Psychology Test April 2023

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________. 1 person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting 2 prescription for psychotropic medicine 3 set of instructions to be carried out without deviation 4 written record of a person's history, including their actions and qualities

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. 1 Cognitive dissonance 2 Group polarization 3 Social loafing 4 Social facilitation

Group polarization

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. 1 Ego 2 ID 3 Superego 4 unconscious

ID

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. 1 equal status 2 Come-uppance 3 Just-world 4 equipoentiality

Just-world

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________. 1 confirmation bias 2 availability heuristic 3 representativeness bias 4 self-fulfilling prophecy

confirmation bias

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence. 1 Groupthink 2 Informational 3 Confirmatory 4 normative

normative

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? 1 advocating for analytical psychology 2 suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality 3 the idea that men have womb envy 4 the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence? 1 when they feel sure of their own decisions 2 when the correct choice is unclear 3 when they really want to be liked by a group of peers 4 when they have no personal investment in the outcome of their actions

when the correct choice is unclear

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship? 1 your financial wellbeing 2 your physical attractiveness 3 your similarity to others you meet 4 the amount of contact you have with people

the amount of contact you have with people

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures. 1 Rorschach test 2 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 3 TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test 4 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________. 1 Groupthink 2 the self-serving bias 3 the actor-observer effect 4 the fundamental attribution error

the fundamental attribution error

Select an epic story that is popular in contemporary society (such as Harry Potter or Star Wars) and explain it in terms of Jung's concept of archetypes.

Answer: Harry is the hero archetype in Harry Potter he is the main character and the hero who saves everyone from the villain Voldemort.

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? 1 Archetypes 2 the id 3 the shadow 4 womb envy

Archetypes

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.* 1 Congruence 2 Egotism 3 Incongruence 4 Self-efficacy

Congruence

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American lifestyles. 1 Contemporary Stereotypes 2 Contemporized-Themes 3 Cultural Norms 4 Thematic Subjects

Contemporized-Themes

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? 1 Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. 2 How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. 3 Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. 4 Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. 1 Biological 2 Neo-Freudian 3 Humanistic 4 Trait

Trait

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization? 1 ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life 2 ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life 3 balance between extroversion and introversion 4 moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious

balance between extroversion and introversion

Do you have an internal or external locus of control? Give an example of a situation that shows this.

Answer: Internal locus, I work really hard in everything I do so I control how successful I am by working hard

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item? 1 door-in-the-face strategy 2 foot-in-the-door technique 3 lowball technique 4 effort justification strategy

foot-in-the-door technique

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? 1 Archetype 2 collective unconscious 3 Freudian slip 4 repressed memory

Freudian slip

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn't want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias. 1 Confirmation 2 In-group 3 Out-group 4 scapegoating

In-group

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. 1 Freudian 2 Inferiority 3 Electra 4 Oedipal

Inferiority

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max? 1 Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview. 2 Max has become fixated at the Oedipal complex within the phallic stage. 3 Max is overcompensating for an inferiority complex that was established in childhood. 4 Max is an introvert who is trying hard to pretend that he is an extrovert.

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________. 1 Compartmentalization 2 Migration 3 Relocation 4 homesteading

Migration

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? 1 Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. 2 Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. 3 Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. 4 Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

What is a social role? 1 group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members 2 group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting 3 person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting 4 a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? 1 Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams. 2 Leonard gets a bad grade in his psychology class and a good grade in his sociology class, so he believes he should study harder to prepare for his next psychology exam. 3 Leonard gets bad grades in sociology and psychology, so he switches his major to biology because he will like it more. 4 Leonard gets good grades in sociology and psychology, so he sends his professors a card thanking them for what good professors they are.

1 Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion? 1 anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use 2 anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year 3 encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week 4 supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking

2 anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

What are the three components of an attitude? Give an example of an attitude and distinguish each of these three components for those components.

Answer: 1 Affective component: involves a person's feelings and emotions about the attitude object. Example: I am scared of snakes 2 Behavioral: component: the way the attitude we have influences how we act or behave. Example: I will avoid snakes and run if I encounter one 3 Cognitive component: this involves a person's belief / knowledge about an attitude object. Example: I believe snakes are dangerous animals

What is an example of a defense mechanism that you have used or witnessed someone else use?

