PTE module 1 - Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering

4.) MARITIME TRANSPORTATION

- The most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances. - Main maritime routes are composed of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and channels.

7. Urbanization

- The rapid growth of urban areas by an even more rapidly expanding population is a phenomenon that cannot be overlooked among transport development factors. - Accessibility to land and the intensity of land use is closely related to transport availability.

2. Geographical Factor

- Geography is closely related to economics. - The geographical location of natural resources determines the transport routes that gives access to those resources and create economic utility, that is, time and place utility, by taking them from a location where they have little values to processing and consuming areas where their values is vastly increased.

2.) RAIL TRANSPORTATION

- Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail transport systems, although containerization has improved the flexibility of rail transportation by linking it with road and maritime modes. - Rail is by far the land transportation mode offering the highest capacity with a 23,000 tons fully loaded coal unit train being the heaviest load ever carried.

5. Technological Factor

- Progress in direct and supporting technologies has played an obvious role in transportation, for instance introduction of new economical transportation mode to the exist system calls for the development of transportation.

2.) RAIL TRANSPORTATION

- Railways are composed of traced paths on which are bound vehicles. - They have an average level of physical constrains linked to the types of locomotives and a low gradient is required, particularly for freight.

1.) ROAD TRANSPORTATION

- Road infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level of physical constraints among transportation modes. - physiographical constraints are significant in road construction with substantial additional costs to overcome features such as rivers or rugged terrain.

6. Competition

- The competitive urges have given a powerful impetus to transport development. - Railroads compete with railroad also with trucks, barges, pipelines and airlines. - Airlines have counted heavily on speed but have also been forced to greater safety and dependability to meet ground transport competition. - No less real is the competition between products and industries tributary to transport. - Bituminous material competes with concrete as the road surface. - Diesel won steam but may face competition with electricity

4. Military

- The military might of a nation is primarily intended to support its political polices and to provide for national defense. Consequently, often it has direct influence on transport development.

4.) INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT

- issues such as containerization, inter-modal co- ordination

TRANSPORTATION

- it is all about moving goods from one place to another.

GOOD TRANSPORTATION

- provides safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible movement of both goods and people.

3.)MULTI-PROBLEM

- ranging across a spectrum of issues that includes national and international policy, planning of regional system, the location and design of specific facilities, carrier management issues, regulatory, institutional and financial policies.

5.) TRANSPORTATION PLANNERS AND ENGINEERS

- recognize the fact that transportation system constitute a potent force in shaping the course of regional development. -Planning and development of transportation facilities generally raises living standards and enhances the aggregate of community values.

2.) PASSENGER TRANSPORT

- regional passenger transportation, dealing with inter-city passenger transport by air, rail and highway and possible with new modes.

3.) FREIGHT TRANSPORT

- routing and management, choice of different modes of rail and truck.

TRANSPORTATION

- safe, efficient, reliable and sustainable movement of persons and goods over time and space.

TRANSPORT MODES

- the means by which people and freight achieve mobility. - They fall into one of three basic types, depending on over what surface they travel - land (road, rail and pipelines), water (shipping), and air. Each mode is characterized by a set of technical, operational and commercial characteristics.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS

- they look at traffic patterns, determine when new transport facilities are needed and come up with better ways to get from point A to B.

8. EVALUATION

- to assess the value for money usually through some form of cost benefit analysis or financial appraisal.

1.) PLANNING RANGE

- urban transportation planning, producing long range plans for 5-25 years for multimodal transportation systems in urban areas as we as short range programs of action for less than five years

7. TESTING OF ALTERNATIVES

- usually through a modelling process to see whether each alternative can achieve the stated objectives and how each compare with other alternatives. - Trip generation - trip distribution - modal split - traffic assignment studies

5. OPTIONS

- what are the range of options which can be used to achieve the planning objectives stated in the first stage?

1. PROBLEM DEFINITION

- what is the problem and what are the planning objectives?

4.) MARITIME TRANSPORTATION

Comprehensive inland waterway systems include: - Western Europe -Volga / Don system -St. Lawrence / Great Lakes system -Mississippi and its tributaries -Amazon -Panama / Paraguay and -Interior of China -Maritime transportation has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures are among the most expensive to build, maintain and improve. - High inventory costs also characterize _________ transportation.

1. Trip generation is the number of trips associated with a zone or unit and consists of trips produced and trips attracted to that zone. 2. