psys 284 exam 3
In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible?
1
You design an experiment that manipulates the following variables: method of presenting material (visual, auditory); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). For a completely repeated measures design, how many participants will you need to have 10 participants per condition?
10
A 4 X 3 factorial design would have how many conditions?
12
In a 4 X 3 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants will you need?
120
You design an experiment that manipulates the following variables: method of presenting material (visual, auditory); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). For a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants will you need?
120
In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible?
2
A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of what type of design?
2 x 2 mixed-factorial
n an experiment that manipulates temperature of a room (warm or cold), difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). Which of the following statements applies to the design of this study?
2 x 2 x 3
A 4 X 5 factorial design would have how many conditions?
20
n a 4 X 3 factorial design, for a completely repeated measures design, how many participants will you need to have 20 participants per condition?
20
n a 2 x 3 factorial design there are _____ main effect(s) and _____ interaction effect(s) possible.
2;1
You have designed an experiment manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). How many main effects are possible?
3
study involves a 3 X 4 X 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied?
3
ou have designed an experiment manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). What type of design does this experiment represent?
3 x 2 x 3
In the above design, there are ______ possible main effects and ______ possible interactions.
3; 4
A researcher examines the physical attractiveness of a driver involved in an automobile accident (unattractive, average, or attractive) and the severity of damage caused ($500, $1500, or $2500) on judgements of responsibility assigned to the driver. Which of the following represents the design?
3x3
In a stemplot of scores ranging from 11 to 83, a score of 42 would be located at a stem value of ________.
4
You have designed an experiment manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). How many interactions are possible?
4
A single-subject design in which you have the pattern baseline-treatment-baseline-treatment is called a(n) ________ design
ABAB
Why is it a good idea to explore your data using EDA techniques before you conduct any statistical tests?
EDA can reveal defects in your data that may warrant taking corrective action before you proceed to the inferential analysis. B) EDA can help you determine which summary statistics are appropriate for your data. C) EDA may reveal unsuspected influences in your data.
A finding of significance at p < .01 is more statistically significant than one at p < .05.
F
A two-tailed test is more powerful than a one-tailed test performed on the same data.
F
An interaction can be found when a one-factor analysis of variance is used to analyze data.
F
Bar graphs are used with nominal data to show functional relationships.
F
Changing the significance level of a statistical test from .05 to .01 makes the test more powerful.
F
Degrees of freedom are useful in descriptive statistics but have little use in inferential statistics.
F
In a dynamic design, you manipulate discrete levels of the independent variable and wait for the baseline to stabilize before going to the next phase.
F
In the single-subject approach, uncontrolled variabity is handled statistically
F
Probability pyramiding is not a problem when planned comparisons are used.
F
Researchers using the group approach never pay attention to uncontrolled sources of variability.
F
Serious violations of the assumptions underlying parametric statistics do not significantly bias a statistical test.
F
The coefficient of nondetermination is a better estimate of the degree of causality between X and Y than is the coefficient of determination.
F
The more powerful a statistical test, the better.
F
n a single-subject design, intrasubject replication is used to establish generality of findings.
F
nferential statistics are used as a substitute for control over variables in most single- subject experiments.
F
the Latin square analysis of variance eliminates order effects in a within-subjects experiment.
F
A 2 X 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of subject gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 participants. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
IV x PV
A researcher has second grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons. After viewing the cartoons, the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured. This research design would be an example of a(n) _____ design.
IV x PV
A study that uses both manipulated and measured variables in a factorial design is called a(n) _____ design.
IV x PV
A researcher studies the effect of speaker credibility (low, high) and participant gender (male, female) on attitude change. The researcher has used a(n) ________ design.
IV x PV factorial
Which one of the following is a possible outcome for a 2x2 factorial design?
One significant main effect, one nonsignificant main effect and one significant interaction effect.
Counting the number of scores falling into given categories yields a frequency distribution.
T
Graphing data can help you decide on an appropriate statistic to apply to your data.
T
Grouped data may not provide an accurate picture of underlying psychological phenomena.
T
Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis is known as a Type I error.
T
Most modern single-subject research uses the baseline design.
T
Multiple-baseline designs are used to deal with irreversible changes in a single- subject experiment.
T
Outliers can change both the sign and the magnitude of the Pearson r.
T
Single-subject methodologies are simply not applicable in some research areas.
T
The single-subject approach relies on replication to assess reliability of data.
T
The stronger the relationship between X and Y scores, the lower the standard error of estimate.
T
Using a reversal strategy in a single-subject experiment allows you to determine whether time-related variables cause changes in behavior.
T
Y^ = a + bX + is the equation for the least squares regression line.
T
in a negatively skewed distribution, the mean underrepresents the center.
T
Which of the following statements would not be true of nonparametric statistics?
They are more powerful than parametric statistics.
With ____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable, while _____ examines the effect of an independent variable irrespective of the levels of the other independent variable.
a simple main effect; a main effect
researcher studied the effect of fear appeals on attitude change. One group experienced no fear while the other group experienced a very high level of fear. Results showed no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which one of the following is the most reasonable conclusion?
a third group with a moderate level of fear should be used.
The ________ represents the probability that a difference between means at least as large as the one actually obtained could have occurred purely through sampling error.
alpha level
The hypothesis stating that sample means are drawn from different populations having different population means is the ________ hypothesis.
alternative
If you have male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions. What kind of research design do you have?
an IV x PV design
Drifting baselines are indicated by
an inability to stabilize a baseline against slow, systematic changes
A researcher finds that for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired decreases as their work experience increases. This finding would suggest
an interaction between gender and work experience
In a study of reaction time, Dr. Mills experimentally manipulates two independent variables and also obtains a continuous correlational measure. The most appropriate analysis for her data would be a(n)
analysis of covariance.
dummy-coding variables involves
assigning numerical values (for example, 0 and 1) to categorical variables.
In a baseline design, the dependent variable is assessed in the absence of the treatment during the _______ phase.
baseline
n the group approach, uncontrolled variability is dealt with
by using statistical techniques
A bar graph is the best method of graphing data when your independent variable is A) scaled on an interval scale.
categorical
1-r2 gives you the
coefficient of nondetermination
A correlation matrix results when you
compute all possible correlations among a number of variables
the multiple-baseline design uses a second, untreated behavior as a
control for time-correlated changes in behavior that may confound results.
The major advantage of using grouped data is that
convenience―a single score (e.g., the mean) can be calculated to represent a group.
The Latin square analysis of variance is used to
counterbalance the order in which subjects receive treatments in a within-subjects experiment.
A major difference between single-subject baseline and discrete trials designs is that the discrete trials design
does not produce a continuous within-treatment baseline that can be adjusted
A limitation of the median is that it
does not take into account the magnitudes of the scores above and below it
Studying the continuous adjustments in muscle tensions that occur as a person attempts to stay upright on the continuously rolling deck of a ship would qualify as a ___________ design.
dynamic
___________ designs are single-subject designs in which the independent variable is varied continuously.
dynamic
In a factorial design, a main effect is the
effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variable(s).
An interaction occurs whenever the
effect of one independent variable changes across levels of a second independent variable.
The main difference between parametric and nonparametric statistics is that parametric statistics
estimate the value of a population parameter from the characteristics of a sample
An advantage of the single-subject approach is that
even equipment breakdowns can lead to interesting findings. B) causal relationships can sometimes be identified with only one subject. C) you focus on tight control over extraneous variables.
If you spot an outlier in your data,
examine it carefully to determine whether it represents an error. B) if it is an error, correct it or, if this is not possible, delete it. C) if it is a correct value, consider using resistant measures when summarizing the data.
The search for patterns in your data is called
exploratory data analysis
The ratio of the two sources of variability derived in the analysis of variance gives us
f ratio
In order to ascertain whether there is an interaction between two variables, a researcher must use a(n) ____ design.
factorial
The main reason to use a 2 X 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment) is to
find an interaction between the independent variables
1. According to the text, the pioneering experiments in psychology
focused on the behaviors of individual subjects
A set of mutually exclusive categories (classes), together with a count of the number of data values falling into each category, is termed a
frequency distribution
Line graphs are the most widely used method to depict
functional relationships between variables
Intersubject replication helps establish the ________ of data from a single-subject experiment.
generality
The Mann-Whitney U test is used
if your data are scaled on at least an ordinal scale. B) if interval or ratio data do not meet the assumptions of the t test.
In an experiment on the effect of punishment on self-abusive behavior of autistic children, you find that the baseline of self-abusive behavior is low to begin with. In this case you have a(n)
inappropriate baseline
In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect of the _____ variable by itself.
independent
Statistics that allow you to evaluate the reliability of your data are called ________ statistics.
inferential
nteractions are often discussed in terms of a moderator variable. A moderator variable
influences the relationship between two other variables
An alternative to relying on group averages is to
inspect individual data
If your distribution has one or more outliers, the ________ is the best measure of spread.
interquartile range
Two methods of establishing the generality of data from a single-subject experiment are
intersubject replication and systematic replication.
n a baseline design, assessment of the dependent variable during exposure to the treatment is made in the ________ phase.
intervention
In a single-subject baseline design, you expose your subject to each treatment at least twice. This is an example of ________ replication.
intrasubject
At a given significance level, a one-tailed test
is more likely to detect real differences between means than is a two-tailed test
B. F. Skinner and his followers established the ________ because they could not publish their results in mainstream journals.
journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of parametric statistics listed in the text?
large sample sizes are required
The line on a scatterplot that minimizes the squared distance of each data point from the line is the
least squares regression line
When examining a histogram or stemplot of your distribution, you should
locate the center of the distribution. B) note the spread of the distribution. C) note the overall shape of the distribution and any gaps or outliers.
When organizing data, it is a good idea to
look at both grouped and individual data
A researcher states that "anxiety decreased performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This statement tells you that there was a(n)
main effect of anxiety
When an interaction is present,
main effects are not interpreted because your independent variables do not have simple effects on your dependent variable.
A factorial design involves
manipulating two or more independent variables
simple main effect analysis examines
mean differences at each level of the independent variable
The five numbers contained in the five-number summary are the
minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum.
researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.
mixed
Male and female participants are asked to assign responsibility for a sexual assault on a woman who is modestly or provocatively dressed. In this study, type of dress would be a(n)
moderator
A curve that shows a uniformly increasing or decreasing function is said to be
monotonic
When coding variables, you should not worry about creating new variables by combining old ones because
most computer programs have special commands that allow you to create new variables
Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies by male and female college students. A simple main effect of type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for
movies when the viewer is a male versus a female
A curve that is steep at first and then levels off is
negatively accelerated
The general format of a baseline experiment is to
observe behavior in the absence of a treatment and then introduce the treatment and observe behavior again.
You can perform an unweighted means analysis if unequal sample sizes
occur for reasons that are not related to the effects of your independent variable.
If your data are in the form of proportions or percentages for various categories, then a good type of graph to represent the value of each category would be a
pie chart
The measure of correlation to use when one variable is measured on a dichotomous nominal scale and the other on an interval scale is the
point-biserial correlation.
the importance of a research finding refers to its ________ significance.
practical
Because of ________, you should not conduct too many post hoc comparisons, even if you predicted particular differences between means.
probability pyramiding
The simplest and least informative measure of spread is the
range
A partially recoverable baseline poses few problems for the interpretation of data from a baseline experiment if
replicable change remains in the levels of performance across treatments
Use of ________ has been proposed by some researchers as an alternative to inferential statistics to test the reliability of data.
replication
The difference between values of Y and Y′ is called a
residual
Means of samples drawn at random from a single population differ only because of
sampling error
Which of the following is a Type I statistical error?
saying that an independent variable had an effect when in fact it did not
Using multiple observations made within a treatment as an estimate of uncontrolled error variance is sometimes impossible because of
serial dependency
n a 2 X 2 X 2 design, how many effects can be evaluated?
seven
Factorial designs are often employed because
several variables may affect behavior b.they give a greater approximation of real world conditions c.they allow the researcher to examine whether independent variables interact with one another
The presence of outliers affects the ________ of the Pearson r.
sign B) magnitude
Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behavior. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the
simple main effect of gender
According to the text, a drawback to the single-subject approach is that
sometimes it takes several days to reach a stability criterion
Waiting for your subjects' behavior to "settle down" within specific limits before going to the next phase of the experiment is an example of using a
stability criterion
An estimate of the amount of variability in sample means to be expected across a series of samples is provided by the
standard error of the mean
You have just completed an experiment in which different subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. Your dependent variable was the number of errors made on a memory test. The most appropriate parametric statistic for your data is the
t test for independent samples.
. The power of a statistical test is affected by
the alpha level selected. B) the sample size. C) whether a one-tailed or a two-tailed test is used.
Sir Frances Galton was a pioneer of
the application of statistics to the study of individual behavior
The value of any score obtained in a between-subjects experiment is influenced by
the characteristics of the subject. B) measurement or recording errors. C) the value of the independent variable.
When data are scaled on at least an interval scale, the mean is used except when
the distribution of scores is strongly skewed.
The amount of error in prediction decreases as
the strength of the relationship between X and Y increases.
John is studying punishment assigned to male or female drivers who cause minor or serious injuries a victim in an automobile accident. He predicts that male drivers will receive harsher punishments than female drivers only when the injuries caused are severe. However, when the injuries are mild, he predicts no difference in assigned punishment between male and female drivers. The moderator variable in this design is
the type of injuries received
A linear data transformation changes
the underlying scale of measurement of a dependent variable but not the magnitude of the numbers representing your data.
A researcher employs an IV X PV design to examine attitude towards cheating. She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. After reading the account, the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment. The SV in this design would be
the university attended (private or public)
A researcher finds that for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience. Which of the following is correct
there is an interaction between gender and work experience
Which of the following is not true of a 2 x 2 interaction?
there may be a 2 significant main effects and 2 significant interactions
In a study designed to measure aggressive play of boys versus girls who attend public or private schools, which of the following statements is least correct?
there may be an effect of aggressive play
2.In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use
three or more levels of the independent variable.
n a 2 x 2 mixed factorial design, there are (is)
two independent variables. b.one possible interaction effect. c.one set of independent groups and one set of repeated measures.
n two-way analysis of variance, you test for significance of
two main effects and an interaction
Unsystematic within-phase baseline variability occurs when
uncontrolled factors cause your baseline within a phase to be highly variable.
If your data sheet uses different columns to represent each level of your independent or quasi-independent variable, the data are said to be organized into a(n) ________ format.
unstacked
If the desired level of control over variables is not possible in a single-subject design, some researchers advocate
using statistics
Using multiple levels of an independent variable in a single-subject experiment is a problem because
usually single-subject research has too few subjects to allow for adequate counterbalancing
On a graph, levels of the independent variable are located along the
x-axis
You conduct a single-subject experiment to see whether you can reduce disruptive behavior in a third-grade child by ignoring instances of talking out of turn. You first observe the child's behavior under normal conditions and then after his teacher has been instructed to ignore the child when he talks out of turn. You find that his talking out of turn is reduced when it is ignored. According to the text,
you cannot safely conclude that your treatment was the cause of the change in behavior because your treatment is confounded with time.
If your dependent variable were a dichotomous yesno response, you could compare the proportion of subjects saying yes in the experimental group to the proportion saying yes in the control group by using the
z test for the difference between two proportions.
