Psychology Testing

anomie

"the lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group." Real World Example: BlackLivesMatter is a social revolution group aimed to having non-black folks realize that black people's lives matter just as much as non-black lives. when there is a lack of opportunity/social norms in a society, the individual tends to feel disconnected from the society

3 Stages of Self Consciousness Development

-Prepatory stage--> imitation of others -Play stage--> pretend play, focused on perspectives of other people (role taking) so at play stage if u see a teacher at a store youre like wtf -Game stage--> understanding of generalized other, starting to understand that people can take multiple roles in society

what is game theory vs evolutionary game theory

A important difference between evolutionary game theory and general game theory: § Game theory involves intention, where participants reasoning about behaviours of others. § Evolutionary game theory different because decisions might not have a conscious intention on part of players. Game theory - social science/economics typically but also can explain everyday behavior Ex; effect of a decision effect not just an individual but the overall group..

longitudinal a case study experimental design cross-sectional design

A longitudinal design would follow a group of children over a period of time as they develop. A case study design would follow one or two children closely. An experimental design would involve manipulation of variables, which was not present in this study. A cross-sectional design would involve examination of the same factor of interest in different groups of individuals who vary in age AT A SINGLE POINT

A mediating variable A moderating variable A confounding variable

A mediating variable explains why two things are related. A moderating variable is a variable that affects the strength of the relationship between two variables. A confounding variable is a variable that correlates and explains both the independent variable and dependent variable.

retrospective cohort cross sectional prospective cohort

A retrospective cohort design looks back at events that have already taken place. A cross-sectional design only studies one specific period in time. A prospective cohort design follows a group of individuals over a period of time.

medicalization of deviance

An example of the medicalization of deviance is the treatment of cocaine addiction. Early in the 20th century, cocaine addiction was defined as a deviant behavior. Today, addiction is viewed as a mental disorder and a disease.

Correlation does not mean?

Correlation does not mean causation

what is diffusion

Diffusion is the spread of an invention or discovery from one place to another and often involves the spread of ideas across the globe.

what is diffusion

Diffusion refers to the integration of international cultures, both material and nonmaterial.

The social disorganization model links crime rates to the environmental influences of a neighborhood.

Environmental factors include things such as poverty levels, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility of an area.

Trust Autonomy to Initiate the Industry, Identify Intimacy and Generate Integrity

Eriksons stages

folkway, more, law, taboo

Folkway - nice to do, nothing bad if don't (hold door open for someone else) Mores - should do, slight negative if don't (being a liar/cheating) Laws - should follow, there are sanctions if you don't (stealing) Taboo - worst of them all. severely looked down upon and may be punishable by law

functionalism conflict theory constructionism symbolic interactionism

Functionalism = looking at stability of society, conflict theory = how society changes, social constructionism = how things are given value, symbolic interactionism = how individuals act.

gender stratification

Gender stratification is the *unequal access to aspects of society because of gender-based socioeconomic rankings.*

What is a health disparity?

Health disparity is difference in health outcomes that is due to social or economic factors

exchange theory components

Individuals making rational, self-interested choices is an assumption of exchange theory. Exchange theory believes that social interactions change over time. Exchange theory assumes that rewarding actions will be repeated, but the reward diminishes over time. If a person receives social approval from an action, that action will be repeated.

kohlberg theory

Key: Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning. Levels are defined by REASONING for decision, not by what decision is made PRSRSU punishment reward social disapproval RULE FOLLOWING social contract universal ethics Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality -Based solely on consideration of anticipated consequences of behavior (reward vs punishment) -No internalization of what's right and wrong Stage 1: Punishment--> avoid punishment Stage 2: Reward---> seek reward Level II: Conventional Morality -Acceptance of conventional definitions of what is right and wrong -Stage 3: Social disapproval--> avoid social disapproval -> LOOK FOR PRAISE -Stage 4: Rule following --> duty to obey rules established Level III: Post-conventional morality (few people reach this stage) -Internal ethical guidelines, with rules being useful but malleable guidelines Stage 5: Social contract --> wants to ensure greatest good for greatest number of people Stage 6: Universal ethics --> ensures universal justice

latent learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

intersectionality Theory of Intersectionality

Many types of discrimination, like sex/gender/culture/race, but what if someone experiences multiple forms at same time? theory asks us to consider all the different levels of discrimination. Intersectionality calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual's position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity.

mass hysteria

Mass hysteria refers to behavior that occurs when groups react emotionally or irrationally to real or perceived threats. It is characterized by panic and spread of information (or misinformation) by the media.

availability heuristic

Mental shortcut that makes judgements using examples that come to mind

What is the primary difference between mores and folkways?

Mores are based in ethics, whereas folkways are based in social approval

normative popular high culture

Normative culture refers to values and behaviors that are in line with larger societal norms (like avoidance of crime). Popular culture refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist within mainstream normative society - like attending a game or watching a parade. High culture refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest class segments of a society. This tends to be associated with wealth and formality.

cluster personality disorders

Not fun really but I just used: (WWW = weird, wild, worried). If you know the definitions of the traits they kind of just fall in place based on the categories. A = weird personality traits Paranoid (distrust, suspicion) schizoid (detached) schizotypical (magic/ghosts) B = wild personality traits Antisocial (inconsiderate... makes sense if you think of an attention hoe with a big ego) Borderline (neurotic/unstable) Histrionic (attention hoe) Narcissistic (big ego) C = worried traits Anxious Dependent (anxiety --> safety behaviours (maladaptive coping strategy, but latch on to a person) OCPD (if your in control, avoid anxiety... like sensitization/rehearsal)

partial report testing operational span testing

Partial Report Technique: Report one part of a whole field in cued recall. The partial report condition required participants to identify a subset of the characters from the visual display using cued recall. Operational Span Testing: A task in which subjects are asked to perform a simple mathematical verification (e.g., 4/2 +1 = 3) and then read a word, with a recall test following some number of those verify/read pairs. The maximum number of words that can be recalled is the "operation span".

behaviorist theory of personality

Personality is constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through interactions between the individual and their environment. Individuals have learning experiences through their lifetimes that lead to predictable behaviors (behaviors make up the personality). People are born as BLANK STATES, and environmental reinforcement/punishment determine the personality. KEY: Environment shapes personality

polygamy polyandry polygyny

Polygamy = more than one spouse (broader definition), polygyny (VAGYNAs) = more than one wife, polyandry - woman has multiple husbands

Distal stimuli • Proximal stimuli • Covert orienting • Overt orienting • Attentional capture • Neglect syndrome -

Proximal=what you actually perceive . Distal=What is causing the stimulus. For example, for vision the distal stimulus is a tree and a proximal stimulus is the photon from the tree onto your retina. • Covert orienting is the act of bringing the spotlight of attention on an object or event without body or eye movement. • Overt orienting, a person turns all or part of the body to alter or maximize the sensory impact of an event. • Attentional capture occurs when attention is attracted by the motion of an object or stimulus. • Neglect syndrome - occurs when damage to the brain causes a change or loss in the capacity of the spatial dimension of divided attention.

rationalization vs intellectualization

Rationalization is making yourself believe you were not on fault - avoids blame to oneself. Can have false logic or false reasoning. intellectualization is straight acting smart so that you don't care about the situation at hand

What is a variable ratio result in?

Relatively high response rate with no predictable pauses

representative v availability

Representativeness is how much something matches to a prototype or schema there is for a subject. I.e. in Khan academy document, hearing someone is a smart female engineer, you are also likely to assume that female is a feminist because that matches the representative prototype, even though not necessarily true. Availability is how available it is in our own memories/exposure, as in thinking airplanes crashes are more frequent than car crashes because they are talked about on the news more.

reciprocal determinism social cognitive theory from albert bandora

Social cognitive theory is based on the principle of reciprocal determinism, where cognitive factors (self efficacy, locus of control), behavior, and environmental (includes observational learning) all influence each other. AM I MOTIVATED ATTENTION MEMORY IMITATION MOTIVATION a reciprocal interaction between a person's behaviors (conscious actions), personal factors (cognitions, motivations, personality), and environmental factors

can social norms influence attitudes

Social norms can influence people to change their attitudes and beliefs when those norms are internalized.

strong social constructionism

Strong social constructionism rejects brute facts, believing that everything can be explained as an interaction between social constructs. A strong social constructionist would view money as socially constructed, but not as an institutional fact.

Symbolic interactionism vs Social Constructionism

Symbolic interactionism is micro while social constructionism is macro Constructionism is something really that has no value unless we give it value (ex. money) Interactionism is how we change views when we interact with individuals in society (ex.) So say we like sitting by a tree it gives you shade and relaxation, but then one of your friends hates sitting under a tree because of the bugs. Next time you sit under a tree you notice all of the bugs and your view of sitting under a tree changes.

Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic interactionism is when people give meaning to symbols and events and interact with others based on their interpretations.

relative size monocular cue

The relative size monocular cues tell us that the orange circles are different sizes because they are next to differently sized grey circle, even though the orange circles are actually the same size. Although the circles are the same size, our brains think they're different sizes because we compare them to their surroundings.

