PsychoPharmacology

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One potentially dangerous effect of the combination of energy drinks and alcohol is that A. alcohol-related impairment is still present although the individual may fell less intoxicated B. results in a lack of agitation and lethargy C. children are never likely to consume such drinks

Popular culture has featured serotonin as the culprit in many disorders or conditions. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. ADHD B. obesity C. anxiety

Psychostimulant injections A. have their reinforcing effects effectively blocked by 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens. B. of amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens do not appear to be rewarding to animals, as they will not self-administer the drug. C. increase stereotyped behavior when microinjected into the nucleus accumbens. D. increase locomotor behavior when microinjected into the striatum.

Nicotinic receptors found on muscle cells require binding of _______ molecules of ACh and are composed of _______ subunits, a _______ subunit, one γ, and either a δ or an ε subunit A. two; two α1; β1 B. two; two α7; β1 C. five; two α2; β1

Once synthesis has occurred, a protein called the ___ is responsible for packaging molecules of dopamine into membrane packets for release A. vesicular monoamines transporter B. autoreceptor C. dopamine transporter

Recent imaging studies have demonstrated some evidence of abnormalities or alterations in several brain structures, including the _______ and the _______. A. hippocampus; anterior cingulate cortex B. hypothalamus; prefrontal cortex C. amygdala; nucleus accumbens D. VTA; limbic system

Serotonergic cell bodies are found A. in the midbrain, pons, and medulla B. all across the brain C. in the midbrain, hypothalamus, and thalamus

Some researchers believe that opiates exert their effects on reinforcement by affecting cell bodies in the _______ that release _______. A. VTA; dopamine B. VTA; GABA C. nucleus accumbens; dopamine D. nucleus accumbens; GABA

Synthetic designer cannabinoids known as _______ or "Spice" were classified as _______ compounds by the DEA in 2011; however, these products may still be available A. K2; Schedule I B. THC2; prescription only C. CB2; Schedule I D. smack; Schedule II

The GABAA receptor A. is stimulated by the intoxicant drug muscimol. B. forms channels that permit chloride to move from the inside to the outside of the cell membrane. C. is composed of four subunits labeled α, β, γ, and δ. D. is a metabotropic receptor that inhibits cyclic AMP formation.

The least potent psychedelic is A. mescaline. B. LSD. C. DMT. D. salvinorin A.

The liver and kidneys work together to ___ and ___ drugs, respectively. A. metabolize; excrete B. absorb; excrete C. bind; metabolize D. excrete; metabolize

The peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) A. is an analgesic at the spinal level. B. enhances motor performance. C. suppresses feeding behavior. D. enhances opioid-mediated analgesia in supraspinal regions.

The pre-training administration of 8-OH-DPAT impairs memory in the one-trial fear conditioning protocol, while injection just after training has no effect. One interpretation of this finding is that A. stimulation of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors hyperpolarizes neurons normally activated during memory encoding B. blockade of 5-HT1A receptors prevents consolidation C. serotonin is involved in simple forms of learning, but not in more complex tasks.

Which of the following about ampakines is false A. They replace glutamate at its binding site on the AMPA receptor. B. They may reduce the rate of AMPA receptor desensitization. C. They improve performance in the DMS task. D. They enhance the action of glutamate at AMPA receptors

One hypothesis in the treatment of ADHD suggests that activation of _______ enhances the "signal" of sensory input to the prefrontal cortex while activation of _______ decreases the "noise" of irrelevant input. A. α2A adrenergic receptors; D1 DA receptors B. NET; DAT C. D1 DA receptors; cAMP D. DAT; NET

Which of the following about 5-HT1A receptors is false? A. They are located postsynaptically in the forebrain. B. They are concentrated in the hippocampus, septal area, and parts of the amygdala C. They serve as autoreceptors on serotonergic axon terminals in the forebrain.

Which of the following about curare is false A. By taking it themselves, scientists determined that it does not reduce consciousness B. It produces paralysis and stops respiration. C. It can be used as an adjunct anesthetic and sedative for surgical procedures.

Which of the following about dextromethorphan is FALSE? A. It is abused on the street as "Robo" or "DM." B. It is an antitussive agent. C. It affects opiate receptors directly, like codeine. D. It is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist.

Which of the following about genetically engineered mice lacking the D2 autoreceptors is false? A. they showed enhanced sensitivity to cocaine B. they showed increased levels of spontaneous activity C. they showed an increase in appetite D. they had enhanced release of DA

Which of the following about ischemia is false A. It can result from a stroke or heart attack. B. It may be treated with glycine antagonists. C. It involves a massive decrease in glutamate release. D. It involves disruption of blood flow and oxygen to tissue.

Which of the following about mice genetically engineered to overexpress ΔFosB in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens relative to wild-type mice is FALSE A. They show a greater reduction in anxiety in response to alcohol. B. They develop a conditioned place preference for cocaine and morphine at lower doses. C. They do not develop physical dependence, withdrawal, or tolerance to morphine. D. They show an increased locomotor response to cocaine.

Which of the following statements about glutamate is false A. It is involved in synthesizing new proteins. B. It is the ionized form of glutamic acid. C. It is metabolized by glutaminase into glutamine. D. It plays a role in energy metabolism

Many inhalants enhance the activity of _______ receptors and inhibit the activity of _______ receptors.

GABAa; NMDA

Inhalants

Have been linked to long-term damage to the brain and other organs

Heavy users of anabolic steroids may show all of the following psychological or behavioral symptoms EXCEPT

Impaired cognitive function

Which of the following is NOT considered a potential risk factor of MS?

In utero exposure to the influenza virus

Anxiety disorders

Include episodes of panic, phobic avoidance behaviors, and compulsive rituals

Early childhood lead exposure associated with levels above 10 μg/dl is associated with all of the following EXCEPT for

Increased IQ

GHB has all of the following effects in animals EXCEPT

Increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze

Children who were exposed in utero to PCB-contaminated rice oil or contaminated fish exhibited all of the following EXCEPT for

Increased incidence of psychiatric disorders

Which of the following is not a neuroendocrine side effect of the traditional antipsychotic medications?

Increased sex drive

The DISC1 gene codes for proteins ___ and polymorphisms in this gene are associated with __

Involved in neurogenesis and neuronal migration; impairments in performance on the WCST

It is thought that GHB may be co-released with GABA upon neuronal firing because

It can be taken up into GABAergic vesicles

Which of the following about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is false

It has been diagnosed in very few soldiers returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Huntington's disease is unusual compared to most other neurodegenerative disorders in that

It has clear genetic cause

Which of the following about methylmercury is FALSE?

It is not readily absorbed from the human GI tract

Which of the following about OCD is false?

It is now considered to be the most common anxiety disorder

Which of the following about OPIDN is FALSE?

It is often fatal because of respiratory depression

Which of the following about lithium is false

It is taken for the maintenance period of 6-8 months and should then be abruptly withdrawn

Which of the following about bipolar disorder is false

It occurs in 10% of the population

Which of the following is not a reason BuSpar has limitations as a clinically effective drug?

It produces a severe withdrawal syndrome.

Protein aggregation is an important component of neuronal degeneration in PD, with ___ composed of ___, formed in the affected cells.

Lewy bodies, a-synuclein

Which of the following is not primarily used for treating major depression

Lithium therapy

Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms of lead poisoning described by Hippocrates

Melancholia

Which of the following about bisphenol A (BPA) is FALSE?

Metabolism occurs in the heart

Reactive depression

Often occurs following loss, failure, or disappointment

Which of the following about pyrethroid insecticides is FALSE?

Once in the soil, they remain for months to years

According to the history of anabolic steroid use,

Oral-Turabinol use by female athletes in the GDR was linked to many achievements and Olympic medals.

Which of the following statements about blood lead levels is inaccurate?

Overt encephalopathy can be seen in children at 25 μg/dl.

All of the following are alternatives to lithium as treatments for bipolar disorder except

Parnate

Which of the following is not a dopamine pathway affected by antipsychotic medications?

Pathway from thalamus to the cortex

Low doses of GHB produce all of the following EXCEPT

Perceptual disturbances

Acute OP poisoning leads to all of the following in adults EXCEPT for

Periods of euphoria and/or hallucinations

What area of the brain exerts inhibitory control over the areas involved in emotions

Prefrontal cortex

Pharmacological treatments for Parkinson's disease include all of the following EXCEPT drugs that

Prevent the initial stages of neuronal degeneration

___ neurons are particularly susceptible to neurofibrillary tangles, which are primarily made of __ proteins

Pyramidal; tau

Which of the following is NOT a symptom experienced following high doses of GHB

Rapid respirations

Which of the following is not a sleep abnormality experienced by depressed individuals?

Rapid sleep onset

In children, acute high dose OP poisoning typically produces

Seizures and coma

Which side effect is a frequent reason for individuals terminating SSRI use

Sexual dysfunction

Which of the following about the barbiturates is true?

Short/intermediate-acting barbiturates are most likely to be prescribed for insomnia

Which of the following are NOT structural changes observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia?

Shrinkage of the ventricles

Specific effects of anabolic steroids on males and females include all of the following EXCEPT

Shrinking of the prostate in males

Which of the following about exposure to PCBs is FALSE?

Since most of the U.S. population has measurable serum levels of PCBs they must not have neurotoxicant effects

Which of the following will NOT affect the impact of a neurotoxicant

Socioeconomic status

Studies have shown that radiolabeled toluene injected into the brain disproportionately labels the

Stratum and cerebellum

While not common, a single use of inhalants can potentially be fatal, an effect known as

Sudden sniffing death syndrome

Regarding patterns and demographics of inhalant use,

Surveys indicate that inhalants are the most popular abused substances of 12-year-olds

Which of the following is not an effect of anxiety-reducing drugs on locus coeruleus (LC) cell firing?

THC increases serotonin and norepinephrine, resulting in a decrease in LC firing

Which of the following about phobias is false?

The are only 4 recognized phobias

Concerning the incidence and severity of schizophrenia,

The disorder is considered to be chronic and incurable

Which of the following about "date rape" drugs is FALSE?

The drink safe coaster is a reliable way to test drinks for the presence of Rohypnol GHB

All of the following are true of tardive dyskinesia (TD) except

The incidence of TD tends to decrease with increasing age of patients

Which of the following about panic disorder is false?

The individual experiences intense parasympathetic arousal

What model of schizophrenia integrates the neurochemical data with the neuroanatomical findings concerning the disorder?

The neurodevelopmental model

Results from CATIE, a blinded controlled study comparing multiple antipsychotic to replicate "real-world" prescriptions to a representative patient population, showed all of the following except that

The newer drugs did a better job of reducing cognitive symptoms

Which of the following about the cholesterol-fed rabbit model of AD is FALSE?

The rabbits only developed AD symptoms if they also were administered copper

Which of the following regarding the diagnosis of schizophrenia is FALSE

The severity of the disorder and unusual symptoms make diagnosis straightforward

Which of the following about anabolic-androgenic steroids is FALSE

They are always injected intramuscularly

Which of the following about affective disorders is false

They are linked more to environmental causes than to brain factors.

Which of the following is not a reason that the benzodiazepines are preferred over barbiturates?

They are most effective at reducing anxiety.

Why are selective D2 receptor antagonists like sulpiride unacceptable as antipsychotic agents

They have common hormonal side effects

What is the major advantage of the second-generation antidepressants over the MAOIs and the TCAs?

They produce different and less harmful side effects than the older medications

Which of the following is not a side effect of the barbiturates

Tolerance to the respiratory effects of the drug

Which of the following statements about the abuse potential and dangers of antipsychotic medications is FALSE

Tolerance to the side effects of neuroleptics has not been observed, which helps to preserve their status as non-abused drugs

How can parkinsonian side effects from antipsychotic medications be treated

Use anticholinergic drugs like Cogentin.

Molecular genetic research

All of the above

Which of the following does not support the idea that CNS stimulants produce a psychosis that strongly resembles schizophrenia?

