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old

abstract reasoning

the written exam for a driver's license would most likely be considered a(n) ______ test

achievement

jeff, who is 14, engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least four hours every dat because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best university teams in the country. his goal and behavior best illustrates the concept of

achievement motivation

those who demonstrate grit are especially likely to have a high level of

achievement motivation

when researchers monitored the professional accomplishments of more than 1500 highly intelligent individuals, they found that the most successful were more ambitious, energetic, and persistent. this best illustrates the importance of

achievement motivation

as defined in the test and in the DSM-5, people diagnosed with an intellectual disability demonstrated these difficulties before age 18, scored 70 or below on an intelligence test and also had significant limitations in

adaptive behavior

the guilty knowledge test is typically used to

assess a suspect's responses to details of a crime

achievement tests are designed to

assess knowledge or skills that have already been learned

those who engage in excess internet socializing during work hours should be reminded that electronic message alerts, Facebook postings, and internet pop-ups hijack

attention

without any conscious effort, your ______ prepares you to fight of flee from dangerous situations

autonomic nervous system

according to yerkes-dodson law, test performance is typically ______ when physiological arousal is ________

best; moderate

thaddeus will perform in a band concert at his school tomorrow. according to the yerkes-dodson law, his musical performance is likely to be _____ is his physiological arousal during the performance is

best; moderate

bryson was encouraged by a supportive network of friends following a serious business setback. research suggests that this social support was likely to improve bryson's health by reducing his

blood pressure

after stockbrokers who lived alone had adopted a pet cat or dog, they were able to face stress with less ______ than their counterparts without pets

blood pressure increase

the world health organization identifies obesity as high

body mass index

the general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the

body's response to prolonged stress

the arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

boredom

the two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ______ than does the james-lange theory

cognitive activity

new research has linked women's obesity to their risk of late-life

cognitive decline

research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity to

communicate through the use of symbols

compared with deaf children exposed to sign language from birth, those who first learn sign language as teens are less likely to

comprehend grammatical subtleties of sign language

caroline developed a dislike for the taste of potato chips because she became sick several times after eating them. her experience best illustrates the taste preferences are influenced by

conditioning

after learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. this best illustrates

context-dependent memory

eyewitness to a crime often recall the details of a crime most accurately when they return to the crime scene. this best illustrates

context-dependent memory

wild animals placed in zoos sometimes die shortly thereafter. these deaths are likely to result from a(n)

decrease in the animals' release of lymphocytes

the relaxation response associated with meditation is most likely to

decrease oxygen consumption and decrease blood pressure

left prefrontal cortex activation is to right prefrontal cortex as ______ is to ______

delight; disgust

aerobic exercise has been most clearly linked to a decrease in

depression

research suggests that women are more skilled than men at

detecting other people's emotions

the right prefrontal cortex is more active than the left prefrontal cortex when people experience

disgust

increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex is to ______ as increased activity in the left frontal lobe is to ______

disgust; joy

which of the following research findings would be consistent with the james-lange theory of emotion

distinctly different patterns of physiological arousal are closely associated with distinctly different emotions

people who become blind usually ______ recover near-normal levels of day-to-day happiness. people who become paralyzed usually ______ recover near-normal levels of day-to-day happiness

do; do

an example of a condition involving intellectual disability caused by an extra chromosome in a person's genetic makeup is known as

down syndrome

an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)

drive

to alleviate the stress he feels after failing a college course, jeremy seeks social support from his friends and family. jeremy's behavior best illustrates

emotion-focused coping

a friend suggests that theresa could effectively reduce her anger toward her ex-boyfriend by tearing pictures of him into little pieces. the friend most clearly assumes that this action would lead to

emotional catharsis

imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate

empathy

online social networking tends to _____ self-disclosure, and Facebook profiles appear to be closer to people's _______

encourage; actual personalities than to their ideal personalities

basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of

energy expenditure

schooling _____ children's intelligence test performance. children's intelligence ______ their later adult income

enhances; enhances

a hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

epinephrine

in response to stress, the adrenal glands release

epinephrine

in the 1920s, walter cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of _______ into the blood stream

epinephrine and norepinephrine

with sleep deprivation, the levels of leptin _____ and the levels of ghrelin ______

fall;rise

leptin is a hunger-dampening hormone secreted by

fat cells

research on obesity and weight control indicates that

fat tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is lean tissue

joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. this best illustrates _____ memory

flashbulb

elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing

flashbulb memories

the ability to learn a new computer software program is to _____ as knowledge of state capitals is to _____

fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligencE

the most basic or lower-level need in mallow's hierarchy pf human motives includes the need for

food and water

host humans are genetically predisposed to

form close ensuring relationships with fellow humans

aptitude tests are to ______ as achievement tests are to _______

future performance; current competence

it is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children

generate many types of sentences they have never heard before

daily pressures compounded by racism and prejudice take a toll on many african-americans in the form of

high blood pressure

the risk of coronary heart disease is increased by

high blood pressure

a measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ______ level of reliability and a _______ level of validity

high; low

israelis living in nonreligious collective settlements were observed to have _______ than those living in religiously orthodox collective settlements

higher rates of death

mentally rehearsing resentments contributes to ______ perspiration levels and _____ blood pressure levels than mental rehearsing forgiveness

higher; higher

women have scored ______ on math tests when no male test-takers were in the tested group, and Blacks have scored ______ when tested by blacks than when tested by whites

higher; higher

After watching a happy film, patients' happy emotion persisted even though they could not consciously recall the film. these patients had suffered damage to the

hippocampus

people from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to

how they interpret hand gesture as the "A-OK" sign

in addition to secreting orexin, the _____ monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones

hypothalamus

binet and simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to

identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes

psychologists use _____ to assess individuals' metal aptitudes and compare them with those of others

intelligence tests

in terms of ability to recognize others' facial expressions of emotion

introverts do better than extroverts and women do better than men

cassandra's mother told her, "you know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." this remark best illustrates the _____ theory of emotion

james-lange

undergraduate women who had been sexually abused as children were especially likely to report health problems if they had

kept the abuse a secret

compared with those who are unhappy, happy people are ______ decisive and ______ cooperative

more; more

wernicke's area is a regions of the brain involved in

language comprehension

the isolated piraha tribespeople of brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. if shown 6 nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. this best illustrates the impact of

language on thinking

after experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a nazi concentration camp, mr Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. mr stern berg's reaction most clearly illustrates

learned helplessness

dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed

learned helplessness

in their classes nine-year study, friedman and rosenman reported that, compared with type A men, type B men were

less susceptible to heart attacks

with increasing age, adopted children's verbal ability scores become _____ positively correlated with their adoptive parents' scores and _______ positively correlated with their biological parent's scores

less; more

it has been suggested that alaskan eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. this suggestion most clearly illustrates

linguistic determinism

to determine whether a child's intellectual development was fast or slow, binet and simon assessed the child's

mental age

for the original version of the stanford-binet intelligence test, IQ was defined as

mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100

which of the following is an example for biofeedback

milos learns to relax his forehead muscles after being provided with information regarding moment-to-moment changes in the tension levels of these muscles

the recall of sad experiences is often primed by feelings of sadness. this most clearly illustrates

mood-congruent memory

whenever he feels sexually jealous, david is flooded with painful memories of instances when he thought his girlfriend was flirting with other men. david's experience best illustrates

mood-congruent memory

those with an internal locus of control act ____ independently and feel ______ depressed than those with an external locus of control

more; less

compared with men, women are ______ effective in discerning whether a male-female couple is a genuine romantic couple or a posed phony couple. they are ______ effective in discerning which of the two people in a photo is the other's supervisor