T or F. genetic mutations causing abnormality in astrocyte glial cells causes schizophrenia

True. genetic mutations causing abnormality in astrocyte glial cells causes schizophrenia

Type I error = , type II error =

Type I error = false positive, type II error = false negative

types of control Vehicular control • Positive control - • Negative control

Vehicular control - what experimental group does without the directly desired impact • Positive control - treatment with known response • Negative control - group with no response expected

xenocentrism

Xenocentrism is judging ANOTHER culture as superior to one's own culture. sajan is a xenocentrist

self-concept

a person's view of his/her own personality. Developed and refined through interactions with others

anima vs animus (aniMUSK) 4 jung archetypes

anima (ani(man) being like a woman like graceful n shit) animus is a female being like a man like burps persona, anima, animus, shadow- shadow is the socially bad thoughts in our consciousness

External attributions are associated with

behavior that is dependent on a person's situation or environment.

personality theories: behaviorism psychoanalytical neurobiological humanistic

behaviorism- personality result of learned behavior from the environment psychoanalytical- unconscious desires and childhood shit neurobiological- straight biology humanistic- free will and self actualization

fundamental attribution error

believe that others behave a certain way based on inherent personality flaws

Binocular disparity Convergence

binocular disparity relies on the different images seen by each eye to determine depth, but still takes each image as a separate piece of information. convergence on both eyes working together to create a single image that helps to determine depth. Patients suffering from diplopia will have impaired depth perception due to the loss of this mechanism.

broadbent deutch and deutch treismann

broadbent is sspc sensory register- selective filter - perceptual process - conscious dutch is spsc treismann is sapc a is attenuator

cognitive dissonance leads to what that MAKES it cognitive dissonance? aka whats wrong with an oncologist who knows the dangers of smoking nonetheless continues to experience pleasure

cognitive dissonance leads to distress and you can't feel pleasure with it

Aggression is caused by

combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

conformity vs obedience vs compliance

conformity- how we adjust our behaviour/thinking (cognition) to match group. compliance- when we do a behavior in order to gain a reward or avoid punishment obedience- following orders, *no cognitive* component

the subject's motivational state is most typically operationally defined by?

depriving the subject of some desirable stimulus for a pretty long time

Diathesis-stress model? Beck's cognitive model? Opponent process model? Rogers humanistic Theory?

diathesis stress model takes biological and environment into account beck- individuals can move toward overcoming difficulties and meeting their goals by identifying and changing unhelpful or inaccurate thinking, problematic behavior, and distressing emotional responses. Rogers humanistic theory- focuses on healthy personality development, and humans are seen as inherently good. Opponent process model- psychological and neurological model that accounts for a wide range of behaviors, including color vision.

Basilar tuning states that different frequencies (aka -----) will increase vibrations at different parts of the basilar membrane. This means different auditory neurons will be activated.

diff frequencies are pitches

weber's law looks at sensation or discrimination MAINLY?

discrimination

displacement v projection

displacement is being angry at someone else safer target. It's like dad being mad at work but then yelling at akshay projection is immature in which you call something else dumb even though you're dumb. it is attribution.

dissemination vs diffusion

dissemination is the *spread of INFORMATION via mass media* diffusion is the *spread of an INVENTION or DISCOVERY from one place to another and often involves the spread of ideas across the globe*

Trust Autonomy to Initiate the Industry, Identify Intimacy and Generate Integrity lol

erickson stages

categorical vs existential self

existential is most basic part of self-concept, the sense of being separate and distinct from others. categorical is distinct yet we exist in the world

Individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed

hawthorne effect

immature defense mature defense neurotic defense pathological defense

immature defense- PP IS IMMATURE mature defense- mature HASS neurotic defense- 4RID reaction formation regression repression rationalization-making yourself believe you were not on fault intellectualization displacement pathological defense- denial

Fixed action patterns are responses to a particular type of stimuli that result from which of the following?

innate learning

overlapping discrimination is (female, hispanic)

intersectionality

A teratogen

is a substance or environmental factor that can disrupt normative fetal development.

generational inequity

it is the hatred towards the fact that elderly people get too much resources

james lange cannon bard schacter singer lazarus

james lange is physiological response -> emotion cannon bard event-> physiological and emotion schacter singer, event->physiological response + cognitive label-> emotion (simultaneously elicits a physiological response and interpretation of event) lazarus - event-> appraisal-> both emotion and physiological response

sensory associated with this getting lemon in paper cut touching hot oven tripping and stumbling walking smack into post

lemon is chemical receptor oven is pain receptor tripping would be proprioception walking smack into post is mechanoreceptor

crude birth rate

live births/1000 people

what is the brainstem composed of and what is its function?

medulla, pons, reticular function. basic functions like HR and RR. connects cerebellum to cerebral cortex and spinal cord

drive theory is associated with positive or negative reinforcement

negative reinforcement

using all memory techniques in all just leads to what in the brain?

neuroplasticity

what is behavior compliance

occurs when an individual acts a particular way but does not change their attitudes in conjunction with that behavior.

Research shows that our behavior is affected by intentions. In addition to intentions, however, it is also found that whether we have the resources or capacity to carry out these intentions also influence our behavior. This additional factor can be referred to as:

perceived behavior control

what is social reproduction?

poor parents will have children who are poor and rich parents will have children who are rich

kohlberg stages

preconventional: OS obedience and punishment, self interest -recognize not just one right view by authorities, different individuals have different viewpoints. Doing what is right for personal gain. conventional: SNLO Societal Norms /Acceptance- Good Boy and Good Girl - Authority is internalized, but not questioned, and reasoning is based on group person belongs. Individual is good in order to be seen as good by others, emphasis on conformity. "to gain acceptance and to avoid disapproval" Law and Order / Law abidance - maintaining social order, child is aware of wider roles of society and obeying laws. Post conventional: SCUE social contract- individual aware that laws exist but sometimes wrong universal ethical- own set of moral guidelines and risk jail time like gandhi

When does egocentrism occur in Piagetian concept?

preoperational

primary vs secondary deviation

primary deviance has no big consequences and things are just swept under the rug. secondary is much more serious and its recurring Ex: You are taught in your life not to steal but one day you steal candy from the store and your parents catch you. So they bring you back to the store to apologize and confess your crime. Result: you never steal again. This is primary deviance because there was no real consequence. If you were to apologize and confess your crime but continue stealing and get caught by the police (real consequence) you would then be labeled a thief and that primary deviance would now be secondary deviance. Basically primary deviance has consequences if it continues and you are caught by police and labeled a thief at which point it is then secondary deviance. I think the diagram is simply showing how it can lead to secondary deviance. Hope that helps clear things up.

rationalization v intellectualization

rationalization means making yourself believe you didn't do anything wrong intellectualization is taking the emotional aspect out

multi stability? reification?

reification is when we fill in the blanks multi stability is when an image can be perceived in two or more ways

representative heuristics -

representative heuristics - one judges the likelihood of things based on typical mental representations or examples of those things. Assessing similarity of objects and organizing them based around the category prototype

what is the difference between suppression and repression in defense mechanisms?

repression- unconscious process where thoughts pushed down to unconscious suppression- conscious thought get pushed to unconscious but can access thoughts at a later time.

semantic vs episodic memory

semantic is more facts that everyone can learn episodic is more PERSONAL like an address or birth date

semicircular canals and the cochlea have what lymph

semi - endolymph cochlea- perilymph

gestalt principle of similarity vs proximity

similarity is that similar things group together proximity is close things group together

negative reinforcement though avoidance v escape

so escape is actually feeling the noxious stimuli whereas avoidance is not feeling it at all

social cognitive theory incentive theory vs psychoanalytic, humanistic, drive theory

social cognitive theory is based on social observance learning incentive theory of motivation suggests that EXTRINSIC factors such as community values and other aspects of culture can motivate behavior. the other theories all are looking at internal factors that motivate the individual TLDR INCENTIVE IS EXTRINSIC FACTOR

Compare Somatic Symptom Disorder and Conversion Disorder and illness anxiety disorder

somatic symptom= Extreme concern regarding one or more physical symptoms (eg, fatigue, pain) conversion= "Neurological symptoms" (eg, paralysis, blindness) that are not explainable by a medical condition illness anxiety= Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious disease (eg, HIV, cancer)

Regular breathing and slow brain waves are consistent with which stage of sleep?

stages 3 and 4

when researchers statistically adjust for factors like socioeconomic status, and demographic factors why are they doing that?

statistical adjustment refers to controlling for variables that could affect the relationship between the IV and the DV

Therefore, aiming to provide equal education and training opportunities for all social groups (aiming for structural changes), is ________

structuralist perspective

surface trait v source trait

surface trait on the outside while source trait is more underlying and fewer and abstract

what lobe of the brain does epilepsy affect

temporal lobe

According to Freud, which part of our personality understands that other people have needs and that being selfish can hurt us in the future?

the EGO

What is demographic transition?

this concept explains economic development leads to changes in a society's fertility and mortality rates

If Anna cried during every commercial, even the ones that weren't sad, it would probably be due to some personal feeling and attributable

to internal factors.

too much dopamine or too little causes schizophrenia too much dopamine or too little causes parkinson's

too much dopamine causes schizophrenia. too little dopamine causes parkinson's

top down processing v bottom up processing what is wheres waldo

top down is using whats already in your head to get to a conclusion. deductive reasoning bottom up processing is using your senses to come to a conclusion. inductive reasoning wheres waldo is top down processing

what is false class consciousness

where workers mistakenly identify with the interests with the capitalists.- karl marx basically what america is rn