Amphetamine given to schizophrenics causes the occurrence of new symptoms

Acetylcholine is found in all of the following locations in the PNS except the A. sympathetic ganglion. B. target organs of the sympathetic nervous system. C. target organs of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Activation of terminal autoreceptors inhibits dopamine release by A. decreasing Na+ entry into the terminal B. decreasing Ca2+ entry into the terminal C. preventing reuptake into vesicles

Acute alcohol _______ the effectiveness of glutamate at NMDA receptors and _______ glutamate release A. increases; increases B. reduces; reduces C. increases; reduces D. reduces; increases

Alcohol is involved in about _______ of all highway deaths, in part because it reduces _______. A. two-thirds; memory B. half; reaction time C. one-third; reaction time D. half; memory skills

All of the following are symptoms of ADHD EXCEPT A. impulsivity. B. high anxiety level. C. restlesness and unruly behavior. D. hyperkinesis

All of the following can increase the presence of serotonin in the terminal button or cleft except for A. fluoxetine B. reserpine C. MDMA

B1 and B2-adrenoceptors ___ while a2-receptors A. stimulate adenylyl cyclase; enhance free Ca++ levels B. stimulate adenylyl cyclase; inhibit adenylyl cyclase C. increase K+ channel opening; inhibit adenylyl cyclase

Bob is trying to quit drinking so much, but his anxiety levels increase dramatically when he stops. If he increases his alcohol consumption to cope with this anxiety, his behavior could most readily be explained by the A. conclusion that his anxiety and his alcohol problem come from some shared factors. B. self-medication hypothesis. C. conclusion that one or more of his family members must also have an alcohol problem. D. conclusion that he must be under a great deal of stress

Caffeinism is characterized by all of the following symptoms EXCEPT for A. gastrointestinal upset. B. migraine. C. tachycardia. D. nervousness.

Cell death that occurs shortly after exposure to high concentrations of glutamate and other excitatory amino acids involves A. shrinkage of the cell. B. phagocytosis. C. lysing of the cell and disintegration into the extracellular space. D. the breakup of DNA

Changes in which two neurotransmitter systems are most likely involved in the hyperexcitability seen during withdrawal from chronic alcohol? A. GABA and dopamine B. GABA and glutamate C. Dopamine and glutamate D. The opioids and dopamine

Cocaine _______ and _______ in the striatum can be produced in addicts by exposure to videos of cocaine-related cues A. relapse; D2 binding B. craving; release of dopamine C. tolerance; release of glutamate D. "high"; release of dopamine

Cocaine use in the twentieth century A. was ignored by government officials who considered marijuana to be "public enemy number one." B. involved administration via injection, snorting, or smoking. C. increased to epidemic proportions between 1920 and 1960

Concerning the time course of THC levels and route of administration A. at maximum THC intoxication after smoking, brain and plasma THC levels are equilibrated. B. plasma levels of THC peak more rapidly following injection or smoking than oral administration of the drug. C. people smoking marijuana typically reach their peak THC levels before they finish the cigarette or joint. D. oral administration of THC produces low plasma levels that drop off quickly

Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is essential for drug reward in the case of _______ but in the case of _______. A. heroin; alcohol B. cocaine; heroin C. alcohol; heroin D. amphetamine; cocaine

Dopaminergic cell bodies in the VTA send projections to the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala via the _______ dopamine pathway A. tuberohypophyseal B. mesolimbic C. mesocortical

Eating while drinking alcohol _______ alcohol absorption by _______ gastric emptying A. reduces; increasing B. slows down; slowing down C. speeds up; increasing D. increases; slowing down

Enhancement of ___ function and thus enhancement of learning and memory can result from the administration of ___ agonists, which serve to ___ the postsynaptic cell A. cholinergic; 5-HT4; hyperpolarize B. cholinergic; 5-HT4; depolarize C. cAMP; 5-HT1a; depolarize

Ephedra A. is a safe and top-selling herbal remedy, also known as ma huang. B. was banned by the FDA after many adverse reactions were reported. C. has no effect on appetite or weight, in spite of advertisers' claims.

Fatalities from acute alcohol ingestion occur because A. the heart becomes too sedated and stops beating. B. the respiratory centers in the brain stem shut down. C. of cardiac arrhythmias leading to heart failure. D. alcohol causes brain death.

Glutamate plays a specific functional role in A. seizure suppression. B. synaptic plasticity. C. the effects of benzodiazepines. D. anxiety reduction

Hofmann and the Sandoz pharmaceutical company were initially studying LSD-25 because they A. were interested in the role of various compounds in schizophrenia. B. were interested in developing new analeptic drugs. C. wanted to understand the cause of ergotism. D. were trying to prevent premature labor in pregnant women.

In _______ tolerance, the effects of alcohol are _______ when blood alcohol levels are falling than/as when they are rising A. acute; greater B. acute; decreased C. pharmacodynamic; greater D. acute; the same

In acetylcholine synthesis, A. acetyl coenzyme A limits synthesis as it is not found in all cells. B. choline comes from the diet and the liver. C. enzyme A is an important precursor.

In general, drugs of abuse _______ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation A. do not affect B. decrease C. first increase, then decrease D. increase

In general, the _______ of a substance is positively correlated with _______. A. duration of action; its speed of onset B. addiction potential; its speed of onset C. ability of a substance to cause relapse; its duration of action D. speed of onset; its ability to cause relapse

In the passive avoidance learning paradigm, learning is demonstrated by A. decreased latency to enter the dark compartment B. increased latency to enter the dark compartment C. increase physiological response to rootstock D. increased latency to enter the light compartment

Information regarding the effects of endogenous 5-HT on 5-HT1A receptors can be determined by administration of an antagonist such as A. 8-OH-DPAT B. WAY 100635 C. ipsapirone

MDMA was originally synthesized by the Merck pharmaceutical company as part of a project to find new substances that would A. reduce appetite. B. stop bleeding. C. reduce anxiety or nervousness

Many of deficits produced by PCP and ketamine can be explained by the action of these drugs on receptors located in the A. pons and midbrain. B. cerebral cortex and hippocampus. C. basal ganglia and substantia nigra. D. amygdala and hypothalamus

Most hallucinogens resemble either _______ or _______ in their chemical structure A. indoleamines; carbolines B. phenethylamines; indoleamines C. phenethylamines; acetylcholine D. carbolines; phenethylamines

Most illicit drug users are in the _______ year-old age range A. 26 to 29 B. 18 to 20 C. 21 to 25 D. 16 to 17

Nicotine A. reaches the bloodstream from a typical cigarette in the amount of 6 to 11 mg. B. enters a smoker's lungs on particles of tar. C. makes up about 10% of the dry tobacco leaf.

Norepinephrine produced in cell bodies in the sympathetic chain ganglia A. cannot cross the blood brain barrier B. can actor on the heart and other organs C. cause arousal by acting in the medulla

Opiate drugs used medically are usually administered A. via subcutaneous injection. B. orally. C. intranasally (snorting). D. via inhalation/smoking

Oral administration of marijuana A. yields low but consistent levels of drug in the body. B. leads to reduced blood levels due to first-pass metabolism and breakdown of the drug in the stomach. C. is an easy way to regulate the amount of drug entering the body.

Otto Loewi's experiment with frog hearts was important because it demonstrated that A. the neuron doctrine is correct B. the idea of chemical neurotransmission is correct C. electrical impulses are responsible for neural transmission D. the frog heart can be kept alive when removed from the frog.

Pharmacologists have identified at least _______ different receptor subtypes for serotonin, most of which are _______. A. 7; metabotropic B. 14; metabotropic C. 14; ionotropic

Amphetamine and methamphetamine affect synaptic transmission by A. increasing metabolism by MAO. B. increasing catecholamine reuptake. C. releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm. D. shutting down the dopamine transporter

An important medical use for caffeine is in the treatment of A. migraines B. diuresis C. apnea D. ADHD

An intense withdrawal syndrome after long-term heavy drinking that includes irritability, convulsions, and hallucinations would be considered A. physical dependence. B. a hangover. C. delirium tremens. D. psychosis.

Anti- migraine drugs know as triptans act as __ and cause __ of blood vessels A. 5-HT1B/1D antagonists; constriction B. 5-HT3 antagonists; dilation C. 5-HT1B/1D agonists; constriction

At low doses, opiates exert all of the following effects EXCEPT for A. reduced sex drive. B. pain relief. C. pupil dilation. D. drowsiness.

Postsynaptic inhibition by endorphins is caused by _______ of _______ channels A. closing; calcium B. opening; potassium C. closing; potassium D. opening; chloride

Researchers study the effects of serotonin depletion in human subjects by A. using the synthesis blocking drug PCPA B. administering a cocktail of amino acids that compete with tryptophan for entry into the brain. C. administering a special milkshake that is rich in tryptophan hydroxylase

The A9 and A10 cell groups are also known as the ___ and the ___ respectively A. substantia nigra; locus coeruleus B. substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area C. ventral tegmental area; substantia nigra

The amount of active ingredient absorbed during marijuana smoking depends on all of the following EXCEPT for the A. potency of the plant material used B. psychological state of the user C. volume of each "puff" or inhalation. D. amount of plant material used

The b2-receptor agonist albuterol is used to treat __ because it ___ A. asthma; constricts blood vessels in the bronchial lining and reduces congestion B. asthma; relaxes the bronchial muscles and creates a wider airway C. hypertension; decreases the rate of contraction of the heart

The classical neurotransmitters do NOT include A. acetylcholine B. neuropeptides C. amino acids D. monoamines

The concept of incentive-sensitization distinguishes between _______ and _______. A. drug seeking; drug taking B. drug liking; drug wanting C. craving; drug seeking D. drug liking; drug taking

The development of _______ in 1858 contributed to the development of "soldier's disease," or opiate addiction during the Civil War A. Vin Mariani (wine fortified with cocaine) B. the hypodermic syringe C. the temperance movement D. cough syrup with codeine

The dopamine pathway most important for regulating movement is the _______ pathway A. tuberohypophyseal B. nigrostriatal C. mesocortical

The effects of analgesics on pain are difficult to study because A. it is impossible to obtain subjective reports of pain. B. the results depend on the specific technique being used to produce pain. C. humans refuse to participate in the research. D. ethical guidelines prohibit the application of painful stimuli to animals

The first alcoholic beverage was A. gin. B. mead. C. a thick, hearty beer. D. wine.

The main location of noradrenergic cell bodies in the CNS is the A. ventral tegmental area B. locus coeruleus C. hypothalamus

The major psychoactive ingredient of the marijuana plant is A. anandamide. B. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. C. Δ6-tetrahydrocannabinol. D. cannabinol.

The most common route of administration for LSD is A. smoking. B. oral. C. injection. D. topical.

The most important descending pathways for modulation of spinal cord transmission of pain originate in the A. thalamus. B. midbrain. C. anterior cingulate cortex. D. limbic system.

The most reliable effect of increasing opiate dose is A. increased sex drive. B. euphoria. C. elevated body temperature. D. increased awareness of ones surroundings

The nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP-R) A. produces euphoria when activated. B. is genetically related to the classical opioid receptors, μ, δ, and κ. C. is found only in limbic areas and the spinal cord. D. has a high binding affinity for the endogenous opioids

The opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome A. lasts for about 48 hours; the user is then considered detoxified. B. can be explained as a form of rebound CNS hyperactivity. C. is considered to be a life-threatening condition

The primary difference between metoprolol and propranolol is that A. the first is an α-receptor antagonist and the second is a β-receptor antagonist B. the first is selective for β1-receptors and the second is a general β-receptor antagonist. C. they are made by different drug companies.

The principal action of MDMA is to A. prevent reuptake of serotonin B. enhance serotonin release C. inhibit synthesis of serotonin

Tolerance to psychostimulants A. cannot occur in the same paradigm as sensitization. B. is more likely to occur with chronic drug infusions. C. does not develop to the euphoric effects

Treatment programs for opiate addicts A. have shown that unassisted detoxification, or going "cold turkey," is a very effective method. B. typically use methadone maintenance strategies. C. have recently incorporated the use of clonidine for blocking the dopamine opiate receptors in highly motivated addicts

Understanding the neurochemical effect of alcohol is difficult because A. alcohol does not affect specific receptor proteins. B. alcohol can alter the fluidity of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. C. alcohol can affect multiple organ systems. D. animals will not spontaneously drink enough alcohol to become intoxicated

What was the view toward opiates in the late 1800s and early 1900s A. Individual states had begun to exert tight controls over access to opiates. B. There was very little concern about safety, addiction, or health issues related to opiate use. C. Physicians had to report their prescriptions for opiates to the government, but there was no general concern. D. The federal government passed the Harrison Narcotics Act in 1904, essentially controlling all opiate transactions.

When individuals are in the ketamine-induced dissociated state, they report all of the following EXCEPT A. visions of spiritual or supernatural beings. B. enhanced perception of time. C. feeling "at one" with the universe. D. "near-death" experiences

When you stub your toe on a hard object, the lingering ache you feel after the initial sharp pain has worn off is caused by A. input reaching the somatosensory cortex and then being processed in adjacent areas. B. information being carried in slowly conducting unmyelinated fibers. C. pain messages traveling in Aδ fibers. D. rapid adaptation occurring at spinal cord levels.

Which of the following about drug self-administration procedures is FALSE A. They rely on positive reinforcement produced by the substance being investigated. B. Antidepressants and antipsychotics are readily self-administered by animals. C. The typical dose-response function is an inverted U-shaped curve.

Which of the following about hallucinogenic mushrooms is FALSE A. They were often consumed in ceremonies led by shamans. B. They produce mescaline. C. They were used by the Mayan and Aztec civilizations in religious rituals. D. They gave Timothy Leary a start on his journey toward self-discovery with hallucinogenic drugs.

Which of the following best represents the involvement of epigenetics in the progression to addiction? A. Environmental stimuli → modified gene expression → acute drug exposure → repeated drug exposure/addiction → epigenetic changes B. Environmental stimuli → acute drug exposure → epigenetic changes → modified gene expression → repeated drug exposure/addiction C. Environmental stimuli → acute drug exposure → repeated drug exposure/addiction → modified gene expression → epigenetic changes D. Acute drug exposure → environmental stimuli → modified gene expression → epigenetic changes → repeated drug exposure/addiction

Which of the following does NOT fit with the addiction-related neuroadaptations proposed by Koob and LeMoal? A. CRF levels in the amygdala increase as drug users become dependent. B. Increased norepinephrine and CRF play a role in recreational drug use. C. Early recreational drug use is accompanied by increased dopamine and opioid activity. D. As drug users become dependent, less dopamine is released in the nucleus accumbens.

Which of the following events does NOT occur during the plateau or peak of the LSD "trip"? A. Crossing-over of sensations B. Intensification of the sense of touch C. Time sense distortion D. Experiences of bizarre and sometimes frightening images

Which of the following has NOT been demonstrated in animal models of cocaine dependence A. Escalation of drug intake during self-administration sessions B. Decreased motivation to take cocaine, suggesting tolerance C. Cocaine-seeking behavior despite aversive consequences

Which of the following is NOT a hallucinogenic drug A. Mescaline B. 5-HT C. DMT D. LSD

Which of the following is NOT a type of aggression observed in animals? A. maternal aggression B. premeditated aggression C. predatory aggression

Which of the following is about adenosine FALSE? A. it builds up during wakefulness B. it is released by caffeine C. it is a constituent of ATP D. it acts on four different receptor types

Which of the following is not a catecholamine? A. dopamine B. glutamine C. epinephrine

Which of the following regarding sensitization to psychostimulants is FALSE A. Its expression involves enhanced dopamine activity in the VTA → nucleus accumbens pathway. B. It results from continuous drug infusion C. It can be divided into two phases, induction and expression

Which of the following statements about the four stages that describe the subjective marijuana experience is FALSE A. The "buzz" is characterized by lightheadedness and tingling. B. During the "high," people are most likely to report changes in perceptions and time sense. C. When "stoned," people typically report being calm, relaxed, and in a dream-like state. D. The "high" is a period of euphoria, laughter, and disinhibition

Which of the following statements about the uses of marijuana is FALSE? A. Hemp has important non-drug purposes, and is used in rope, cloth, and paper. B. Medical use of marijuana has only been recognized recently as individual states have attempted to pass laws legalizing "medical marijuana" use. C. Cannabis plants contain more than 60 cannabinoids, some with psychoactive properties that make the plant attractive as a drug. D. Religious use of marijuana dates back to ancient China and India

Which of the following statements concerning the receptor subtypes involved in psychostimulant effects is true A. The locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine involve the D5 receptor. B. D3 receptor antagonists block the effect of cocaine on self-stimulation of the brain. C. Pimozide, a D2 receptor blocker, completely eliminates amphetamine-induced euphoria. D. D2 receptors are required for cocaine self-administration

Why is it NOT possible to predict whether a user of hallucinogens will have a "good trip" or a "bad trip"? A. The physiological side effects of the hallucinogens are so dramatic that they make the "good" and "bad" effects difficult to sort out. B. The drug effects depend very much on the user's expectations and past experiences with hallucinogens. C. The hallucinogens have received virtually no clinical study in humans due to the heavy government restrictions on their use. D. The hallucinogens as a class are very unpredictable and unstable molecules in their effects on the human nervous system.

Ayahuasca A. means "food for the gods" and comes from the peyote cactus. B. is a snuff made from South American plants that contains ergot. C. is a drink that contains DMT and β-carbolines. D. is a preparation that contains AMT and 5-MeO-DMT.

Both "early" and "late" pain activate the A. primary somatosensory cortex B. anterior cingulate cortex. C. secondary somatosensory cortex. D. amygdala.

Caffeine A. is metabolized more slowly in smokers B. has a half-life that averages about 8 hours C. is rapidly and completely absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, primarily the small intestine D. accumulates over the day, with significant amounts remaining the following morning in the blood stream

Cannabinoids could be used therapeutically to treat all of the following EXCEPT A. neuropathic pain. B. nausea. C. obesity. D. mood disorders

Catecholamines can be decreased by _______, which serves to _______. A. Adderall; inhibit reuptake B. α-methyl-para-tyrosine; inhibit uptake into vesicles C. α-methyl-para-tyrosine; block tyrosine hydroxylase

Cocaine acts in the nervous system by blocking _______ and _______. A. monoamine transporters; voltage-gated potassium channels B. monoamine synthesis; voltage-gated calcium channels C. monoamine transporters; voltage-gated sodium channels D. monoamine release; voltage-gated calcium channels

Evidence that serotonergic abnormalities may be involved in sudden infant death syndrome comes from studies showing that A. apnea in mutant mice lacking central serotonin can be reversed with DOI B. the incidence of SIDS decreases if infants are given SSRIs. C. mutant mice deficient in 5-HT2A receptors have trouble breathing

Fatty liver occurs because of a buildup of _______ while cirrhosis is the result of the formation of _______. A. acetaldehyde; triglycerides B. scar tissue; triglycerides C. triglycerides; scar tissue D. acetaldehyde; scar tissue

Freebasing A. requires that baking soda be mixed with the cocaine during the extraction process. B. is the procedure used to derive crack cocaine for smoking. C. is especially dangerous because the ether used to extract the cocaine is highly flammable. D. results in a paste that is 20% cocaine.

Human studies have shown that marijuana use produces deficits on all of the following tasks EXCEPT A. psychomotor tasks, such as driving an automobile. B. verbal memory tasks. C. the ability to recall "real-world" information. D. reaction time tasks.

In order to study the effects of serotonin depletion in rodent studies, A. tryptophan hydroxylase is stimulated by injection of PCPA B. insulin is injected to alter the ration of amino acids in the blood C. tryptophan hydroxylase is inhibited by injection of PCPA

In the _______ method of genetic study, genes of affected and unaffected individuals who are not related are compared to search for alleles that may be common among affected individuals A. selective breeding B. linkage study C. case-control D. family history

In the study by Childress and colleagues, which of the following was NOT experienced by cocaine-dependent subjects who watched a cocaine-related video A. Activation of the amygdala B. Cocaine high C. Activation of the basal ganglia D. Cocaine craving

In the treatment of hypotension, prazosin ____ while propranolol ____ A. activates α1-receptors and causes constriction of blood vessels; blocks β-receptors in the heart and increases the contractile force B. blocks α1-receptors and causes constriction of blood vessels; activates β-receptors in the heart and increases the contractile force C. blocks α1-receptors and causes dilation of blood vessels; blocks β-receptors in the heart and decreases the contractile force

In which of the following situations has amphetamine NOT been used medically and/or legally? A. Treatment for ADHD B. Medication in early inhalers C. Substitute medication for cocaine addiction D. Means of staying awake on duty, by military personnel

Knockout mice lacking the serotonin transporter SERT exhibit all of the following EXCEPT for A. hypoactivity B. a decrease in aggressiveness C. enhanced maternal behavior

LDTg and PPTg cells A. send cholinergic projections to many forebrain structures. B. utilize dopaminergic signals to control cholinergic cell function. C. send cholinergic projections to midbrain dopamine cell groups and to thalamic areas.

Like _______, Salvia was historically used in religious rituals by Mazatec shamans A. mescaline B. LSD C. psilocybin D. DMT

Moreau is sometimes referred to as the "father of psychopharmacology," mainly because he A. introduced hashish to high society in nineteenth-century Paris. B. was a researcher who never personally experimented with hashish. C. was one of the first to study the possible relationship between hashish use and mental illness. D. was responsible for founding the "club of hashish eaters."

Muscarinic receptors in the brain play a role in all of the following except for A. dependence and addiction. B. cognition. C. tobacco smoking.

Mutant mice lacking the choline transporter die within an hour or so of birth because they A. synthesize too much ACh. B. cannot release ACh properly. C. synthesize too little ACh.

Newer drugs used to treat schizophrenia, such as clozapine (block/activate), _______ receptors and produce _______ side effects A. 5-HT2A; severe motor B. D2; severe motor C. 5-HT2A; few

Nicotinic receptors A. consist of three subunits; a, b, and y B. are metabotropic receptors that bind acetylcholine C. repeated stimulation can lead to a depolarization block

One brain region implicated in the neural circuitry of aggression in rodents BUT NOT IN HUMANS is the A. hypothalamus B. amygdala C. BNST

One potential consequence of administration of an amino acid cocktail to human subjects is that A. serotonin syndrome can result. B. previously healthy subjects can develop depression and anxiety if given a tryptophan-containing cocktail C. previously depressed patients who were recovered developed symptoms of depression if given a tryptophan-free cocktail

POMC and its peptides play an important role in all of the following EXCEPT for A. secretion of hormones in response to hypothalamic releasing factors. B. linking pain and stress regulation. C. action of dynorphin at κ-receptors. D. activation of the stress pathway in foot shock and swim stress

Severe caffeinism can be indistinguishable from A. amphetamine psychosis B. ADHD C. an anxiety disorder

Studies with knockout mice genetically engineered to lack particular nicotinic receptor subunits have shown that VTA nicotinic receptors with the _______ and _______ subunits are important for nicotine addiction. A. α5; β2 B. α4; α5 C. α6; β2 D. α5; α6

The Harvard Psychedelic Drug Research Program A. was a program that studied the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on animals. B. was a complete failure due to the complete lack of control in the studies, causing Leary and Alpert to shut down the program and pursue other research. C. was designed to help people self-administer hallucinogenic drugs in order to free their psyches. D. eventually closed when Leary and Alpert were fired from their jobs as heads of the program, marking an end to the psychedelic movement.

The ability to concentrate and _______ may be impaired for _______ after chronic, heavy use of cannabis A. psychomotor performance; months B. spatial abilities; 1 to 2 weeks C. inhibitory control; 2 to 3 weeks D. memory; several weeks

The choline transporter can be blocked by A. pyridostigmine. B. physostigmine. C. hemicholinium-3.

The classic GABAA agonist _______ and the noncompetitive GABAA antagonist _______ both come from plants. A. bicuculline; baclofen B. baclofen; picrotoxin C. muscimol; picrotoxin D. muscimol; pentylenetetrazol

The drug _______ was used during the Gulf War as a protective antidote to nerve gas A. physostigmine bromide B. Sarin C. pyridostigmine bromide

The first means of inactivation of the catecholamine is A. reuptake by autoreceptors B. rapid diffusion C. reuptake by transporter proteins

The first means of inactivation of the catecholamines is A. metabolism by monoamine oxidase B. rapid diffusion C. reuptake by transporter proteins

The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is its conversion to A. aldehyde dehydrogenase. B. formaldehyde. C. acetaldehyde. D. acetic acid.

The nicotine abstinence syndrome A. results in increased locomotion activity in animals B. can be treated with the drug serotonin C. is characterized by a decrease ability to experience rewarding stimuli

The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines is A. DOPA B. aromatic acid decarboxylase C. tyrosine hydorxylase

The specific actions of alcohol on neuronal membranes include all of the following EXCEPT A. direct interactions with channel proteins. B. modification of gating mechanisms inside a channel. C. alteration of lipid composition. D. actions at neurotransmitter binding sites

Tobacco leaves A. were not cultivated in the New World until seeds were brought over by Columbus in 1492 B. were processed into cigarettes in the early 1900s C. could be smoked in pipes, chewed, or even snorted in a form called snuff D. come in a large and small leaf form, the latter being used for most modern-day tobacco

Tolerance to opiate effects A. is not specific to a given receptor type. B. occurs rapidly for analgesic effects, and slowly for constipating effects. C. develops quite gradually over time. D. is primarily due to increased rate of metabolism

Two drugs currently being investigated for use in treating cocaine dependence: _______ and _______, A. modafinil; serotonin B. raclopride; morphine C. modafinil; disulfiram D. disulfiram; serotonin

Two primary features of the contemporary idea of addiction are _______ and _______. A. physical dependence; relapse B. craving; substance abuse C. craving; relapse D. withdrawal; relapse

Vaccines against cocaine A. have not been tested in humans. B. may create antibodies that break down in the blood stream, causing long-term toxic side effects. C. could act by creating antibodies that bind the cocaine molecules, reducing the amount of drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier. D. have not been effective in producing significant reductions in cocaine-induced behavior in animal studies.

What experiences characterize the onset of the LSD "trip"? A. Feelings of depersonalization B. Suspension of time sense C. Sensations of colors and geometric shapes D. Synesthesia

Which of he following about PET scans is false? A. they can be used to determine which brain areas are active during cognitive tasks B. they are used to detect where labeled drugs and transmitters might bind. C. they provide detail structural information if the proper reagents are used D. they use radioisotopes that decay rapidly, emitting positrons in the process

Absorption of ingested water-soluble lead in the gastrointestinal tract is increased in cases of low dietary _______ and is typically _______ in adults and _______ in children and infants.

calcium and iron; 3-10%; 30-50%

All of the following are health risks of inhalant use EXCEPT

coronary heart disease

Although slowness of movement is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease, some patients experience an uncontrollable acceleration of gait, called

festination

The principal exposure source of lead in the general population is

food

All of the following are potential side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants except

hypertension

Endocrine disruptors that act as thyroid hormone mimetics can produce _______ effects, by _______ or _______ effects, by providing negative feedback to the pituitary and ultimately decreasing _______.

hyperthyroid-like; acting on target tissues; hypothyroid-like; T3 and T4

The most consistent functional abnormality in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia is

hypofrontality

The cellular toxicity of arsenic is linked to _______ and its developmental effects may be determined by its effects on _______.

impaired cellular respiration; steroid hormone mediated gene regulation

In addition to memory problems, a person afflicted with Alzheimer's might exhibit all of the following EXCEPT for

impulse control issues and compulsive behaviors

Dopamine plays a modulatory role in anxiety by apparently inhibiting _______ and thus increasing activation of the _______.

inhibitory control from the prefrontal cortex; amygdala

Which of the following is not a symptom of mania

lethargy

Which of the following is NOT a psychiatric symptom see in AD?

manic episodes

Confirming the neurotoxic effects of PCBs has been difficult because _______ and because _______.

other contaminants are often present as well; there is a great deal of variability between studies

All of the following were treatments used for schizophrenia prior to 1956 except

phenothiazines

The tau protein is normally associated with microtubules and is important in cellular function. In tangles, it is abnormally

phosphorylated

Disruption of _______ appears to be the neurotoxic mechanism of mercury in the adult brain, while in the developing brain it is likely to be _______.

protein synthesis; disruption of cell signaling pathways

Psychoses are characterized by all of the following except

savant-like increases in intelligence

Parkinsonian symptoms in schizophrenia include all of the following EXCEPT

sedation

Tolerance develops to the _______ effects of barbiturates, but not to the _______ effects.

sedative; respiratory-depressant

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of schizophrenia

severe anxiety

Recently developed models of mania include _______ and the creation of mutant mice targeting genes involved in _______.

sleep deprivation; the circadian clock

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

starts in the teens or twenties and persists throughout life.

All of the following occur during anxiety EXCEPT

stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Anabolic steroids are structurally related to

testosterone

The two most basic risk factors for AD are

Family history of dementia and advancing age

Most drugs and neurotransmitter act upon A. membrane-bound receptors B. protein synthesis C. intracellular receptors D. second messengers

The United Nations has been investigating the "dirty dozen" POPs since

1995

In a double-blind crossover experiment comparing the ability of two antidepressants to reduce OCD symptoms, a drug that blocks _______ was more effective at reducing symptoms than the antidepressant that blocks _______.

5-HT reuptake; NE reuptake

In addition to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the _______ appears to play an important role in initiating sustained emotional responses of anxiety when danger signals are unclear.

5-HT1A

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, affecting __ of the 25 million dementia patients worldwide

50 to 70%

Parkinson's disease dementia affects approximately ___ of patients after 15 years of disease progression

70%

Most hallucinogens resemble either _______ or _______ in their chemical structure A. phenethylamines; indoleamines B. indoleamines; carbolines C. carbolines; phenethylamines D. phenethylamines; acetylcholine

The symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) result from

A loss of motor neurons

A commonly used dopamine receptor agonist is __, which is now being used to treat ___ A. apomorphine; erectile dysfunction B. haloperidol; cocaine addiction C. quinpirole; schizophrenia

A comprehensive model of drug addiction could be considered a _______ model A. biopsychosocial B. moral C. medical D. disease

According to research, which of the following factors is most likely to encourage an individual to progress from occasional to heavy marijuana use A. The person's first experiences with marijuana were positive B. The person has too many adult responsibilities. C. The person has nagging, over-involved parents. D. The person has excellent school performance

According to the opponent-process model of addiction, drug dependence causes _______ to be shifted downward, through a process of _______. A. the hedonic set-point; allostasis B. allostasis; tolerance C. the hedonic set-point; sensitization D. allosatsis; sensitization

Administration of __ is NOT likely to lead to a decrease in food intake and thus weight loss A. 5-HT1a agonists B. 5-HT1b agonists C. 5-HT6 antagonists

Alcohol increases synaptic levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by A. increasing the firing rate of cells in the VTA. B. decreasing action of autoreceptors which normally decrease release. C. blocking the reuptake of dopamine by transporters. D. inhibiting the metabolism of dopamine in the synaptic cleft

All of the following are effects of the class of drugs called narcotic analgesics EXCEPT for A. unconsciousness. B. euphoria. C. relaxation. D. pain reduction

All of the following are subjective experiences reported by individuals after taking low doses of PCP EXCEPT A. expansion of abstract thinking. B. cognitive disorganization. C. sensations of vertigo or floating. D. apathy and loneliness

All of the following symptoms have been observed during the abuse of inhalants EXCEPT A. mania B. hallucinations. C. euphoria

All serotonin receptors are _______ except for the _______ receptor, which is _______. A. metabotropic; 5-HT3; ionotropic B. metabotropic; 5-HT5B; ionotropic C. ionotropic; 5-HT1C; metabotropic

At moderate PCP or ketamine doses, individuals experience which of the following phenomena? A. Dissociative anesthesia B. Synesthesia C. Flashbacks D. HPPD

Because cholinergic interneurons are clustered in the _______ changes in cholinergic function can affect _______. A. striatum; movement B. thalamus; temperature regulation C. striatum; emotional responses

Benzodiazepine inverse agonist drugs would be A. anxiogenic. B. anticonvulsant. C. sedating. D. hypnotic

Childress and O'Brien and colleagues found evidence for _______, which was associated with increased regional cerebral blood flow in the _______, in cocaine-dependent subjects who watched a cocaine-related video A. conditioned cocaine craving; amygdala B. conditioned cocaine craving; hypothalamus C. conditioned cocaine high; medulla D. relapse to cocaine-seeking; basal ganglia

Chronic methamphetamine use has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT A. enhanced cognition. B. psychosis and flashbacks. C. premature aging. D. increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction.

Cocaine intake in rats given extended access (6 hours/day) to cocaine _______ while the amount of current needed for self-stimulation _______, which suggests that extensive cocaine use down-regulates the reward circuit A. increased; increased B. decreased; decreased C. remained steady; increased D. increased; decreased

Nicotine replacement therapy A. may require frequent dosing. B. was first approved as a transdermal patch. C. should not be used in combination (e.g., inhaler plus patch).

Dependence on anabolic steroids is A. supported by many studies in the literature suggesting users meet most of the DSM criteria for substance abuse and withdrawal. B. supported by the fact that many individuals are seeking help for problems stemming from anabolic steroid abuse. C. shown in the report that even first-time steroid users find the drugs to be rewarding and desirable.

Drugs that block GAT-1 such as Gabatril are useful for treating A. seizure disorders. B. memory disorders. C. ALS. D. anxiety.

GABAB receptors A. cause potassium channel opening when stimulated. B. are better studied than GABAA receptors. C. are ionotropic. D. exert excitatory effects on cyclic AMP

GABAB receptors are unusual because A. they are metabotropic but are composed of subunits. B. they simultaneously enhance Na+ channel opening and inhibit cAMP. C. they act as autoreceptors. D. they require glycine as a co-agonist.

Heroin is A. converted to morphine in the brain. B. a partial agonist at the opiate receptor. C. more potent than morphine if taken by mouth. D. less lipid-soluble than morphine.

High-dose methamphetamine use has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT A. progressive loss of noradrenergic fibers. B. reduced levels of dopamine and DAT. C. decreased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase. D. damage to serotonin fibers

How can norepinephrine be considered a hormone A. It is released from the adrenal glands into the general circulation B. It cannot be considered a hormone, only a neurotransmitter C. It is released from the hypothalamus into the general circulation

How is amphetamine different from methamphetamine A. Methamphetamine is more potent than amphetamine in its effects on the CNS. B. Methamphetamine users frequently go on binges or "runs" of IV use; this is rare with amphetamine users. C. Amphetamine is metabolized quickly, whereas methamphetamine is degraded slowly.

In 1914, the passage of the _______ regulated use and dispensing of opioid drugs and cocaine A. Harrison Act B. Pure Food and Drug Act C. Controlled Substances Act D. Marijuana Tax Act

In Schuckit's study, a greater risk of developing alcoholism was seen in young men who experienced _______ subjective "high" and had a _______ sway score after consuming alcohol A. less of a; lower B. a greater; lower C. a greater; higher D. less of a; higher

In a progressive-ratio procedure, the response requirement at which an animal stops responding for drug is called the _______ point A. breaking B. quitting C. saturation D. intoxication

In addition to coffee and tea, caffeine is found in all of the following EXCEPT for A. cough suppressants B. diet soda C. analgesic drugs D. OTC stimulants

In addition to important changes in the dopamine system, _______ from the _______ appears to be involved in the transition to habitual, compulsive drug-seeking in animal models A. glutamate; prefrontal cortex B. serotonin; nucleus accumbens C. serotonin; prefrontal cortex D. glutamate; amygdala

In animal models, blockade of _______ reduces stress-induced relapse and withdrawal-induced alcohol consumption, but this approach hasn't worked in humans because _______. A. CRF1 receptors; these antagonists don't cross the blood-brain barrier B. NK1R; humans don't possess this receptor type C. glutamate receptors; stress is not a major factor in human alcohol consumption D. opioid receptors; people just won't take the medication

In long-term potentiation, A. changes that involve NMDA receptors occur in the induction phase. B. the expression phase involves kainate receptors. C. researchers apply a tetanic stimulus to the postsynaptic cell. D. calcium inhibits the expression of additional AMPA receptors.

In order to study how behavior is altered in a dopamine-deficient mouse, Palmiter and colleagues created a _______ knockout mouse A. tyrosine hydroxylase B. DOPA C. 6-hydroxydopamine

In the United States, the most commonly used illicit drug is A. marijuana. B. heroin. C. oxycontin. D. cocaine

Like α1-adrenergic receptors, _______ receptors activate the phosphoinositide second-messenger system and thus increase intracellular _______ levels A. 5-HT2A; Ca2+ B. 5-HT1A; K+ C. 5-HT2A; Na+

MDMA has recently been shown to improve the clinical response in patients undergoing treatment for A. PTSD B. drug addiction C. anexoria

Mice genetically engineered to lack central serotonin A. have difficulty with thermoregulation B. demonstrate little to no aggressive behavior C. do not survive

The pre-training administration of 8-OH-DPAT impairs memory in the one-trial fear conditioning protocol, while injection just after training has no effect. One interpretation of this finding is that A. stimulation of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors hyperpolarizes neurons normally activated during memory encoding B. serotonin is involved in simple forms of learning, but not in more complex tasks. C. activation of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors causes excess release of acetylcholine, which impairs memory

The primary difference between metoprolol and propranolol is that A. the first is selective for b1-receptors and the second is general b-receptors antagonist B. the first is an a-receptor antagonist and the second is a b-receptors antagonist C. the first is a B-receptor antagonist and the second is a b receptor agonist D. they are made by different drug companies

The proposed reward circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporates many neuroanatomical structures, but does NOT include the A. cerebellum. B. ventral pallidum. C. nucleus accumbens. D. amygdala.

The psychedelic with the shortest duration of action is A. DMT. B. LSD C. psilocybin. D. mescaline

The specific neurotoxin 5,7-DHT A. destroys serotonergic terminals and axons B. destroys serotonin cell bodies C. destroys all monoamine neurons

The statement "addiction is a heritable disorder" means that A. there are a large number of genes that influence susceptibility to addiction. B. if drug or alcohol problem do not run in a family, other family members will not develop a problem either. C. the addiction gene has been identified. D. if both parents are alcoholics/drug addicts, their offspring will also be alcoholics/drug addicts but if only one parent is affected, any offspring have a 50% chance of developing a problem.

The α4 and α6 subunits make the GABAA receptor insensitive to A. benzodiaepines. B. picrotoxin. C. neurosteroids. D. barbiturates

The μ-receptor A. plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine. B. overlaps with the κ-receptor in its distribution in the nervous system. C. has been linked to hallucinations and dysphoria. D. is found in the hypothalamus and pituitary

Through classical conditioning, environmental stimuli associated with _______ can cause relapse via _______. A. withdrawal states; conditioned withdrawal and craving B. drug use; conditioned responding and physical dependence C. physical dependence; unconditioned responding and craving D. abstinence; unconditioned withdrawal

Tolerance to alcohol includes A. metabolic and pharmacodynamic tolerance. B. neither metabolic nor pharmacodynamic tolerance. C. metabolic but not pharmacodynamic tolerance. D. pharmacodynamic but not behavioral tolerance.

Treatment programs for opiate addicts A. typically use methadone maintenance strategies. B. have shown that unassisted detoxification, or going "cold turkey," is a very effective method. C. have recently incorporated the use of clonidine for blocking the dopamine opiate receptors in highly motivated addicts

Unlike other hallucinogens, salvinorin A is A. a κ-opioid receptor agonist. B. a μ-opioid receptor agonist. C. a κ-opioid receptor antagonist. D. a μ-opioid receptor agonist and a κ-opioid receptor antagonist

What do we know about the structure of the opiate receptors from receptor cloning studies? A. The receptors appear to be metabotropic. B. Each receptor will bind to the same ligands in the same way. C. Each receptor has twelve transmembrane proteins. D. Each receptor has between 650 and 700 amino acids

What is the difference between a regular smoker and an established smoker? A. a regular smoker smokes on a regular basis, but not daily like an established smoker does B. a regular smoker smokes occasionally; an established smoker smokes daily C. a regular smoker is not committed to smoking; an established smoker is dependent on nicotine

What is the most severe adverse reaction to LSD? A. A psychotic breakdown B. Elevated heart rate C. Flashbacks D. Frightening hallucinations

What technique has allowed researchers to study the effects of psychostimulants on measures like DAT occupancy in the living human brain A. PET B. MRI C. CT D. EEG

Which of the following about GABA is false A. It participates in cellular metabolism and protein synthesis, like glutamate. B. It is synthesized from the excitatory transmitter glutamate. C. It can be localized by staining for the enzyme GAD. D. It is transported into vesicles by VGAT.

Which of the following about MDMA is false A. It has definitively been shown to produce degeneration of nerve fibers in all human users. B. It is considered a Schedule I substance according to the DEA C. It has been proposed as an adjunct to psychotherapy because it can enhance empathy

Which of the following about pain perception and opiate action at supraspinal levels is FALSE? A. Pain reduction at supraspinal levels is primarily mediated by δ-receptors. B. Endocrine and autonomic responses to pain are controlled from these levels. C. PET scans show a negative correlation between μ-receptor activation and emotional pain scores in several limbic structures. D. This aspect of pain is often referred to as the affective component of pain

Which of the following brain areas has NOT been implicated in the opiate withdrawal syndrome? A. Frontal cortex B. PAG C. Locus coeruleus

Which of the following brain areas is not part of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)? A. Locus coeruleus B. Diagonal band nuclei C. Medial septal nucleus

Which of the following does NOT modify the concentration of alcohol in the blood A. A cold shower B. The presence of food in the stomach C. The dose of alcohol consumed D. Gender differences in metabolism

Which of the following does NOT support the idea that there is an endogenous ligand for the opiate receptors? A. Because of their location and excitatory effects, the substances discovered in 1974 are excellent candidates for this ligand. B. Electrical stimulation of the brain can produce analgesia. C. The discovery of opiate receptors in the brain implies the existence of a natural ligand; it is unlikely they would have evolved on their own. D. The distribution of opiate receptors does not match any known transmitter system localization; hence there must be a new ligand.

Which of the following does not accurately describe activity at the nicotinic receptor A. Nicotine receptors in the muscles are more sensitive than those in the CNS. B. Sodium and/or calcium ions enter the next cell. C. The channel opens rapidly and depolarization occurs.

Which of the following drug/action pairings is incorrect A. Physostigmine - inhibits choline reuptake B. Vesamicol - inhibits vesicular uptake of ACh C. Sarin - irreversibly inhibits AChE

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of amotivational syndrome A. Anxiety B. Decreased productivity C. Lack of planning D. Apathy

Which of the following is NOT an effect of precipitated withdrawal from cannabinoids A. Decreased grooming behavior B. Tremors C. Scratching D. Wet-dog shakes

Which of the following is NOT an effect of low to moderate doses of doses of cocaine A. Incoherent speech B. Mild anorexia C. Amplification of both euphoria and dysphoria D. Insomnia

Which of the following is NOT an important factor in maintaining cocaine use A. Lack of a withdrawal syndrome B. Powerful stimulation effects of the drug C. Switch to smoking or IV routes of administration D. Social reinforcement from friends

Which of the following is about the effects of opiates on synaptic transmission is false A. They cause postsynaptic depolarization by opening potassium channels. B. They cause less transmitter to be released via axoaxonic inhibition. C. They act on receptors that are coupled to inhibitory G proteins. D. They affect endorphin autoreceptors and reduce the amount of transmitter released

Which of the following is the most serious toxin involving acetylcholine A. Botulinum B. Prairie rattlesnake venom C. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)

Which of the following regarding botulinum toxin is false A. It is taken up by cholinergic neurons of the CNS. B. It prevents fusion of the synaptic vesicle containing ACh with the presynaptic terminal. C. The bacterium grows anaerobically

Which of the following regarding people who are tolerant and/or dependent on caffeine in coffee is FALSE? A. they are considered addicted to caffeine B. they may exhibit no trouble sleeping after consuming coffee right before bedtime C. they may develop an intense craving for coffee if they try to stop drinking it

Which of the following regarding the most prevalent CNS cannabinoid receptor is FALSE? A. It is an ionotropic receptor, currently designated CB1. B. It plays a role in locomotor activity, coordination, and memory. C. It was discovered in 1988 by two independent groups of researchers. D. It is expressed in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex

Which of the following regarding the role of the endogenous opioid system in alcohol's reinforcing effects is FALSE? A. Chronic alcohol use increases gene expression of endorphin and enkephalin. B. Clinical trials show that opioid receptor antagonists decrease relapse to drinking in humans. C. Mice that lack the μ-opioid receptor do not self-administer alcohol. D. Opioid receptor antagonists reduce alcohol self-administration in animals.

Which of the following regarding treatment of cannabis dependence is FALSE? A. It results in very little relapse. B. It can include pharmacotherapy with antidepressants and mood stabilizers. C. It may include outpatient programs offering cognitive behavior therapy and relapse prevention therapy. D. It could someday include the use of oral THC

Which of the following about mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is false?

All cases of MCI lead to Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following statements about the four stages that describe the subjective marijuana experience is FALSE A. During the "high," people are most likely to report changes in perceptions and time sense. B. The "buzz" is characterized by lightheadedness and tingling. C. When "stoned," people typically report being calm, relaxed, and in a dream-like state. D. The "high" is a period of euphoria, laughter, and disinhibition

Which of the following toxic substances is NOT produced or released during the smoking of tobacco? A. carbon dioxide B. nicotine C. tar

Why might increasing levels of tryptophan in the blood NOT increase brain serotonin levels A. Tryptophan competes with other amino acids for transport across the blood-brain barrier B. It doesn't matter how much tryptophan is present, serotonin is made at a constant rate from brain stores of tryptophan. C. Insulin is required for transport of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier

With respect to the demographics of cigarette smoking A. women smoke fewer cigarettes and don't inhale as deeply as men B. smoking is positively correlated with education C. more females than males smoke in all age groups D. approximately 50% of the population 12 and over smokes, according to a 2011 survey

Which of the following about ALS is FALSE?

Abnormal eye movements may serve as a marker for the disease prior to other symptoms

To address the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, new pharmacological approaches are being developed that target specific aspects of various neurotransmitter systems, including

Acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate

Which of the following is not a clinical anxiety disorder recognized by the American Psychiatric Association?

Acute anxiety

According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer _______, and those suffering from depression should prefer _______. A. cocaine; alcohol B. alcohol; cocaine C. cocaine; heroin D. alcohol; heroin

Which of the following is not a side effect of lithium?

Anxiety

Drugs that relieve anxiety are

Anxioytics, sedatives, CNS depressants All of the above

The phenothiazines

Are the classical antipsychotics

Animal studies of neurotoxicant exposure

Are useful for investigating relationships between duration of exposure and endpoints

Arsenic occurs naturally in all of the following forms EXCEPT

Arsenic (As5-)

The likelihood of neurotoxic consequences from arsenic exposure depends in part on which form of the compound is encountered. _______ and _______ are water soluble and are thus easily consumed in drinking water and _______ is absorbed from the GI tract.

As3+; As5+; 80% to 90%

A decrease in _______ activity can lead to toxicity, including flushing, nausea and vomiting A. formaldehyde B. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase C. acetaldehyde D. alcohol dehydrogenase

A specific marker for serotonin cells is A. AADC B. tryptophan hydroxylase C. tyrosine hydroxylase

Which of the following motor dysfunctions is NOT seen in Parkinson's disease?

Ballistic movements

Which of the following in NOT an example of a prenatal or perinatal complication that is associated with schizophrenia?

Being delivered by Caesarean section

All of the following are side effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) except

Blurred vision

Which of the following has not been implicated as a risk factor or triggers in panic disorder?

Breathing air with decreased amounts of carbon dioxide

According to Cloninger's alcoholic subtypes, Type II alcoholics are characterized by A. age of onset after 25, inability to stop alcohol use, and low incidence of novelty seeking personality. B. a high extent of genetic influence, age of onset after 25, and guilt and fear about alcohol. C. a high extent of genetic influence, age of onset before 25, and inability to control drinking. D. being either male or female, use of alcohol to escape, and a moderate extent of genetic influence.

According to the Schedule of Controlled Substances, substances considered Schedule II A. include compounds containing limited quantities of certain narcotics used for cough suppressant and anti-diarrheal properties. B. include compounds containing limited quantities of certain narcotics or nonnarcotic drugs. C. have high abuse potential with severe dependence liability. D. have no accepted medical use in the United States and have high abuse potential

Acetylcholine neurons can be identified by the presence of A. acetyl coenzyme A. B. acetylcholinesterase. C. choline acetyltransferase.

Activation of 5HT1A serotonin receptors can result in all of the following except for a(n) A. reduction in cAMP synthesis B. increase in K+ conductance C. increase in Na+ conductance

Activation of nicotinic receptors can increase release of neurotransmitter without affecting the firing rate of a neuron A. by allowing neurotransmitter to pass through the channel of the receptor. B. only if the neuron in question has nicotinic receptors localized to its dendrites. C. if the nicotinic receptors are located right on the presynaptic terminal of the neuron.

Acute alcohol _______ and chronic alcohol _______ GABAA-mediated chloride flux A. inhibits; enhances B. inhibits; inhibits C. enhances; inhibits D. enhances; enhances

After withdrawal from chronic alcohol use, an increase in _______ is correlated with an increase in behavioral signs of _______. A. glutamate release; intoxication B. receptor inhibition; withdrawal hyperexcitability C. glutamate release; withdrawal hyperexcitability D. receptor inhibition; intoxication

Alcohol and benzodiazepines most likely show cross-tolerance and cross-dependence because they both _______ the effects of _______ at _______ receptors A. enhance; glutamate; NMDA B. decrease; glutamate; NMDA C. enhance; GABA; GABAA D. decrease; GABA; GABAA

All of the following are naturally occurring opiates EXCEPT for A. thebaine. B. morphine. C. heroin. D. codeine.

All of the following are synthetic opiate drugs EXCEPT for A. fentanyl. B. propoxyphene. C. codeine. D. LAAM

Which of the following about nicotine poisoning is FALSE A. It has occurred in children who have accidentally consumed tobacco, from cigarette stubs left in ashtrays, for example B. it can cause death due to depolarization block of the breathing muscles C. it is frequently caused by smoking, because a pack of cigarettes contains several lethal doses D. it is most likely caused by exposure to nicotine-based insecticides

Which of the following about opium is FALSE? A. It was given to infants and children. B. It was once a popular remedy for women, in the form of laudanum. C. It has a long history of recreational use but has only recently been used medicinally. D. It replaced alcohol as the most popular recreational drug in some cultures

Which of the following about the NMDA receptor is false A. It can activate second messengers. B. It opens channels for both sodium and calcium. C. It is blocked by NBQX. D. It is responsive to both glutamate and glycine

Which of the following agents is an irreversible AChE inhibitor A. Neostigmine B. Vesamicol C. Soman

Which of the following does NOT describe cocaine A. Has been used in religious and ceremonial rituals B. Alkaloid that comes from the leaves of a shrub C. Use was permanently banned by Spanish rulers in South America D. Psychomotor stimulant

Which of the following does not cause tolerance? A. increased activity of liver enzymes B. conditioning factors C. decreased kidney function D. down regulation of receptors

Which of the following drugs is NOT found in nature A. Cocaine B. Nicotine C. Amphetamine D. THC

Which of the following effects of cocaine is most likely to be exaggerated in users' reports A. Heightened energy and diminished fatigue B. Increased sociability and talkativeness C. Enhanced sexual prowess D. Elevated self-confidence

Which of the following is NOT a drug used to treat ADHD A. Vyvanse B. Strattera C. Ephedrine D. Ritalin

Which of the following is NOT a potential explanation for a hangover A. Toxic effects of congeners in the alcohol B. Residual acetaldehyde in the body C. Residual acetic acid in the body D. Excessive fluid loss during the drinking bout

Which of the following is NOT involved in the stress-related enhancement of memory seen in the passive avoidance paradigm? A. Norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus acts on α- and β-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala B. Peripheral epinephrine stimulates β-adrenoceptors on the vagus nerve to activate the nucleus of the solitary tract C. Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla acts on β-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways Pert and Snyder confirmed that they had in fact located and labeled opiate receptors? A. They showed that the binding sites have a high affinity for the opiates tested. B. They showed that the binding of radioactive naloxone increased in a linear fashion and tapers off until all receptors were fully occupied. C. They demonstrated that the binding and the physiological effects were completely irreversible. D. They showed that the drug concentrations in the binding assay were similar to those needed to elicit a biological response

Which of the following is NOT seen during alcohol withdrawal A. Increase in glutamate release B. Decrease in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens C. Increase in chloride flux through GABAA receptors D. Increase in the amount of current needed for intracranial brain stimulation

Which of the following is a sympathomimetic effect of cocaine A. Hypotension B. Decreased heart rate C. Vasoconstriction D. Hypothermia

Which of the following is not involved in the stress-related enhancement of memory seen in the passive avoidance paradigm? A. Glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex act on glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala B. Norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus acts on α- and β-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala C. Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla acts on β-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala

Which of the following pieces of evidence suggests that NMDA receptors play a role in opiate tolerance and dependence? A. Increased nitric oxide activity decreases tolerance. B. MK-801 increases PKC activity and as a result increases tolerance. C. MK-801 blocks morphine tolerance. D. NMDA receptor antagonists induce opiate dependence.

Which of the following regarding D2 dopamine receptors is false? A. They can enhance K+ channel opening via activation of a G protein. B. They function as autoreceptors C. They do not act as normal postsynaptic receptors

Which of the following regarding metabotropic glutamate receptors is false A. They have both inhibitory and excitatory effects on second messenger systems. B. They are designated mGluR1-mGluR8. C. They all act via adenylyl cyclase and cAMP systems. D. They can act as autoreceptors to regulate glutamate release.

Which of the following regarding muscarinic receptors is false A. They can open potassium channels, causing inhibitory effects B. They are widely distributed in the brain C. They all inhibit the formation of cAMP.

Which of the following statements about norepinephrine is false? A. It acts in both the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. B. It is thought to play a role in arousal. C. NE producing cell bodies are found in widespread brain regions

Which of the following statements regarding the serotonin receptor family is true A. 5-HT2A receptors cause inhibition by decreasing adenyl cyclase and increasing potassium efflux B. 5-HT1A receptors are located primarily in the cerebral cortex. C. The newer antipsychotics like Risperdal act by blocking the 5-HT2A receptor

While widespread brain damage can be seen in alcoholics, thiamine deficiency causes specific damage to the A. frontal cortex. B. hippocampus. C. mammillary bodies and thalamus. D. cerebellum

_______ are the two neurotransmitters most likely involved in the reinforcing effects of alcohol, with extrasynaptic _______ likely also playing a role A. GABA and glutamate; dopamine B. Dopamine and glutamate; opioids C. Dopamine and the opioids; GABA D. The opioids and GABA; glutamate

Which of the following statements about CRF is false

CRF plays no role in anxiety

Which of the following would be considered a third-generation antidepressant

CRF receptor antagonist

Exposure to a neurotoxicant

Can have transient or permanent effects

Which of the following statements concerning the side effects of anabolic steroids is true?

Common effects of steroid use include acne and cardiovascular problems

Human exposure to mercury occurs primarily through _______ and is largely from _______.

Consumption of fish and shellfish; methylmercury

A serious effect of heavy cocaine use, that might even be fatal, is A. stroke. B. heart failure. C. intracranial hemorrhage. D. All of the above

Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by two systems of enzymes, _______ and _______. A. alcohol dehydrogenase; aldehyde dehydrogenase B. alcohol dehydrogenase; acetaldehyde C. aldehyde dehydrogenase; cytochrome P450 D. alcohol dehydrogenase; cytochrome P450

All of the following are effects that have been correlated with chronic use of marijuana EXCEPT A. damage to lung tissue. B. immune system suppression. C. adverse cardiac effects. D. development of anxiety disorders.

All of the following are withdrawal symptoms observed following long-term heavy marijuana use EXCEPT A. decreased appetite B. a depressed mood. C. aggression. D. increased sleep

All of the following drugs enhance the effects of GABA on the GABAA receptor except A. ethanol. B. benzodiazepines C. neurosteroids. D. baclofen

Although physical and/or psychological dependence contributes to addiction, it cannot A. explain early drug use that leads to dependence (only drug use that occurs after dependence has occurred). B. readily explain addiction to drugs that do not induce strong physical dependence. C. readily explain relapse to drug use that occurs after drug detoxification. D. All of the above

Amphetamine and related psychostimulants in the amphetamine-like family A. are drugs of the twentieth century, having no use prior to 1900. B. are drugs of abuse with no therapeutic value. C. are all synthetic. D. resemble the neurotransmitter DA in their chemical structure.

Amphetamines increase dopamine release in part by A. increasing the firing rate of catecholamine neurons. B. decreasing autoreceptor function. C. increasing calcium influx. D. reversing the transporter.

Binge drinking is defined as A. drinking until passing out. B. any rapid consumption of alcohol that causes intoxication. C. drinking to remain intoxicated for at least two days. D. five or more drinks in a row for males and four in a row for females.

Black widow spider venom produces its effects by _______, while botulinim toxin causes its effects by _______. A. preventing metabolism of ACh; increasing synthesis of ACh B.increasing metabolism of ACh; preventing release of ACh C. blocking ACh receptors in the PNS; blocking ACh receptors in the CNS D. causing massive release of ACh; preventing release of ACh

Chronic or high dose cocaine use can cause all of the following EXCEPT A. heart attack. B. psychosis. C. perforation of the nasal septum. D. damage to somatosensory systems

Concerning the time course of THC levels and route of administration, A. at maximum THC intoxication after smoking, brain and plasma THC levels are equilibrated. B. oral administration of THC produces low plasma levels that drop off quickly. C. people smoking marijuana typically reach their peak THC levels before they finish the cigarette or joint. D. plasma levels of THC peak more rapidly following injection or smoking than oral administration of the drug

Dopamine transporter knockout mice are hyperactive relative to wild-type mice because A. they cannot synthesize dopamine B. they have fewer receptors than wild-type mice C. they produce more dopamine than wild-type mice D. the dopaminergic neurons cannot remove dopamine from the synaptic cleft

Electrophysiological data from Schultz and colleagues show that dopamine cells in the VTA show an increase in rate of firing in response to a(n) A. novel stimulus. B. unpredictable reward. C. CS previously paired with a reward. D. All of the above

Functional brain abnormalities including reduced striatal D2 receptor levels and _______ metabolism in the _______ have been seen in cocaine and methamphetamine addicts. A. increased glucose; striatum B. increased glucose; orbitofrontal cortex C. reduced dopamine; orbitofrontal cortex D. reduced glucose; orbitofrontal cortex

GABAB receptor agonists are clinically useful for treating A. alcoholism. B. seizures. C. anxiety. D. muscle spasms

Harry Anslinger A. is the current director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. B. opposed the Marijuana Tax Act in 1937. C. was a former drug "czar" appointed by President Bush. D. was the first Commissioner of Narcotics

In _______ tolerance, the effects of alcohol are _______ when blood alcohol levels are falling than/as when they are rising. A. acute; the same B. acute; greater C. pharmacodynamic; greater D. acute; decreased

In addition to their desired effects on muscle, anabolic steroids negatively affect several physiological systems, including the heart, _______ and _______. A. the kidneys; the gastrointestinal system B. the immune system; the liver C. the immune system; the gastrointestinal system D. the kidneys; the liver

Mescaline A. is one of the more popular and readily available hallucinogenic drugs. B. is an alkaloid obtained from various species of mushrooms. C. is a synthetic hallucinogen derived from ergot, a fungus that can infest grain. D. has been used for years by Native Americans for religious and healing rituals.

One hypothesis for LSD-induced hallucinations suggests that there is a problem with the "gating" or screening of information in a circuit. Which of the following structures are involved in this circuit? A. Thalamus, VTA, and locus coeruleus B. Prefrontal cortex, VTA, and reticular formation C. Thalamus, striatum, and locus coeruleus D. Prefrontal cortex, striatum, and thalamus

Opioids decrease feeding behavior by acting on _______ to decrease _______. A. the hypothalamus; hormonal hunger signals B. the stomach; appetite C. the cortex; the power of food-related stimuli D. limbic structures; the palatability of food

Opioids decrease feeding behavior by acting on _______ to decrease _______. A. the stomach; appetite B. the cortex; the power of food-related stimuli C. the hypothalamus; hormonal hunger signals D. limbic structures; the palatability of food

Pain transmission in the spinal cord can be blocked by A. the action of inhibitory spinal interneurons that release endorphins. B. activating descending pathways from the midbrain that inhibit the pain pathway. C. turning on descending pathways that activate endorphin interneurons. D. All of the above

Peripherally acting opiate drugs have a specific therapeutic use that is also an unfortunate side effect of some opiate medications/drugs. Which of the following is this side effect? A. Reduction in saliva B. Decrease in body temperature C. Decrease in appetite D. Slowing of gastrointestinal function/motility

Recent longitudinal cohort studies investigating the relationship between heavy marijuana use and risk for developing psychosis A. cannot be taken seriously because of individual differences. B. show that there is no relationship between the two. C. indicate that early, heavy use of marijuana decreases the risk of later psychosis. D. suggest that early, heavy marijuana use doubles the risk of later development of psychotic symptoms

The excitotoxicity hypothesis states that A. glutamate and aspartate play a critical role in the action of drugs like PCP. B. repeated stimulation of neurons is the basis for learning and memory. C. tetanic stimulation of the presynaptic neuron can produce LTP in the recipient cell. D. overexposure to excitatory amino acid transmitters can result in depolarization and cell death.

