Psycology Study Guide

_____________________________________is an example of the "Range of Reaction." a. Harlow's experiment b. Strange Situation c. The Early Catastrophe d. Piaget's Conservation Experiment

A. Harlows experiment

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus. a. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "chronometer." b. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "circadian." c. The word "nucleus" should be changed to the word "gland." d. The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

A. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "chronometer."

Todd Marinovich was a quarterback from the 1990s whose father began conditioning him for his future role at a very early age. When Todd grew up, he in fact became a star quarterback. He never explored his options; he simply made a decision. Marcia would say that this is an example of ________________. a. identity achievement b. identity foreclosure c. identity diffusion d. identity moratorium

A. identity achievement

Which of the following theorists is not a Neo-Freudian? a. Mary Ainsworth b. Carl Jung c. Alfred Adler d. Karen Horney

Alfred Alder

The BoBo Doll Experiment, which highlights how important observation is in learning, was conducted by ______________________. a. Pavlov b. Bandura c. Watson d. Skinner

Bandura

Sally sees her friend being reprimanded for pulling Jane's hair. Sally learns to not pull hair, for fear of being reprimanded like her friend Jane. This is an example of________________. a. vicarious reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. Vicarious punishment d. negative punishment

Negative reinforcement

The fact that social security numbers, telephone numbers, credit card numbers, and the like are usually grouped into multiple units like 100-99-7896 rather than 1 0 0 9 9 7 8 9 6 is an example of: a. chunking. b. rehearsal. c. iconic coding. d. coding

A. chunking

Liz always forgets to buckle up when she gets into her car. She is immediately reminded that she must buckle up when the car makes a loud dinging sound. To make the horrible noise stop, she buckles up . Liz's behavior of buckling up has been ____________________by the car manufacturer. a. positively reinforced b. negatively punished c. positively punished d. negatively reinforced

a. positively reinforced

Freud's work went against the grain of his contemporaries' work because he chose to focus on the elusive___________mind, whereas most of their work focused on the _______________mind. a. unconscious, conscious b. conscious, unconscious

a. unconscious, conscious

Alcohol acts as a(n)____________for ________________. a. agonist; epinephrine b. agonist: GABA c. antagonist: GABA d. antagonist: serotonin

b agonist: GABA

All of the following are utilized to characterize the distinctive stages of sleep except for_____. a. EEG b. TMS c. EOG d. EMG

b. TMS

A child can understand language before s/he can produce it as a result of_______________ myelinating first. One would find this area in the ________________lobe. a. Broca's area; temporal b. Wernicke's area; temporal c. Wernicke's area; frontal d. the somatosensory cortex; parietal

b. Wernicke's area; temporal

Determine whether there is a relationship between socioeconomic status and schizophrenia. a. naturalistic observation b. correlational c. experimental d. survey

b. correlational

____________________occurs when there is a decrease in the conditioned response because the US is no longer paired with the CS. a. Reinforcement b. Extinction c. Spontaneous Recovery d. Acquisition

b. extinction

Billy constantly taps his feet on the floor, making excessive noise that irritates his teacher. His teacher has tried everything from reprimands to time outs, and nothing has worked. To suppress the behavior his teacher decides to simply ignore the behavior and see if that makes a difference. Billy's teacher is attempting to apply____________ to modify Billy's behavior. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

b. positive reinforcement

During this stage, according to Piaget, children are unable to conserve. a. concrete operations b. preoperational c. formal operations d. none of the above

b. preoperational

If you were to electrically stimulate a person's occipital lobes, that person would most likely a. have difficulty recalling their phone number b. report a visual experience c. move a part of their body d. report an auditory experience

b. report a visual experience

___________________is/ are considered to be the hallmark feature of stage 2 sleep. a. delta waves b. spindles c. rapid eye movement d. paralysis

b. spindles

_____________ are the bulges between the grooves, while the________________ are the grooves between the bulges. a. gyri, sulci b. sulci, gyri

b. sulci, gyri

Which of the following might be found in the synaptic vesicles housed in the neuron's terminal buttons? a. testosterone b. estrogen c. GABA d. none of the above

c. GABA

__________ is the stage of sleep during which we experience our most bizarre dreams. The dreams during this stage are so bizarre because the ________________ is wildly active and the __________________ is/are relatively inactive. a. NREM, limbic system, areas of the forebrain b. Stage 4, limbic system, areas of the forebrain c. REM, areas of the forebrain, limbic system d. REM, limbic system, areas of the forebrain

c. REM, areas of the forebrain, limbic system

Your alarm clock makes a faint clicking sound a couple of seconds before it goes off. At first, the click by itself does not awaken you, but the alarm does. After a week or so, you awaken as soon as you hear the click. The US is the __________________. a. clicking b. waking up c. alarm d. none of the above

c. alarm

This drug affects serotonergic pathways, which can increase the risk of someone experiencing a severe mood disorder. a. heroin b. alcohol c. ecstasy d. benzodiazepines

c. ecstacy

Little Alex loved cuddling in front of the fire until an ember escaped from the fireplace and burned his little hand. Alex cried uncontrollably from the pain. After that incident, Alex would cry when he saw a fire burning in the fireplace. What was once the neutral stimulus in this example of _________________. a. burn, operant conditioning b. crying, classical conditioning c. fire burning in the fireplace, classical conditioning d. fire burning in the fireplace, operant conditioning

