PSYCH/SOC NTK

general adaptation syndrome (GAS), proposed by Hans Selye, is a model describing how the body reacts to stress. What are the three stages?

1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion The alarm stage occurs during the first few minutes of the stress response, in which the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body to act (ie, fight-or-flight response). The resistance stage can last for hours (eg, exercise), days (eg, final exams), or months (eg, preparing for the MCAT). During this stage, the body attempts to resist the stressor and establish a new equilibrium. The exhaustion stage occurs when prolonged stress produces arousal with depleted energy, making the body more vulnerable to negative health effects (eg, depression, hypertension).

According to cognitive dissonance theory, cognitive dissonance (mental conflict) results from beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors that are contradictory or incompatible. What are the three ways that someone will react to relieve the stress?

1. Change Belief 2. Change Behavior 3. Change Attitude

Match the status position with its description: I. Ascribed status II. Achieved status III. Master status a.Dominant social position b.Assigned social position c.Attained social position

An ascribed status is one that is socially assigned, such as race. An achieved status is one that is attained, such as one's occupation (eg, doctor), notable achievements (eg, Olympic athlete), or failures (eg, college dropout).Individuals may hold many ascribed and achieved statuses, but their master status is the one that dominates in social situations. A master status can be either ascribed or achieved, may be context-dependent, and tends to influence most aspects of one's social life.

To investigate attributions related to exercise, an experimenter interviewed primary care physicians (PCPs) about their own exercise habits and their patients' reported exercise habits. The experimenter found that PCPs were more likely to attribute their own lack of exercise to factors such as being too busy, but were more likely to attribute their patients' lack of exercise to factors such as laziness. These results best illustrate the: A.actor-observer bias B.experimenter bias. C.fundamental attribution error D.self-serving bias

Attributional biases are common errors in thinking that occur when people attempt to explain behavior (their own or someone else's). The actor-observer bias occurs when individuals attribute their own behavior to external factors but attribute the behavior of others to internal factors. Fundamental attribution error only takes into account your judgement on others, not on yourself...tendency to blame others' behavior on internal (eg, "they are lazy") instead of external factors Self-serving bias is an attributional bias that occurs when individuals credit their successes to internal factors but blame their failures on external factors

What does it mean to operationalize a dependent variable in a study?

In scientific research, to operationalize a variable means that a variable that is not directly measurable (eg, fatigue, depression) is defined in such a way that it can be measured for the purposes of testing/assessment.

Which of the following processes assists in the perception of depth and motion required during the driving simulation? A.Motion parallax B.Retinal disparity C.Convergence D.Phi phenomenon

Motion parallax (relative motion) is a monocular cue important for the perception of motion and distance. Motion parallax describes when objects in the foreground appear to be moving faster than objects in the background.

Malthusian theory maintains that population growth is _________ but resource growth is ___________>

exponential, linear When populations outgrow available resources, preventive checks decrease the birth rate and positive checks increase the death rate; Malthusian catastrophes are large-scale positive checks (war, disease epidemics).

Two friends accept internships with a city council member even though they do not agree with many of the council member's policies. Which is most likely to happen if they are in a state of dissonance? The students will: A. adapt their attitudes to be more in line with the council member. B. quit the internships after a period of time. C. continue in the internships but retain their original beliefs. D. do as little work as possible so as not to advance the council member's agenda.

research on cognitive dissonance has found that people tend to change their attitudes to match their behaviors, rather than change their behavior