The main reason discussed in the textbook for giving albuterol in an inhaler is that it reduces A. the cost of the prescription B. congestion in the nose C. time required for the drug to work D. cardiovascular side effects

The memory disturbances seen in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome include A. little actual memory impairment. B. a loss of memory for events in the distant past. C. total amnesia. D. a loss of short-term, immediate memory with retention of distant memories

The relationship between chronic marijuana use and educational achievement A. has only been measured in terms of absenteeism which probably reflects motivational variables more than academic factors. B. is easily explained by the fact that marijuana always causes cognitive deficits C. is a correlational relationship that does not merit further study. D. may be explained by the social environment of marijuana users and their values concerning education.

The treatment of generalized anxiety with b-receptors antagonists is effective because beta blockers A. increase sympathetic nervous system activity and make the person feel better able to cope with the anxiety-producing situation B. act directly on brain regions involved in anxiety C. cause sedation D. reduce some of the physical symptoms associated with anxiety

To study the role of the endogenous cannabinoids, scientists have used mice genetically engineered to _______ and _______. A. lack these compounds; drugs that block CB1 receptors B. overexpress CB1 receptors; drugs that prevent metabolism of these compounds C. overexpress these compounds; drugs that enhance synthesis of these compounds D. lack CB1 and CB2 receptors; drugs that block CB1 receptors

What can be said about the status of hallucinogenic drugs today A. Many psychiatrists and psychologists are now interested in utilizing these drugs in their practices due to a positive shift in government attitudes and policies. B. They were banned in 1967 and as a result have almost completely disappeared today. C. They are always lethal. D. There has been a renewal of interest in these drugs, in part due to clinical research that has been sponsored by the organization MAPS

Which of the following about cocaine administration and absorption is FALSE A. Rapid absorption occurs with intravenous and smoked forms of cocaine. B. Cocaethylene is a metabolite of cocaine and alcohol that exerts an effect similar to cocaine, but that lasts for a longer time. C. Smoking crack cocaine is addictive because the brain receives a large surge of drug, even though its effects don't last very long. D. The cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine can be detected for only a few hours after the last dose of drug.

Which of the following antidepressants is currently being used to help smokers withdraw from nicotine? A. Prozac B. Paxil C. Zoloft D. Zyban

Which of the following conditions will produce the greatest psychostimulant effect, based on DAT occupancy A. Intranasal administration of drug B. 30% of transporters affected by drug C. Low baseline of dopamine in the mesolimbic tract D. IV administration of drug

Which of the following drugs is a CB1 antagonist? A. WIN 55,212-2 B. SR 1416 C. Nabilone D. Rimonabant

Which of the following drugs would be considered a partial agonist A. Codeine B. Methadone C. Hydromorphone D. Pentazocine

Which of the following is NOT an effect of caffeine reported by regular users A. More focused attention B. Self- confidence C. Improved mood D. Increased relaxation

Which of the following is NOT an effect of inhalants on the CNS A. They block NMDA glutamate receptors. B. They activate DA in the VTA. C. They enhance the function of GABAA receptors. D. They inhibit the activity of glycine receptors

Which of the following regarding excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) is true A. They come in two different varieties, EAAT1 and EAAT2. B. They are found on vesicle membranes in astrocytes and neurons. C. They are found almost exclusively on neurons in the CNS. D. They may be defective in the disorder ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease

Which of the following regarding the drug PCP or phencyclidine is FALSE A. It is not clinically useful because of side effects of agitation, hallucinations, and violence. B. It has a high therapeutic index as it does not cause respiratory depression. C. It was first tested by a pharmaceutical company as a possible anesthetic agent. D. It causes a trance-like state in which the subject is highly responsive to pain

Which of the following would you expect to observe in an individual experiencing a state of dissociated anesthesia? A. Loss of muscle tone B. Enhanced mental contact with environment C. Eyes are closed D. Detachment from environment

With regard to types of inhalants, A. gases include hair sprays, deodorant sprays, and spray paints. B. sources of aerosols include propane tanks, refrigerants, and butane lighters. C. nitrites such as "poppers" act directly on the brain to increase sexual arousal. D. volatile solvents include adhesives, ink, and correction fluid.

_______ tolerance to alcohol results from a(n) _______ of liver enzymes A. Metabolic; reduction B. Acute; induction C. Pharmacodynamic; reduction D. Metabolic; induction

The _______ receptor is most involved in the therapeutic effects of the traditional antipsychotics?

Familial cases of AD (known as autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease) are caused by mutations of ___ genes, including ____, and make up ___ of cases

Deterministic; presenilin-2; 5%

Parkinson's disease is typically characterized by __ and ___

Difficulty initiating movement; slowness of movement

Treatments of MS include ___ such as ___ and treatments for exacerbations, such as ____.

Disease-modifying treatments; interferon beta; corticosteroids

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Huntington's disease?

Disturbances in the sense of touch and proprioception

Most __ patients develop plaques and tangles and some develop AD, possibly because they __

Down's syndrome; have three copies of the APP gene

Which of the following is not a problem or side effect of MAOIs

Enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes

Which of the following is the correct order of degeneration in Alzheimer's disease?

Entorhinal cortex - hippocampus - neocortex

Which of the following about serotonin syndrome is false?

While frightening, the syndrome is not life-threatening

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of abused inhalant drugs?

While humans find inhalant drugs to be reinforcing, animals do not

In a test of the stress-diathesis model of depression in which newborn rats were removed from their mothers, as adults, the rats showed

a permanent increase CRF gene expression

Administration of _______ before retrieval of a traumatic memory seems to diminish the emotional aspects of the memory without affecting the memory itself, suggesting a role for these drugs in the treatment of _______.

a β-blocker; PTSD

Doctors generally take into consideration all of the following side effects when choosing a particular antipsychotic drug for a schizophrenic patient except for

abuse potential

The most significant risk factor for Parkinson's Disease is

age

The immediate effects of volatile and gaseous inhalants are similar to those seen following us of

alcohol

The immediate effects of volatile and gaseous inhalants are similar to those seen following use of

alcohol

What area of the brain coordinates the components of anxiety and other emotions

amygdaloid complex

Neurosteroids exert their _______ effects by _______.

anxiolytic; acting as positive modulators

Animal studies indicate that PBDEs

decrease circulating levels of T3 and T4

All of the following are therapeutic uses of the benzodiazepines except

deep anesthesia involving loss of consciousness.

Which of the following is NOT a subtype of schizophrenia, according to Kraepelin?

delusional

All of the following are symptoms of major depression except

dulled sense of pain

All of the following are foods that should be avoided by people taking MAOIs except

eggs

Binding of neurotrophic factors to their respective trk receptors results in the A. reciprocal phosphorylation of the two receptor molecules B. activation of second messenger systems C. activation of G proteins D. opening of ion channels

Drug metabolism mostly occurs in the ___ and makes the drug more ___ soluble. A. liver; water B. kidneys; water C. liver; fat D. kidneys; fat

During the ___ period, no additional action potentials can be created. A. absolute refractory B. integration C. relative refractory D. conduction

Epigenetics changes affect gene expression by ___ and by ___. A. DNA methylation; chromatin remodeling B. breaking down chromatin; blocking transcription C. remodeling transcription factors; blocking translation D. blocking translation; DNA methylation

If a substance is a neurotransmitter, stimulation of the presynaptic cell should have the same effect as A. direct application of the proposed substance to the postsynaptic cell B. stimulation of the postsynaptic cell C. inactivating the substance D. blocking receptors on he postsynaptic cell

In a myelinated axon, action potentials are regenerated A. at gaps in the myelin known as nodes of Ranvier B. at the axon hillock C. at the terminal buttons D. all along the axon

Macroelectrodes are used for all of the following EXCEPT to A. quantity receptor number and activation B. record activity from thousands of neurons C. control tremors in Parkinson's disease D. activate cells and generate action potentials

Steroid hormones bind to ___ receptors, which act as ___ when activated, and regulate gene expression A. intracellular; transcription factors B. metabotropic; G proteins C. tyrosine kinase; transcription factors D. membrane-bound; G proteins

Summation of local potentials can lead to a(n) ___ at the axon hillock if the ___ is reached A. action potential; threshold B. equilibrium potential; threshold C. local potential; equilibrium potential D. action potential; equilibrium potential

The area postrema and the median eminence represent areas in the brain where the ___ is NOT complete. A. blood-brain barrier B. cerebrospinal fluid C. choroid plexus D. phospholipid membrane

The direct effect of depolarization of the presynaptic nerve terminal by the action potential is the A. opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels B. activation of autoreceptors C. docking of vehicles at the active zones

The primary "input zone" of the neuron is generally considered to be the A. dendrites B. axon collaterals C. axon D. soma

The sac-like structures in the presynaptic terminal are called ___ and are filled with ___ A. synaptic vesicles; neurotransmitter molecules B. mitochondria; neurotransmitter molecules C. synaptic vesicles; mitochondria D. mitochondria; ATP

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for ___ functions and uses ___ as its neurotransmitter(s) A. fight or flight; acetylcholine and norepinephrine B. energy conservation; acetylcholine and norepinephrine C. energy conservation; acetylcholine D. fight or flight; acetylcholine

There are multiple examples of "accidents of nature" that help researchers understand the relationship between brain damage and behavior in humans. Which of the following is NOT one of these "accidents of nature"? A. psychosurgery B. Phineas gage's injury C. trauma D. tumors

Toxic substances in the blood trigger a vomiting response by activating the A. area postrema B. blood-brain barrier C. median eminence D. choroid plexus

When activated, somatodendritic autoreceptors A. reduce the rate of cell firing B. increase the rate of cell firing C. reduce neurotransmitter release D. increase neurotransmitter release

Which of the following best describes the sequence of steps following the activation of a metabotropic receptor? A. activation of G protein - change in activity of effector enzyme - change in second messenger levels - activation of protein kinase B. activation of G protein - change in second messenger levels - change in activity of effector enzyme - activation of protein kinase C. Activation of G protein - change in activity of effector enzyme - activation of protein kinase - change in second messenger levels

Which of the following is NOT a guideline of the Health Extension Act of 1985? A. researchers should be trained in basic veterinary care B. research must benefit society or advance knowledge C. procedures must avoid or minimize distress or pain D. alternative methods, such as computer simulation, should be considered

Which of the following regarding metabotropic receptors is FALSE? A. the receptor itself is an ion channel that opens upon ligand binding B. they are coupled to intracellular G proteins C. the receptor has one subunit with seven transmembrane domains D. when activated they can stimulate effect or enzymes

While most ___ receptors are membrane-bound, many __ receptors are intracellular. A. neurotransmitter; hormone B. hormone; drug C. agonist; antagonist D. drug; neurotransmitter

____ is an example of a substance that can act as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone A. norepinephrine B. cortisol C. nitric oxide D. acetylcholine

___are long strands of DNA divided into smaller portions called ___, which code for specific proteins. A. Chromosomes; genes B. Genes; chromosomes C. Genes; ribosomes D. Transcription factors; genes

A technique that permits researchers to study the function of individual ion channels that are responsible for the membrane potential is A. intracellular recording B. patch clamp electrophysiology C. in vivo voltammetry D. extracellular recording

Agents that induce developmental abnormalities in a fetus are known as A. placental drugs B. teratogens C. illicit drugs D. psychoactive drugs

Behavioral measures in psychopharmacology are important for a variety of reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons? A. behavioral measures are used for developing animal models of psychiatric disorders B. behavioral measures use observational measures, which are the most reliable and valid approaches C. behavioral measures aid in understanding the neurochemicals basis of behavior.