more; more

people are most likely to dislike the taste of _______ foods

novel

when offered as many servings of ice cream as they would like to eat, people are likely to eat more if they are

offered servings from a wide variety rather than a small variety of ice cream flavors

in one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or irritating person. the results of this experiment support the idea that

one experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal

alex experiences little stress because he expects things to work out the way he want them to. this best illustrates the value of

optimism

alison's school classmates make a point of ignoring her and they purposefully exclude her from participation in any of their after-school events. their treatment of alison most clearly illustrates

ostracism

our need to belong is most clearly threatened by

ostracism

relative deprivation refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by

others' success

introductory psychology students facing a midterm exam one week later spent five minutes each day visualizing themselves scanning the posted grade list, seeing their A grade and feeling proud. This _____ simulation had _____ effect on their exam scores

outcome; little

after receiving very bad news, people _____ the duration of their negative emotions

overestimate

a stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair bonding is known as

oxytocin

one genetic marker of an optimistic personality style is a receptor gene for the hormone

oxytocin

insulin, a hormone that influences appetite, is secreted by the

pancreas

rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the

prefrontal cortex

after hearing the sound of an ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness. this best illustrates the impact of

priming

hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." this best illustrates the outcome of a process known as

priming

watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. the effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides and example of

priming

attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as

problem-focused coping

to alleviate the stress of losing her job, alicia enrolled in a work retraining program that led to full-time employment. alicia's behavior best illustrates

problem-focused coping

the study of how psychological, neural and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called

psychoneuroimmunology

rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the

rats should control the termination of the shocks

jed wants his roommate dante to help him study for a physics test. dante is most likely to want to help after he has

received an A on his psychology test

in the long run, people who practice self regulation through physical exercise and time-managed study programs experience an increase in

self-control

the ability to delay short0term gratification for greater long term rewards illustrates

self-control

in studies of both secondary school and university students, _____ has been a better predictor of school performance than intelligence scores have been

self-discipline

the 10-year rule for expert performance highlights the importance of

self-discipline

narcissism refers to feeling

self-important

maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as

self-transcendence needs

the tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the _____ effect

serial position

an explanation of motivations in terms of homeostasis is best illustrates by the concept of

set point

after expending willpower by shifting prejudice during laboratory tasks, research participants were temporarily less

sexually restrained

passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt _____ memory

short-term or working

beatrice and allen garner taught the chimpanzee washoe to communicate by means of

sign language

brain scans reveal that identical twins' brains have _____ gray matter volume and _____ white matter volume

similar; similar

two-thirds of americans responding to surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks reported

sleeping difficulties

when confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

slowing of digestion

eating food more _____ leads to eating less food. this is especially true for ______

slowly; men

the tendency to eat more food when eating with others illustrates a phenomenon called

social facilitation

if your close friend becomes obese, the odds of you likewise becoming obsess increase. this best illustrates the impact of _____ on obesity

social influence

which of the following is most likely to foster stronger immune functioning

social support

sweden and iceland exhibit little of the gender gap in mathematical abilities found in turkey and korea. this best illustrates that mental abilities are

socially influenced

in their dispute over the role of cognition in emotion, both zajonc and lazarus agree that

some emotional reactions involve no conscious thinking

after miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in broca's area. it is likely that miguel will have difficulty

speaking fluently

the recipes commonly used in countries with hot climates are more likely to include _____ than those in countries with colder climates

spices

when brandon was told that he correctly answered 80 percent of the items of a math achievement test, he asked how his performance compared with that of the average test-taker. brandon's concern was directly related to the issue of

standardization

while taking a difficulty test, cindy's muscle tense and her heart pounds. these physiological responses best illustrate

stress reactions

which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections

stress suppresses the release of lymphocytes

rush hour traffic is to upset stomach as _______ is to _______

stressor; stress reaction

compared with men, women have _____ immune systems, and they are ______ susceptible to lupus and multiple sclerosis

stronger; more

introductory psychology students performed best on a midterm psychology test if they had previously spent five minutes a day visualizing themselves

studying effectively

people are likely to expressive higher levels of ______ if they seek to contribute to their communities rather than simply strive for personal wealth and power

subjective well-being

as her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart rate started to pound and her palms began to sweat. these physiological relations were activated by her ______ nervous system

sympathetic

as you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate began to increase. these physiological changes are produced by activation of the _____ nervous system

sympathetic

wrenches' area is typically located in the left ______ lobe

temporal

the adaptation-level phenomenon refers to the

tendency for standards of judgement to be heavily influenced by previous experiences

rannilt was euphoric after learning that she had been accepted by the medical school of her choice. after a few weeks, however, she is only mildly excited when she thinks about her admission to medical school. thus change in her feelings can best be explained in terms of

the adaptation-level phenomenon

which of the following best explains why, for those who are jot poor, more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness

the adaptation-level phenomenon

research on racial and ethnic differences in intelligence indicates that

the average mathematics achievement test scores of Asian students are higher than those of north american students

instead of calculating an intelligence quotient, most current intelligence tests represent the test-taker's performance relative to

the average performing of others the same age as the test-taker

people experience a mood shift when they switch from taking short shuffling steps to taking long strides and swinging their arms by their sides. this best illustrates

the behavior feedback effect

homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state

reduced feelings of tension following angry outbursts contribute to

the reinforcement of aggression

the set point is

the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time

lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car. when one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car, lee laughed uncontrollably. lee's emotional volatility best illustrates

the spillover effect

the lingering arousal associated with one emotional state can intensify a completely different state of emotion. this is called

the spillover effect

following a catastrophic earthquake, residents of one community came together and provided each other with emotional support. this reaction best illustrates

the tend-and-befriend response

the emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of natural disasters provide to one another best illustrates

the tend-and-befriend response

after being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. martin's experience can best be explained by

the two-factor theory

noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious." noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was "falling in love." the differing emotions experienced by harley can best be explained by

the two-factor theory

anger is the toxic core of

the type A personality

one possible explanation for the longer life expectance of religiously active people is that

they receive more social support

research on stressful life events indicates that

those who have been recently widowed, fired or divorced are more vulnerable to disease

in an experiment to the test spillover effect, college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with an experimenter's accomplice who acted either euphoric or irritated. which individuals in this experiment were LEAST likely to experience the emotion demonstrated by the experimenter's accomplice?

those who were told that the injection would cause them to become physiologically aroused

a therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small, excluded space. with this new interpretation of his arousal, the patient no longer dreads elevators. the reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of the

two-factor theory

friedman and rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient and easily angered individuals as _______ personalities

type A

the body weights of adopted children are ____ with the weights of their adoptive parents and ______ with the weights of their biological parents

uncorrelated; positively correlated

after paul's snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in wernicke's area. because of the damage, paul is most likely to experience difficulty in

understanding what others are saying

just found that her party guests are less from a very large plate of cupcakes that were cut in half rather than whole. this best illustrates

unit bias

when encouraged to eat their fill of M&Ms, people ate more when given a large rather than small serving scoop. this most clearly reflects

unit bias

an instinctive behavior is one that is

unlearned

psychologists are most likely to doubt that chimpanzees have the capacity to

use complex grammar

a test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of

validity

males' metal ability scores show greater _____ than females' mental ability scores

variability

catharsis refers to the process of

venting pent-up emotions

AIDS is caused by a ______ infection spread primarily through ________

viral; the exchange of bodily fluids

who is the best example of a type B personality

wang lung, a relaxed, easygoing dentist

during the first few weeks of law school, students were observed to have stronger immune systems if they

were optimistic

terman's studies of 1500 california chirldeem with IQ scores over 135 indicated that these high-scoring children

were well-adjusted

lymphocytes are

white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system

who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry...afraid because we tremble"?

william james