c. fire burning in the fireplace, classical conditioning

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. a. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism b. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism c. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism d. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism

c. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Mike has always liked violence, and is driven primarily, by aggression. As a child, he enjoyed starting fights at school, but grew tired of the perpetual state of punishment that dictated his childhood. Once he graduated high school, he became a UFC fighter. Freud would probably say that this is an example of _______________________________. a. sublimation b. rationalization c. reaction formation d. repression

c.reaction formation

Remembering in detail where you were and what you were doing when you heard about what happened on 9/11 would represent a ________ memory according to experts. a. flashbulb b. episodic c. semantic d. procedural

episodic memory

What are the different types of persuasion?

ethos pathos logos

Which of the following statuses best defines the individual who is exploring their options, but has not made any decisions? a. identity achievement b. identity foreclosure c. identity diffusion d. identity moratorium

identity moratorium

What is groupthink?

is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome

What is the bystander effect?

is a social psychological claim that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present; the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help

What are the different types of biases?

response, selection, sampling

What was a major flaw with the Stanford Prison Experiment?

there was no control group

Wundt was the first ________. a. psychologist to use a formal experimental laboratory b. psychologist to use written tests to measure human abilities c. psychologist to analyze dreams d. American psychologist

a. psychologist to use a formal experimental laboratory

Nightmares occur during _______, whereas night terrors occur mostly during __________. a. REM; Stage 3/ stage 4 b. Stage 3/Stage 4; REM c. NREM; REM d. REM; stage 2

a. REM; Stage 3/ stage 4

Sue is a researcher who is interested in exploring the lateralization of the brain. She is interested in noninvasively activating portions of her motor cortex to determine if her left motor cortex causes muscular contractions in the right side of her body. Which technique would be the most feasible option? a. TMS b. EEG c. Brain lesioning d. fMRI

a. TMS

Determine the relationship between soda consumption and childhood obesity. a. correlational b. naturalistic observation c. true experiment d. none of the above

a. correlational

The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur d. provide a soft cushion on which the axon can rest

a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently

Which of the following is considered to be a pure opioid antagonist? a. naloxone b. cocaine c. heroin d. methadone

a. naloxone

___________ idea of ___________________ illustrates what happens when operant conditioning goes wrong. a. Pavlov's, preparedness b. Skinner's, shaping c. Seligman's, preparedness d. Seligman's, learned helplessness

D. seligan's, learned helplessness

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Discrimination is the behavior or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc

A researcher conducted a study and discovered that there was a mathematical relationship between two variables as defined by a coefficient of correlation of -0.2 . What does this number tell the researcher about the relationship between the two variables? a. That there is a weak relationship and that the variables vary in the same direction. b. That there is a weak relationship and that the variables vary in different directions. c. That there is a strong relationship and the variables vary in different directions. d. That there is a strong relationship and the variables vary in the same direction

I DONT FIKIN KNOW

Psycology is considered a science because:

It uses the scientific method to understand and explain behavior and mental processes

Who was Stanley Milgram?

a psychologist who conducted the famous "Milgram Experiment" on obedience to authority

The ________________________is a famous study characterized by the use of deception that exemplifies why we have an ethics code in psychology. In this study, subjects were instructed to shock learners each time they answered a question incorrectly. a. Willowbrook Hepatitis Study b. Tuskegee Syphilis Study c. Stanford Prison Experiment d. Milgram Obedience Experiment

d. Milgram Obedience Experiment

__________________ is a Russian physiologist credited with creating the classical conditioning paradigm. His work served as the precursor to _____________. a. Skinner; operant conditioning b. Watson; behaviorism c. Pavlov; humanism d. Pavlov; behaviorism

d. Pavlov; behaviorism

A large group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over a long period of time in order to assess the impacts of technology on their developing brains. This is an example of a(n) ________. a. longitudinal study b. true experiment c. cross sectional d. naturalistic observation

d. naturalistic observation

Skinner is well- known for his work with _______________, which serves as the foundation for understanding how to ________________________. a. classical conditioning, modify behavior through reinforcement and punishment b. classical conditioning, treat phobias c. operant conditioning, treat phobias d. operant conditioning, modify behavior through reinforcement and punishment

d. operant conditioning, modify behavior through reinforcement and punishment

Susie is three years old and constantly cries for her pacifier. Her parents, annoyed by the incessant crying, give her the pacifier to make her crying stop. The parents' behavior of providing the pacifier has been ____________, whereas Susie's behavior of crying has been _____________________. a. negatively reinforced, positively reinforced b. punished, negatively reinforced c. positively reinforced, punished d. positively reinforced, negatively reinforced

d. positively reinforced, negatively reinforced

Cocaine blocks the ___________ of _______________. a. synthesis; dopamine b. reuptake; serotonin c. synthesis; GABA d. reuptake; dopamine

d. reuptake; dopamine/,mk3

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. a. associated with lucid dreaming b. outside periods of REM sleep c. where we experience our most bizarre dreams d. that overlaps REM sleep

d. that overlaps REM sleep