psychopharm ch 15
The United Nations has been investigating the "dirty dozen" POPs since
1995.
In a double-blind crossover experiment comparing the ability of two antidepressants to reduce OCD symptoms, a drug that blocks _______ was more effective at reducing symptoms than the antidepressant that blocks _______.
5-HT reuptake; NE reuptake
BuSpar's therapeutic effects are related to its actions on _______ receptors.
5-HT1A
Which of the following is not a clinical anxiety disorder recognized by the American Psychiatric Association?
Acute anxiety
Which of the following statements about blood lead levels is inaccurate?
Adults show forgetfulness, weakness and irritability at 40-120 μg/dl.
Drugs that relieve anxiety are
All of the above
MK-ULTRA was a
CIA program designed to evaluate LSD as a mind control agent.
Which of the following statements about CRF is false?
CRF plays no role in anxiety.
Which of the following statements concerning the side effects of anabolic steroids is true?
Common effects of steroid use include acne and cardiovascular problems.
The psychedelic with the shortest duration of action is
DMT
At moderate PCP or ketamine doses, individuals experience which of the following phenomena?
Dissociative anesthesia
What is the most severe adverse reaction to LSD?
Flashbacks
Which of the following regarding the drug PCP or phencyclidine is FALSE?
It causes a trance-like state in which the subject is highly responsive to pain.
Which of the following about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is false?
It has been diagnosed in very few soldiers returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Which of the following about methylmercury is FALSE?
It is not readily absorbed from the human GI tract.
Which of the following about lithium is false?
It is taken for the maintenance period of 6-8 months and should then be abruptly withdrawn.
Which of the following about bipolar disorder is false?
It occurs in about 10% of the population.
Which of the following is not a reason BuSpar has limitations as a clinically effective drug?
It produces a severe withdrawal syndrome.
Which of the following about OPIDN is FALSE?
It results in axonal degeneration.
Like _______, Salvia was historically used in religious rituals by Mazatec shamans.
LSD
Which of the following is not primarily used for treating major depression?
Lithium therapy
What can be said about the status of hallucinogenic drugs today?
Many psychiatrists and psychologists are now interested in utilizing these drugs in their practices due to a positive shift in government attitudes and polices
Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms of lead poisoning described by Hippocrates?
Melancholia
Which of the following about bisphenol A (BPA) is FALSE?
Metabolism occurs in the heart.
Which of the following about pyrethroid insecticides is FALSE?
Once in the soil, they remain for months to years.
The most common route of administration for LSD is
Oral
According to the history of anabolic steroid use,
Oral-Turabinol use by female athletes in the GDR was linked to many achievements and Olympic medals.
What area of the brain exerts inhibitory control over the areas involved in emotions?
Prefrontal cortex
Which of the following statements about flashbacks is FALSE?
Scientists do not yet understand the neural mechanism responsible for them
What experiences characterize the onset of the LSD "trip"?
Sensations of colors and geometric shapes
Which of the following about the barbiturates is true?
Short/intermediate-acting barbiturates are most likely to be prescribed for insomnia.
Which of the following about exposure to PCBs is FALSE?
Since most of the U.S. population has measurable serum levels of PCBs they must not have neurotoxicant effects.
Which of the following will NOT affect the impact of a neurotoxicant?
Socioeconomic status.
Why is it NOT possible to predict whether a user of hallucinogens will have a "good trip" or a "bad trip"?
The drug effects depend very much on the user's expectations and past experiences with hallucinogens.
Which of the following about "date rape" drugs is FALSE?
The government recently passed legislation to increase the penalties for sale or possession of these drugs.
Which of the following about affective disorders is false?
They are linked more to environmental causes than to brain factors
What is the major advantage of the second-generation antidepressants over the MAOIs and the TCAs?
They produce different and less harmful side effects than the older medications
Which of the following events does NOT occur during the plateau or peak of the LSD "trip"?
Time sense distortion
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of abused inhalant drugs?
While humans find inhalant drugs to be reinforcing, animals do not.
Administration of _______ before retrieval of a traumatic memory seems to diminish the emotional aspects of the memory without affecting the memory itself, suggesting a role for these drugs in the treatment of _______.
a β-blocker; PTSD
The immediate effects of volatile and gaseous inhalants are similar to those seen following use of
alcohol.
Animal studies of neurotoxicant exposure
are useful for investigating relationships between duration of exposure and endpoints.
Arsenic occurs naturally in all of the following forms EXCEPT
arsenio (As5-)
Absorption of ingested water-soluble lead in the gastrointestinal tract is increased in cases of low dietary _______ and is typically _______ in adults and _______ in children and infants.
calcium and iron; 3-10%; 30-50%
Exposure to a neurotoxicant
can have transient or permanent effects.
Many of deficits produced by PCP and ketamine can be explained by the action of these drugs on receptors located in the
cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
Human exposure to mercury occurs primarily through _______ and is largely from _______.
consumption of fish and shellfish; methylmercury
All of the following are health risks of inhalant use EXCEPT
coronary heart disease.
All of the following are therapeutic uses of the benzodiazepines except
deep anesthesia involving loss of consciousness.
All of the following are foods that should be avoided by people taking MAOIs except
eggs
The Harvard Psychedelic Drug Research Program
eventually closed when Leary and Alpert were fired from their jobs as heads of the program, marking an end to the psychedelic movement.
All of the following are subjective experiences reported by individuals after taking low doses of PCP EXCEPT
expansion of abstract thinking.
Mescaline
has been used for years by Native Americans for religious and healing rituals
Inhalants
have been linked to long-term damage to the brain and other organs.
All of the following are potential side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants except
hypertension.
Endocrine disruptors that act as thyroid hormone mimetics can produce _______ effects, by _______ or _______ effects, by providing negative feedback to the pituitary and ultimately decreasing _______.
hyperthyroid-like; acting on target tissues; hypothyroid-like; T3 and T4
The cellular toxicity of arsenic is linked to _______ and its developmental effects may be determined by its effects on _______.
impaired cellular respiration; steroid hormone mediated gene regulation
Heavy users of anabolic steroids may show all of the following psychological or behavioral symptoms EXCEPT
impaired cognitive function.
Anxiety disorders
include episodes of panic, phobic avoidance behaviors, and compulsive rituals.
Early childhood lead exposure associated with levels above 10 μg/dl is associated with all of the following EXCEPT for
increased IQ.
GHB has all of the following effects in animals EXCEPT
increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze.
Children who were exposed in utero to PCB-contaminated rice oil or contaminated fish exhibited all of the following EXCEPT for
increased incidence of psychiatric disorders. C. growth retardation. D. delayed cognitive development.
Dopamine plays a modulatory role in anxiety by apparently inhibiting _______ and thus increasing activation of the _______.
inhibitory control from the prefrontal cortex; amygdala
It is thought that GHB may be co-released with GABA upon neuronal firing because
it can be taken up into GABAergic vesicles.
Which of the following is not a symptom of mania?
lethargy
All of the following symptoms have been observed during the abuse of inhalants EXCEPT
mania.
The least potent psychedelic is
mescaline.
Reactive depression
often occurs following loss, failure, or disappointment.
Confirming the neurotoxic effects of PCBs has been difficult because _______ and because _______.
other contaminants are often present as well; there is a great deal of variability between studies
Low doses of GHB produce all of the following EXCEPT
perceptual disturbances.
Most hallucinogens resemble either _______ or _______ in their chemical structure.
phenethylamines; indoleamines
One hypothesis for LSD-induced hallucinations suggests that there is a problem with the "gating" or screening of information in a circuit. Which of the following structures are involved in this circuit?
prefrontal cortex, striatum, and thalamus
Disruption of _______ appears to be the neurotoxic mechanism of mercury in the adult brain, while in the developing brain it is likely to be _______.
protein synthesis; disruption of cell signaling pathways
Tolerance develops to the _______ effects of barbiturates, but not to the _______ effects.
sedative; respiratory-depressant
What area of the brain coordinates the components of anxiety and other emotions?
see page 511
Which of the following is not an effect of anxiety-reducing drugs on locus coeruleus (LC) cell firing?
see page 515
The research linking serotonin to anxiety is mostly based on
see page 518
Which of the following has not been implicated as a risk factor or triggers in panic disorder?
see page 525
Which of the following is not a reason that the benzodiazepines are preferred over barbiturates?
see page 534
Which of the following is not a side effect of the barbiturates?
see page 534
All of the following are symptoms of major depression except
see page 544.
In a test of the stress-diathesis model of depression in which newborn rats were removed from their mothers, as adults, the rats showed
see page 548.
Which of the following is not a sleep abnormality experienced by depressed individuals?
see page 549.
All of the following are side effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) except
see page 567.
Which of the following about serotonin syndrome is false?
see page 567.
Which of the following would be considered a third-generation antidepressant?
see page 568.
All of the following are alternatives to lithium as treatments for bipolar disorder except
see page 570.
Which of the following is not a side effect of lithium?
see page 570.
Specific effects of anabolic steroids on males and females include all of the following EXCEPT
shrinking of the prostate in males.
Recently developed models of mania include _______ and the creation of mutant mice targeting genes involved in _______.
sleep deprivation; the circadian clock
Studies have shown that radiolabeled toluene injected into the brain disproportionately labels the
striatum and cerebellum.
Dependence on anabolic steroids is
supported by many studies in the literature suggesting users meet most of the DSM criteria for substance abuse and withdrawal.
Regarding patterns and demographics of inhalant use,
surveys indicate that inhalants are the most popular abused substances of 12-year- olds
Anabolic steroids are structurally related to
testosterone.
In addition to their desired effects on muscle, anabolic steroids negatively affect several physiological systems, including the heart, _______ and _______.
the kidneys; the liver
One legitimate use for GHB in the United States is
to treat narcolepsy.
Researchers have considered LSD as a possible tool for all of the following research approaches or treatment programs EXCEPT
treatment of anxiety and mood disorders
With regard to types of inhalants,
volatile solvents include adhesives, ink, and correction fluid.
Hofmann and the Sandoz pharmaceutical company were initially studying LSD-25 because they
were interested in developing new analeptic drugs.