Answer: Pushing feelings down so you don't have to face them or feel them

How is situationism different from dispositionism?

Answer: Situationism is that our actions are determined by our environment, dispositionism is that are actions are determined by internal things.

Define social loafing. How could a professor change a group assignment to prevent social loafing?

Answer: Social loafing is that people do less work in a group setting, professor can prevent this by giving everyone in the group a part they have to do so they all pitch in a do the work and if that certain part doesn't get done they would know who to fail on the project instead of everyone taking the fall.

How objective do you think you can be about yourself in answering questions on self-report personality assessment measures? What implications might this have for the validity of the personality test?

Answer: The less truthful people are, the less valid the results of the survey or test will be.

Select one of the projective personality tests and describe how it is administered.

Answer: The projective test with random splotches of ink and color. It is given to someone and they have to say what it looks like to them. It shows somewhat how someone thinks.

What are different strategies for reducing cognitive dissonance? Provide an example of a time when cognitive dissonance might occur and what steps might be taken to reduce that dissonance.

Answer: Vaping, its harmful to peoples health and they know that but they still continue to do so, but the people who value their health will have a higher magnitude of the dissonance. Strategies are, changing your belief, put in effort, discuss this behavior with someone you trust.

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. 1 Asch 2 Cacioppo 3 Milgram 4 Zimbardo

Asch

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love. 1 Companionate 2 Consummate 3 Fatuous 4 romantic

Companionate

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna. 1 Tertiary 2 Secondary 3 Central 4 Cardinal

Cardinal

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? 1 Denial 2 Displacement 3 Rationalization 4 rejection

Denial

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments. 1 Collectivism 2 Dispositionism 3 Moralism 4 Situationism

Dispositionism

When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________. 1 Sympathy 2 instrumental support 3 Empathy 4 infatuation

Empathy

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer? 1 Extraversion 2 Honesty 3 Cross-culturalism 4 emotionality

Extraversion

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? 1 Personality is formed solely in childhood and does not change after we hit puberty. 2 Personality is significantly shaped by the biology and genetic lineage of the organism. 3 Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. 4 Personality theory should be based on social health and public interests.

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ________ person. 1 Choleric 2 Melancholic 3 Phlegmatic 4 sanguine

Phlegmatic

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________. 1 Discrimination 2 a stereotype 3 Prejudice 4 conformity

Prejudice

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? 1 reaction formation 2 Regression 3 Repression 4 sublimation

Regression

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation. 1 social role 2 social norm 3 Script 4 heuristic

Script

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training? 1 Simon bites his mother 2 Simon goes to sleep 3 Simon retreats to a corner and mopes 4 Simon's mother gets frustrated with Simon

Simon bites his mother

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. 1 an external locus on control 2 an internal locus of control 3 good self-regulation 4 poor self-regulation

an internal locus of control

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying? 1 because girls are more likely to share photographs of themselves on social media sites 2 because girls are found to spend more time online 3 because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying 4 because girls' parents tend spend less time monitoring their daughters' online activities

because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________. 1 Aggression 2 cognitive dissonance 3 diffusion of responsibility 4 prosocial behavior

diffusion of responsibility

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. 1 emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition 2 ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics 3 prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes 4 society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? 1 forcing them to be independent from a nearly age 2 giving them unconditional positive regard 3 not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms 4 pointing out their mistakes so that they learn not to repeat them

giving them unconditional positive regard

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. 1 intrinsic motives 2 high self-efficacy 3 an introverted archetype 4 poor reciprocal determinism

high self-efficacy

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?" 1 gender dysphoria 2 Asexuality 3 Transphobia 4 homophobia

homophobia

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategies is Marcos using? 1 Detachment 2 Extroversion 3 moving against people 4 moving with people

moving against people

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self. 1 guided; achieved 2 internalized; externalized 3 idea; perceived 4 real; ideal

real; ideal

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment? 1 social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior 2 students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately 3 students cannot be trusted in roles of authority 4 when operating in a group, some people will put forth less effort than if they were operating alone

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior