PT level I Multiple Choice (120 Q's)

The failure to completely remove acid materials from a part before fluorescence penetrant is applied will result in: a) A decrease in the fluorescence of the penetrant b) A need to double the penetrating time c) A permanent stain on the part d) All of the above

a) A decrease in the fluorescence of the penetrant

Usually, the most desirable method of removing excess water-washable penetrant after the dwell time is by using: a) A low pressure coarse water spray b) Water & brush c) A solid stream of water d) Water & clean rags

a) A low pressure coarse water spray

Which of the following discontinuities can be found by the penetrant test method? a) A surface crack b) A subsurface crack c) An internal inclusion d) None of the above

a) A surface crack

Excess penetrant (all penetrant except that which is in discontinuities is removed from the specimen: a) After the required penetrant dwell time has elapsed b) Before the application of an emulsifier if post- emulsifier penetrant us used c) By means of a steam cleaner d) Only when water-washable penetrants are used

a) After the required penetrant dwell time has elapsed

The term used to describe the action of a particular developer in soaking up the penetrant in a discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum bleed-out of the liquid penetrant for increased contrast & sensitivity, is know as: a) Blotting b) Capillary action c) Concentration d) Attraction

a) Blotting

When conducting a penetrant test using fluorescent penetrant, black light equipment is required to: a) Cause the penetrant to be fluorescent b) Aid the normal capillary action characteristics of a penetrant c) Neutralize excess penetrant on the surface d) Decrease the surface tension of the part

a) Cause the penetrant to be fluorescent

Which of the following statements does not apply to developers used during penetrant testing? a) Developers are normally highly fluorescent b) Developers often furnish a contrasting background during inspection c) Developers absorb or blot the penetrant that remains in discontinuities after the rinse operation has been completed d) Developers may be either wet or dry

a) Developers are normally highly fluorescent

How long must a part be kept wet with penetrant before the removal process is started? a) It varies depending on the type of penetrant used, the type of material to be tested, the sensitivity desired, & the type of discontinuities to be detected. b) Since the penetrant will penetrate a discontinuity of any size in a matter of seconds, the removal process should start as soon as possible after the penetrant has been applied c) 3 minutes d) 10 minutes

a) It varies depending on the type of penetrant used, the type of material to be tested, the sensitivity desired, & the type of discontinuities to be detected.

Which of the following conditions will decrease the life of a black light bulb? a) Line voltage fluctuations b) Dust on the face of the bulb c) Changes in room temperature d) All of the above

a) Line voltage fluctuations

When penetrant testing parts, the temperature of the parts should be near room temperature. If the part is at a low temperature when tested, the: a) Penetrant may become viscous b) Penetrant may evaporate very rapidly c) Color intensity of the penetrant will decrease d) Penetrant will tend to adhere to the surface of the part

a) Penetrant may become viscous

Which of the following is a commonly used classification for penetrant? a) Post-emulsifiable penetrant b) Non-ferrous penetrant c) Chemical etch penetrant d) Non-aqueous penetrant

a) Post-emulsifiable penetrant

Which of the following is not a generally accepted method for applying penetrants? a) Rubbing the penetrants over the surface b) Brushing the penetrant on the part c) Spraying the penetrant on the part d) Dipping the part in the penetrant

a) Rubbing the penetrants over the surface

The method used to remove excess visible dye penetrant from a test specimen is primarily determined by the: a) Surface roughness of the specimen b) Type of material being tested c) Length of penetration time d) All of the above

a) Surface roughness of the specimen

Which of the statements below best sates the danger of sand blasting (without subsequent chemical etching) for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant test? a) The discontinuities may be peened over & closed b) Oil contaminants might be sealed in the discontinuities c) The sand used in the sand blasting operation may be forced into the discontinuity d) The sand blasting operation may introduce discontinuities

a) The discontinuities may be peened over & closed

Black light equipment is required when penetrant testing by: a) The fluorescent penetrant method b) The visible dye penetrant method c) The non-fluorescent penetrant method d) All the above

a) The fluorescent penetrant method

All of the following characteristics apply to liquid penetrant testing except: a) This method can accurately measure the depth of a crack or discontinuity b) This method can be used for on-site testing of large parts c) This method can be used to find shallow surface discontinuity d) This method can be made more or less sensitive by using different penetrant materials

a) This method can accurately measure the depth of a crack or discontinuity

Which one of the following statements is an incorrect use of crack panels (blocks) a) To establish a standard size of crack that can be reproduced as needed b) To determine the relative sensitivities of two different penetrants c) To determine if a pentrant has lost or has reduced brilliance on fluorescent penetrants because of contamination d) To determine the degree or method of cleaning necessary to remove penetrant on the surface without removing it from the cracks

a) To establish a standard size of crack that can be reproduced as needed

All of the following materials can be tested by the usual liquid penetrant tests except: a) Un-glazed porous ceramic b) Titanium c) High alloy steel d) Cast Iron

a) Un-glazed porous ceramic

Which of the following is an advantage of visible dye penetrants over fluorescent penetrants? a) Visible dye penetrants do not require black light b) Visible dye penetrants are more sensitive than fluorescent penetrants c) Visible dye penetrants are superior in penetrating characteristics d) Visible dye penetrants are not toxic while fluorescent penetrants are toxic

a) Visible dye penetrants do not require black light

Which of the following penetrants can be used when inspection must take place under ordinary lighting conditions? a) Visible dye pentrant b) Water-washable fluorescent penetrant c) Post-emulsification fluorescent penetrant d) Any of the above

a) Visible dye pentrant

Which of the following can be removed from the surface of a test specimen by vapor degreasing? a)Oil b) Paint c) Phosphate coatings d) Oxides

a)Oil

When an inspector is working in a darkened area, he/she should become adjusted to the dark before inspecting parts. The generally accepted time period for becoming accustomed to the dark is: a) 1 minute b) 5 to 10 minutes c) 10 to 15 minutes d) No waiting

b) 5 to 10 minutes

When drying parts during a penetrant test, the parts: a) Are normally dried at room temperature b) Are normally dried by circulating hot-air dryer c) Should be dried in an oven set at a temperature of 130 degrees F d) Should be dried by cool forced air

b) Are normally dried by circulating hot-air dryer

The term used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is: a) Saturation b) Capillary action c) Blotting d) Wetting agent

b) Capillary action

A solvent used to clean the surface of a test specimen must possess all of the following characteristics except that the: a) Cleaner must be capable of dissolving oils & greases commonly found on the surface b) Cleaner must not be flammable c) Cleaner must be free of contaminants d) Cleaner must leave a minimal residue on the surface

b) Cleaner must not be flammable

The first step in conducting a liquid penetrant test on a surface that has been painted is to: a) Carefully apply the penetrant over the surface b) Completely remove the paint c) Thoroughly wash the surface with a detergent d) Wire brush the surface to roughen the smooth surface coating of paint

b) Completely remove the paint

In penetrant testing, the time period from developer application to inspection is often referred to as: a) Emulsification time b) Development time c) Dwell time d) None of the above

b) Development time

Liquid penetrant testing is capable of detecting: a) Intergranular discontinuities b) Discontinuities open to the surface c) Subsurface discontinuities d) All of the above

b) Discontinuities open to the surface

Which of the following is generally accepted as the most important precaution when using solvent-removable penetrants? a) Do not apply an excessive amount of emulsifier b) Do not apply an excessive amount of solvent c) Do not use an insufficient rinse pressure d) Be sure to use a black light to determine if the excess penetrant has been rinsed away

b) Do not apply an excessive amount of solvent

A good penetrant must do all of the following except: a) Be able to readily penetrate very fine opening b) Evaporate very rapidly c) Be able to remain in relativity coarse openings d) Be easily removed from the surface after testing

b) Evaporate very rapidly

All of the following basic inspection principles apply to the penetrant methods except: a) The penetrant must enter the discontinuities in order to form an indication b) Indications glow when illuminated with a black light c) A longer penetration time is required for smaller discontinuities d) If the penetrant is washout out of the discontinuity, an indication will not be formed by that discontinuity.

b) Indications glow when illuminated with a black light

Which of the following statements is false? a) Sand blasting is not a recommended method for preparing for a penetrant test b) It is not necessary to remove a film of oil from a part prior to penetrant testing because the penetrant is basically an oil c) Vapor degreasing is a very good method for removing oil from the surface of the part to be penetrant tested d) A voltage regulator should be used with a black light if the line voltage fluctuates

b) It is not necessary to remove a film of oil from a part prior to penetrant testing because the penetrant is basically an oil

What could happen if a person should look directly into a black light? a) It will cause permanent damage to the eyes b) It will possibly cloud the vision of the person looking into the light for a short period of time c) It will cause temporary total blindness d) None of the above

b) It will possibly cloud the vision of the person looking into the light for a short period of time

If a part to be penetrant tested is first heated to a high temperature, the penetrant: a) May become viscous b) May "flash" or evaporate very rapidly c) May lose some of its color brilliance d) Will better show discontinuities

b) May "flash" or evaporate very rapidly

The most widely accepted method for removing excessive water-washable penetrant from the surface of a test specimen is by: a) Means of a wet rag b) Means of a water spray rinse c) Washing the part directly under water running from a tap d) Immersing the part in water

b) Means of a water spray rinse

Which of the following surface contamination cannot be removed by cleaning parts in a vapor degreaser? a) Grease b) Rust c) Heavy oil d) Soluble oil

b) Rust

Which of following is the most likely result of an excessive emulsification time when penetrant testing with post-emulsification penetrants? a) A large number of non-relevant indications could appear on the part b) Shallow Discontinuity indications could be lost c) Excess penetrant could remain after the wash operation d) The emulsifier could harden, preventing the developer from blotting the penetrant in discontinuities

b) Shallow Discontinuity indications could be lost

The problem with retesting a test specimen which has been previously tested using liquid penetrant is that: a) The penetrant may form beads on the surface b) The dried penetrant residue left in discontinuities may not readily dissolve & the retest may be misleading c) The penetrant will lose a great deal of its cooler brilliance d) None of the above are correct statements

b) The dried penetrant residue left in discontinuities

Which one of the following conditions will affect the rate & the extent a liquid penetrant will enter cracks, fissures, & other small openings? a) The hardness of the specimen being tested. b) The surface condition of the specimen being tested c) The color of the penetrant d) The conductivity of the specimen being tested

b) The surface condition of the specimen being tested

Using a black light lamp with a cracked filter or without the filter in place can cause damage to human eyes because the lamp emits: a) Black light b) Ultraviolet light c) Infrared light d) None of the above

b) Ultraviolet light

All of the following materials can be effectively tested with liquid penetrants except: a) Aluminum b) Unglazed ceramics c) Glass d) Magnesium

b) Unglazed ceramics

Cutting oils may be effectively removed from parts before penetrant testing by: a) Pre-heating b) Vapor degreasing c) Washing with water d) All of the above

b) Vapor degreasing

A red against white background discontinuity image is most likely to be seen when: a) Dry developer are used b) Visible dye penetrants are used c) Fluorescent post-emulsification penetrants are used d) Wet developers are used

b) Visible dye penetrants are used

All of the following parts can be tested by the liquid penetrant method except: a) An iron casting b) An aluminum forging c) A part made from a porous plastic material d) A part made from a non-porous material

c) A part made from a porous plastic material

The purpose for using a developer on a test specimen is to: a) Promote penetration of the penetrant b) Absorb emulsifier residues c) Absorb penetrant from discontinuities & to provide a contrasting background d) Contribute to drying the surface for better observation

c) Absorb penetrant from discontinuities & to provide a contrasting background

In penetrant testing, developers should be able to perform all of the following functions except: a) Blot penetrant from discontinuities- b) Aid in providing an image of a discontinuity c) Add fluorescent to penetrant d) Help control bleed-out

c) Add fluorescent to penetrant

When conducting a water-washable liquid penetrant test, the wet developer is applied: a) Immediately after the penetrant has been applied b) Immediately before the penetrant is applied c) After removal of the penetrant d) After removal of the emulsifier

c) After removal of the penetrant

The inspection of a test specimen for discontinuities should take place: a) Immediately after the developer has been applied b) Anytime after the developer has been applied c) After the developer has been on the test specimen for the proper development time d) Immediately after the rinse operation

c) After the developer has been on the test specimen for the proper development time

When using a post-emulsification penetrant, it is necessary to apply the emulsifier: a) Before applying the penetrant b) After the waster wash operation c) After the dwell time has elapsed d) After the development time has elapsed

c) After the dwell time has elapsed

Which of the following safety precautions does not apply when handling penetrant materials? a) Prolonged contact of penetrant with skin should be avoided because the oil or solvent base may cause skin irritation b) Excessive amounts of developer powders should not be inhaled c) Air-line respirators & complete protective clothing must be worn at all times. d) Because the solvent used with the visible penetrant process are flammable, this material should be kept away from open flames

c) Air-line respirators & complete protective clothing must be worn at all times.

A penetrant inspection cannot find: a) Surface porosity b) Surface cracks c) An internal cavity d) A surface forging lap

c) An internal cavity

Which of the following is generally accepted as the most important precaution when using water-washable penetrants? a) Be sure that the part is washed thoroughly during the rinse operation b) Be sure the recommended dwell time is not exceeded c) Avoid over-rinsing the part d) Avoid over-application of emulsifier

c) Avoid over-rinsing the part

The contamination of a water-washable penetrant with an excessive amount of water will: a) Reduce the penetrating quality of the penetrant b) Adversely affect the wash ability of the penetrant c) Both A and C are correct d) Neither A nor B are correct

c) Both A and C are correct

A serious loss of water in a wet developer mix or an excessive over-concentration of developer powder can cause: a) A loss of fluorescence during the inspection operation b) Non-relevant indications c) Cracking of the developer coating during the drying operation d) None of the above

c) Cracking of the developer coating during the drying operation

The term "dry", "aqueous wet," & "non-aqueous wet" are used to describe three different types of: a) Emulsifiers b) Cleaners c) Developers d) Penetrants

c) Developers

Liquid penetrants testing can be used to detect: a) Discontinuities (0.06") below the surface b) Internal discontinuities c) Discontinuities open to the surface d) All discontinuities

c) Discontinuities open to the surface

When performing a penetrant test using a post-emulsification penetrant, which of the following is the most critical with respect to proper timing? a) Dwell time b) Developing time c) Emulsification time d) Drying time

c) Emulsification time

Cleaning of the part prior to penetrant inspection is: a) Not required b) Important because if the part is not clean, the developer cannot be improperly applied c) Essential because surface contaminants may prevent penetrants from gaining access to discontinuities d) Required to eliminate possibility of showing non-relevant indications

c) Essential because surface contaminants may prevent penetrants from gaining access to discontinuities

Which of the following statements concerning liquid penetrant testing is correct? a) Fluorescent penetrants will produce red against white discontinuities indication b) Non-fluorescent penetrants require the use of black lights c) Fluorescent indications will be seen when exposed to black light d) Non-fluorescent discontinuities glow in the dark for easy viewing & interpretation

c) Fluorescent indications will be seen when exposed to black light

Which of the following is the most commonly used method for removing non-water-washable visible dye penetrant from the surface of a test specimen? a) Dipping in a solvent b) Spraying c) Hand wiping d) Blowing

c) Hand wiping

Which of the following statements is true? a) Sand blasting is generally accepted method for cleaning a surface that is to be penetrant tested b) Parts should be heated prior to the application of a penetrant c) If the dryer is too high, the heat may degrade the effectiveness of the penetration d) Development time should be at least twice the penetration time

c) If the dryer is too high, the heat may degrade the effectiveness of the penetration

The penetrant applied to the surface of a test specimen: a) Seeps into discontinuities b) Is absorbed by discontinuities c) Is drawn into discontinuities by capillary action d) Is drawn into discontinuities by gravity

c) Is drawn into discontinuities by capillary action

The term used to define the period of time in which the test part is covered with penetrant is: a) Waiting time b) Soak time (drain time) c) Penetration time (dwell time) d) Bleed-in time

c) Penetration time (dwell time)

All of the following methods are commonly used to clean parts prior to penetrant testing except: a) Vapor degreasing b) Liquid solvent c) Power wire brushing d) Alkaline cleaner

c) Power wire brushing

Penetrant is applied to a part by dipping. The part is then placed on a rack while the penetrant seeps into discontinuities. If the penetration time is too long, it will be difficult to rinse the pentrant from the part. If this happens, the normal rinsing properties can be restored by: a) Chilling the part to a temperature of 40 degrees F b) Heating the part to a temperature of 130 degrees F c) Re-dipping the part d) Applying a wet developer before attempting to rinse the part

c) Re-dipping the part

When a penetrant is applied to a part by submerging the part in a penetrant bath, the part must: a) Remain in the penetrant bath during the entire penetration time b) Remain in the penetrant bath for a least one-half the penetration time c) Remain in the penetrant bath only long enough to ensure the surface is covered with penetrant d_ Not remain in the penetrant bath for a period in excess of 5 minutes

c) Remain in the penetrant bath only long enough to ensure the surface is covered with penetrant

Which of the following discontinuities is most likely to be missed due to improper rinse techniques? a) A forging lap b) Deep pitting c) Shallow & broad discontinuities d) The rinse technique will not affect the detection of discontinuities

c) Shallow & broad discontinuities

Which of the following is not a property of a developer used in liquid penetrant testing? a) The material must be absorbent b) The material must form a thin & uniform coating over a surface c) The material must be fluorescent if used with fluorescent penetrants d) The material must not contain ingredients harmful or toxic to the operator

c) The material must be fluorescent if used with fluorescent penetrants

Which of the following penetrant methods does not require a source of electricity? a) The water-washable fluorescent penetrant method b) The post-emulsification fluorescent penetrant c) The visible dye penetrant method d) None of the above

c) The visible dye penetrant method

When using a wet developer: a) A thick layer of developer is better than a thin layer for showing very fine cracks b) Compressed air should be used to remove excess developer c) A black developer will show better contrast than a white developer d) A thin layer of developer is better than a thick layer for showing very fine cracks

d) A thin layer of developer is better than a thick layer for showing very fine cracks

Before conducting a liquid penetrant test, it is important to ensure the surface of the part is free of: a) Oil or grease b) Acids or chromates c) Traces of water d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Color-contrast penetrants are commercially available in which of the following variations? a) Normal solvent clean type b) Water-wash type c) Post-emulsification type d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Visible penetrant may be applied by: a) Brushing b) Spraying c) Dipping d) All of the above

d) All of the above

When removing excess penetrant from the surface of test specimen: a) The pentrant removal operation must not remove the pentrant from discontinuities b) Sufficient excess penetrant must be removed to eliminate an interfering background c) The use of a solvent-damped cloth is a common method of penetrant removal d) All of the above

d) All of the above

When using dry developer, the drying operation is performed: a) Immediately after removal of excess penetrant b) Before the inspection step c) Thoroughly d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which of the following are commonly accepted methods for applying penetrants? a) Dipping the part in penetrant (dipping) b) Pouring the penetrant over the test specimen (flowing) c) Spraying the penetrant on the test specimen (Spraying) d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which of the following could be a source of false indications on a test specimen? a) Penetrant on the test table b) Penetrant on the hands of the inspector c) Contamination of dry or wet developer with penetrant d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which of the following surface conditions could have a detrimental effect on a liquid penetrant test? a) A wet surface b) A rough weld c) An oily surface d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Developers, improperly used: a) May obscure indications b) May be difficult to remove c) May become contaminated d) All the above

d) All the above

Which of the following factors will affect resolution of penetrant indications? a) The sensitivity of the penetrant materials used b) The surface condition of the part c) The temperature of the part & or penetrant d) All the above

d) All the above

Insufficient rinsing of fluorescent penetrants will result in: a) Subsequent corrosion of the surface b) Difficulty in the application of the developer c) Excessive bleed-out d) Excessive background fluorescence

d) Excessive background fluorescence

When using a fluorescent penetrant, the actual inspection must be performed: a) In a bright lighted room b) With the part at a temperature between 125 and 175 degree F c) Immediately after the developer has been applied d) In a darkened area under a black light

d) In a darkened area under a black light

When applying penetrant by dipping, heating the penetrant prior to dipping: a) Will increase the sensitivity of the test b) Will increase the capillary action of the penetrant c) Will increase the stability of the penetrant d) Is not generally recommended

d) Is not generally recommended

Liquid penetrants testing is a non-destructive test that can be used for: a) Locating & evaluating all types of discontinuities in a test specimen b) Locating & determining the length, width, & depth of a discontinuities in a test specimen c) Determining the tensile strength of a test specimen d) Locating discontinuities open to the surface

d) Locating discontinuities open to the surface

Black light, with a proper functioning filter in place, used for fluorescent penetrant inspection can cause permanent damage to: a) Human tissue b) Human eyes c) Human blood cells d) None of the above

d) None of the above

Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by: a) The post-emulsification penetrant method b) the visible dye penetrant method c) The fluorescent, water- washable penetrant method d) None of the above

d) None of the above

When using a post- emulsifiable penetrant , the emulsifier time should be: a) As long as the penetrant dwell time b) Half the penetrant dwell time c) The same as the developer time d) Only as long as necessary to remove the interfering background

d) Only as long as necessary to remove the interfering background

Which of the following is the primary limitation of liquid penetrant testing? a) Penetrant testing cannot be used on ferromagnetic materials b) Penetrant testing cannot locate shallow surface discontinuities c) Penetrant testing cannot be used non-metallic surfaces d) Penetrant testing cannot locate subsurface discontinuities

d) Penetrant testing cannot locate subsurface discontinuities

When conducting a fluorescent penetrant test, a commonly used technique for assuring that the excess penetrant has been removed prior to the application of a developer is to: a) Blow compressed air over the surface b) Chemically etch the surface c) Blot the surface with absorbent paper d) Scan the surface with a black light

d) Scan the surface with a black light

When conducting a liquid penetrant test using a post- emulsifiable visible dye penetrant, the generally accepted method for applying the wet developer is by: a) Brushing b) Swabbing c) Dipping d) Spraying

d) Spraying

Which of the following is an acceptable method for applying wet developers? a) Application with a soft brush b) Application with a hand powder bulb c) Rubbing with a saturated cloth d) Spraying or dipping

d) Spraying or dipping

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the liquid penetrants testing method? a) The liquid penetrant test method is adaptable to production inspection of small parts b) Liquid penetrant testing can locate fine cracks c) The liquid penetrant test method is a relatively simple test method d) The liquid penetrants test method is effective at any temperature

d) The liquid penetrants test method is effective at any temperature

Which of the following is a true statement concerning the application of a standard temperature penetrant to a test specimen while the specimen is hot? a) The penetrant is likely to become entrapped in the specimen as it cools b) The test will be less sensitive than when the penetrant is applied on a cool specimen c) There is no difference in applying penetrants to a heated specimen & a cool specimen d) The penetrant may be heated to the point where some of the penetrant's constituents are driven off, causing volatile fumes & leaving a residue on the surface

d) The penetrant may be heated to the point where some of the penetrant's constituents are driven off, causing volatile fumes & leaving a residue on the surface

Which of the following is generally the more acceptable method for cleaning parts prior to penetrant testing? a) Sand blasting b) Wire brushing c) Grinding d) Vapor degreasing

d) Vapor degreasing

While conducting a penetrant test, all of the following health precautions should be applied except: a) Keeping the work area clean b) Washing any penetrant from skin with soap & water a soon as possible c) Keeping penetrant off clothes d) Washing any excess penetrant from skin using gasoline

d) Washing any excess penetrant from skin using gasoline

The most common type of contamination in fluorescent penetrant fluid is: a) Metal filings b) Oil c) Detergents (from cleaning) d) Water

d) Water

Penetrants may be classified or subdivided by the method used to remove excess penetrant. Which of the following is a proper classification in accordance with the statement? a) Non-solvent-removable b) Vapor degreased c) Brush removable d) Water washable

d) Water washable

A generally accepted method for removing excess non-water-washable penetrant is: a) Repeatedly dipping the test specimen in a cleaner b) Soaking the test specimen in hot detergent water c) Blowing the excess penetrant off the surface of the part with compressed air d) Wiping & cautiously cleaning the test specimen with a cleaner-dampened cloth

d) Wiping & cautiously cleaning the test specimen with a cleaner-dampened cloth

When using solvent-removable penetrants, the excess penetrant may be removed by: a) Dipping the part in solvent b) Spraying the part with water & a solvent c) Rubbing the part with a wet rag d) Wiping the part with a rag or cloth that has been dampened with solvent

d) Wiping the part with a rag or cloth that has been dampened with solvent

Which of the following is a type of developer used in penetrant inspection: a) Dry b) Aqueous particulate c) Non-aqueous particular d) Water soluble e) All of the above

e) All of the above