Cocaine increases the amount of DA, 5-HT, and NE in the synaptic cleft by A. increasing synthesis B. blocking transporters C. preventing metabolism D. blocking autoreceptors

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are generally caused by ____ channels opening, while inhibitory postsynaptic potentials may be caused by ___ channels opening. A. Ca2+; K+ B. Na+; Cl- C. K+; Cl- D. Cl-; K+

Interpreting data from knockout mice can be complicated by the genetic strain of mouse used to create the mutation because A. strains vary widely in the genetic makeup to begin with B. strains vary widely in their behavior before any knockouts occur C. some strains don't have the genes that the knockout is targeting D. some mouse strains do not breed well

Ligand-gated ion channels are ___; G protein coupled receptors are ___ A. slow/ionotropic; fast/metabotropic B. fast/ionotropic; slow/metabotropic C. slow/metabotropic; fast/ionotropic D. fast/metabotropic; slow/ionotropic

Mitochondria are responsible for generating ___ for the cell in the form of ____ A. energy; glucose B. energy; ATP C. cytoplasm; ATP D. cytoplasm; glucose

Neurons can be categorized by all of the following EXCEPT by A. which neurotransmitters they release B. the size of the action potentials they generate C. their morphology D. their function (e.g., sensory versus motor)

Neuropharmacologists are interested in enzymes for a variety of reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons? A. enzymes regulate the levels of second messengers, such as cyclic AMP B. enzymes can be identified with techniques such as receptor autoradiography C. enzymes play a role in complex events, such as drug tolerance D. enzymes are used to synthesize and metabolize neurotransmitters

Neurotrophic factors are generally involved in regulating A. the rate of cell firing B. long term changes, such as gene expression C. rapid synaptic events D. opening of ion channels

Phineas Gage A. provides an example of how we can learn from case studies in which brain damage has been well-localized B. experienced severe frontal cortex damage in blasting accident C. died as a result of massive brain damage in a railroad accident D. is a case that can be generalized to a population of people with similar damage

Proteins, such as receptors and enzymes, are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the soma in a process called A. transport B. translation C. transcription D. regulation

Releasing hormones from the ___ enter the bloodstream in the median eminence and act on the ___, causing the release of various hormones A. hypothalamus; posterior pituitary B. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary C. posterior pituitary; hypothalamus D. anterior pituitary; thyroid

Selective blockade of terminal autoreceptors for DA would lead to a(n) A. increase in cell firing B. increase in neurotransmitter release C. decrease in cell firing D. decrease in neurotransmitter release

The CT scan A. provides a dynamic picture of the human brain B. is based on a series of reconstructed X rays of the brain C. requires that subjects be injected with a radioactivity labeled substance D. has better resolution than the MRI scan

What are limitations to studying fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in human subjects? A. there are not enough cases to study B. the studies are correlational only; one cannot assert that alcohol causes any particular effect C. it is impossible to obtain permission to conduct this type of research D. there is very little evidence for FAS in children born to women in the United States

Which of the following about the myelin sheath is FALSE? A. it increases the speed of signal conduction along the axon B. it is found on all neurons C. it is produced by glial cells D. it saves energy

Which of the following pairs of behavioral tests and what they are supposed to measure is incorrectly matched? A. conditioned emotional response - fear B. delayed-response test - fear C. elevated plus-maze - anxiety D. conditioned place preference - reward

Which of the following statements about single-unit recording is FALSE? A. the electrode is sometimes placed in the extracellular fluid B. the animal must be anesthetized in all cases C. in can involve intracellular recording D. it uses microelectrodes

While pharmacokinetics describes how the body deals with drugs, ____ describes how drug molecules interact with their targets. A. antagonist action B. pharmacodynamics C. agonist action D. drug effect

___ receptors mediate the effects of neurotrophic factors A. protein kinase C B. Tyrosine kinase C. calcium/calmodulin kinase D. protein kinase A

After drug administration has occurred, the amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind at specific target sites is/are referred to as A. first-pass effects B. the therapeutic dose C. bioavailability D. ED50

Axonal transport of proteins occurs along a track formed by A. anterograde cytoskeleton B. retrograde cytoskeleton C. microtubules D. neurofilaments

Both agonists and antagonists have ___ but only agonists have appreciable ____. A. affinity; bioavailability B. efficacy; affinity C. affinity; efficacy D. interaction; affinity

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is an example of a drug that is eliminated A. by second-order kinetics B. by first-order kinetics C. by zero-order kinetics D. at the point that six half-lives have passed

In contrast to the classical neurotransmitters and the neuropeptides, nitric oxide does not "behave" like a typical neurotransmitter. Which of the following regarding nitric oxide signaling is FALSE? A. it is not released from synaptic vehicles via exocytosis B. it may be released from the postsynaptic cell C. it remains in the synaptic cleft until it is inactivated D. it may travel some distance until it reaches target cells

In microdialysis, A. chromatography sorts substances by ionic charge but not quantity B. large quantities of fluid must be collected for HPLC analysis C. analysis of the contents of the extracellular fluid can be made D. an animal is placed in a stereotaxic apparatus while measurements are taken

In one study, miser that were genetically engineered to express R6/2 (the Huntington's disease gene) exhibited motor disturbances that ___ and these mice also showed ___. A. were present from birth onward; a tendency to develop diabetes B. improved over time; enhanced cognitive function C. worsened over time; a shortened life span D. disappeared with practice; spatial learning deficits

In order for a substance to be considered a neurotransmitter it must meet several criteria. Which of the following is NOT considered a criterion for neurotransmitter status? A. receptors for the proposed substance should be present on the postsynaptic cell B. A synthetic mechanism should be present on the presynaptic cell C. Vehicles containing the substance should move down the axon with the action potentials when the neuron is stimulated D. a means for inactivating the substance should be present

In response to stressors, the adrenal cortex secretes ___ and the adrenal medulla secretes __ A. glucocorticoids; chromaffin cells B. epinephrine; glucocorticoids C. glucocorticoids; epinephrine D. epinephrine; norepinephrine

Ionotropic receptors may let in ___, which can then act as a(n) ____ A. Na+; second messenger B. Cl-; effector enzyme C. Ca2+; second messenger D. Ca2+; kinase

Local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, have their effects by A. blocking the Na+/K+ pump B. preventing the generation of EPSPs and IPSPs C. blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels D. blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Secretory neurons from the hypothalamus release ___ and ___ into the bloodstream from the ___ pituitary. A. releasing hormones; tropic; anterior B. prolactin; vasopressin; anterior C. vasopressin; oxytocin; posterior D. oxytocin; prolactin; posterior

The most common type of synapse in the brain is the __ synapse A. axosomatic B. axoaxonic C. axodendritic D. presynaptic inhibition

The process of releasing neurotransmitter molecules from the vehicles is known as __ and occurs as a result of an influx of __ A. exocytosis; Na+ B. docking; K+ C. exocytosis; Ca2+ D. endocytosis; Ca2+

Which of the following about ionotropic receptors is FALSE? A. they are composed of several subunits B. they rapidly cause intracellular effects C. G proteins are activated upon binding of neurotransmitter D. binding of an agonist opens an ion channel

Which of the following about knockout mice is false? A. the knockout gene is often a gene for a receptor or enzyme involved in neurotransmitter synthesis or metabolism B. they are bred from animals whose DNA has been altered to reflect the particular mutation C. try are also called transgenic mice D. they are a product of genetic engineering

Which of the following about neuropeptides is FALSE? A. necessary enzymes are packed into the vehicle with the protein precursor B. replenishing neuropeptides after neural activity occurs more slowly than classical neurotransmitters C. transport of the vehicles down the axon depends on action potential propagation D. neuropeptides must be synthesized in the cell body

Which of the following drugs will animas NOT self-administer? A. morphine B. cocaine C. antidepressants D. nicotine

Which of the following most accurately describes the process involved in protein synthesis? A. transcription factors activate promoter region - translation by ribosomes - transcription by mRNA B. Transcription by mRNA -transcription factors activate promoter region - translation by ribosomes C. transcription factors activate promoter region - Transcription by mRNA - translation by ribosomes

Which of the following statements about action potentials is false? A. they are generated at the axon hillock B. they move via saltatory conduction in myelinated axons C. extreme excitation will result in a very large action potential D. they are considered all or none

Which of the following statements about in situ hybridization is false? A. tissue homogenate, as in Northern blot or dot blot methods, can be used B. a probe of complementary base-pair sequences to the mRNA of interests are used C. it is used for global, but not regional, changes in mRNA over time D. it is very sensitive procedure in terms of its ability to detect mRNA

____-tolerance occurs as a result of cellular adaption to the presence of a specific drug. A. drug disposition B. behavioral C. Pharmacodynamic D. cross

6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a(n) ___ used to ___ A. antagonist; block catecholamine receptors B. agonist; activate catecholamine receptors C. transporter inhibitor; prevent catecholamine reuptake D. neurotoxin; damage catecholamine neurons

Action potentials are first generated at the axon hillock because this is where ___ are located A. non-gated K+ channels B. Na+/K+ pumps C. transporters D. voltage-gated Na+ channels

At the equilibrium potential, the two forces acting on ions are in balance. These forces are the __ and the ___ A. concentration gradient; action potential B. Na+/K+ pump; electrostatic gradient C. Na+/K+ pump/ threshold D. concentration gradient; electrostatic pressure

DNA microarrays are not used to A. make it possible to screen the entire genome using just a few chips B. help scientists understand the many presynaptic proteins that are under expressed in schizophrenia C. aid in identification of the genes that switch on and off together in response to drugs and diseases D. quantify neurochemicals in the brain

In order for a drug to have an effect, it must first mind to a A. neurotransmitter B. depot site C. ligand D. receptor

In the dose-response curve, a decrease in potency is indicated by a shift A. to the left B. downward C. upward D. to the right

Injections of isoproterenol and phenylephrine into the medial septum of the rat show that A. NE is involved in hunger B. NE is important in pupil dilation C. a1- and b-receptors are involved in sedation D. a1- and b-receptors are involved in wakefulness

Ligand that have no effect on a receptor after binding are called A. neurotransmitters B. agonists C. null ligand D. antagonists

Neurons responsible for converting environmental stimuli into neural signals are known as A. pyramidal cells B. motor neurons C. interneurons D. sensory neurons

Neuropharmacologists are interested in the endocrine system for a variety of reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. Hormones can alter behavioral responses to drugs B. Hormone secretion can be altered by psychoactive drugs C. some hormones have psychoactive effects on their own D. the effects of hormones on the brain are simple and easy to measure

Neurotransmitter are released into the ___ while hormones are released into the ___ A. bloodstream; synaptic cleft B. vehicles; bloodstream C. synaptic cleft; brain D. synaptic cleft; bloodstream

Synaptic inhibition may be reduced by ACh acting through metabotropic receptors. This inhibition results from the activation of ___ channels by the G protein A. Na+ B. Cl- C. Ca2+ D. K+

The ___ administration of oxytocin has been proposed as a treatment for autism. A. intracerebral B. oral C. intravenous D. intranasal

The classical neurotransmitter do NOT include A. acetylcholine B. monoamines C. amino acids D. neuropeptides

The specific effect of a particular neurotransmitter at a particular synapse is largely determined by A. the rate of firing of the presynaptic cell B. reuptake and metabolism of the neurotransmitter C. the presence of antagonists at the synapse D. the receptor subtype(s) present on the postsynaptic cell

The specific molecular changes that occur when a drug binds to a particular target site or receptor is/are referred to as A. placebo effects B. side effects C. drug effects D. drug action

The two most important enzymes in the metabolism of monoamines are A. monoamines oxidase and homovanillic acid B. MAO and tyrosine hydroxylase C. catechol-O-methyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase D. catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamines oxidase

Though he could not see it, Sir Charles Sherrington correctly surmised that neurons do not actually touch one another. This idea has been verified with the use of A. frog heart experiments first done by Loewi B. the light microscope C. electrophysiological recordings D. the electron microscope

What kind of information is carried by the central roots of the spinal cord? A. motor and sensory information B. proprioceptive information from joints and muscles C. sensory information from muscles and skin D. motor information to muscles

Which of the following about vesicular recycling is FALSE? A. New vehicles for classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are re-formed and filled in the terminal B. without it the neuron would grow progressively larger as vesicular membrane is added to the terminal C. it occurs through a process known as endocytosis D. the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis constitute vesicle recycling

Which of the following describes the interaction of two drugs when the combined drug effects are greater than would be predicted from that combination? A. addictive effects B. tolerance C. physiological antagonism D. potentiation

Which of the following is NOT a reason that functional MRI is preferred over PET imaging? A. the individual does not need to be injected with a radioactive substance in functional MRI B. the detail is far superior in functional MRI C. the fMRI procedure provides both anatomical and functional information D. because fMRI is a newer procedure, it has replaced the need for other techniques like PET and EEG

Which of the following methods uses Microelectrodes to record the activity of neurochemicals in the extracellular fluid of freely moving animals? A. microdialysis B. stereotaxic surgery C. patch clamp electrophysiology D. in vivo voltammetry

While drugs can be excreted from the body by several routes, the most important route of elimination is through the A. feces B. breath C. sweat D. urine

Why are adrenergic agonists and antagonists important in the treatment of many nonpsychiatric medical conditions? A. NE cells innervate many diverse brain regions B. movement disorders like Parkinson's are caused by changes in NE systems C. Alterations in brain NE can cause disorders of sleeping and eating D. Adrenergic receptors are found on a wide variety of peripheral organs

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