psychosocial test 3

Which of the following has NOT been linked to an increase in cortisol? Select all that apply.

C. Enhanced mood

Which of the following describes emotional state (e.g., happy or sad)?

C. Mood

When individuals view a stressful situation as a threat, they next evaluate whether they have adequate resources to handle the situation. What is this response called?

C. Secondary appraisal

Interpretation of a situation is known as:

C. cognitive appraisal.

What is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to stress?

D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which naturally occurring stress hormone in the human body is associated with the fight-or-flight response?

D. Cortisol

Somatic relaxation includes which of the following?

D. Physiological techniques

An athlete who has muscle tightness caused by stress would likely benefit most from which stress-management technique?

D. Progressive muscle relaxation

A hormone that predominantly affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is:

D. glucocorticoid.

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983):

D. is a global measure of perceived chronic stress over the past month.

Life-Event Survey for Collegiate Athletes (LESCA; Petrie, 1992):

D. is a measure of when a stressful event occurred and the positive-negative rating of the event.

The Stress-O-Meter (SOM; Olpin & Hessen, 2010):

D. is a personal evaluation of acute or daily levels of stress.

Psychologists generally consider personality to be a stable trait, whereas mood states can fluctuate.

B. True

Female athletes report ____ levels of stress compared with male athletes.

B. higher

Trait anxiety is typically associated with ____, whereas state anxiety is typically associated with ____.

B. personality; mood

The cyclic nature of the thought process, where thoughts that one ignores resurface more often, is known as:

B. rumination

Athletic trainers can provide athletes with social support as a coping resource.

B. True

Which of the following terms describes a preceding event or condition, or a preexisting factor?

A. Antecedent

What did Maddison and Prapavessis (2005) find in their study with male rugby players? Select all that apply.

A. Athletes who participated in a stress-management intervention reported less time lost because of injury. C. Negative life events were related to injury time missed.

Stress influences which of the following athlete responses? Select all that apply.

A. Cognitive responses B. Behavioral responses C. Emotional responses D. Physiological responses

All athletes respond to stress in a similar manner.

A. False

Based on the stress-injury model (Andersen & Williams, 1988), an athlete's history of stressors includes which of the following? Select all that apply.

A. Overall life stress C. Daily hassles D. Previous injuries

What should athletic trainers do as part of their role related to injury prevention? Select all that apply.

A. They should implement psychosocial strategies aimed at increasing coping resources. C. They should implement psychosocial strategies aimed at reducing stress.

Pain that causes vasoconstriction and muscle spasm, which, in turn, causes more pain, which, in turn, exacerbates, is referred to as the ____ cycle.

A. pain-spasm

Initial assessment of a situation to evaluate it as a threat or challenge is known as:

A. primary appraisal.

The systematic contracting and relaxing of muscles is a technique known as:

A. progressive muscle relaxation.

A short term of situational worry is referred to as:

A. state anxiety.

A stable personality construct of worry is referred to as:

A. trait anxiety.

Individuals with higher levels of psychological stress may have as much as ____ greater risk for injury than those with lower levels of stress.

B. 2 to 5 times

Which of the following statements about coping resources are true? Select all that apply.

B. Coping resources can buffer the influence of an athlete's history of stressors on his or her stress response. C. Coping resources can buffer the influence of an athlete's personality on his or her stress response.

Which term describes a stressor that is interpreted positively?

B. Eustress

Athletic trainers should focus their attention solely on the physiological responses to stress.

B. False

Based on the stress-injury model (Andersen & Williams, 1988), what are the three major categories of antecedents that influence an athlete's response to stress? Select all that apply.

B. History of stressors C. Personality D. Coping resources

Cognitive relaxation includes which of the following? Select all that apply.

B. Negative thought stopping C. Positive mental images D. Positive self-talk

A particular event, such as moving, may be viewed by one athlete as distress and by another athlete as eustress.

B. True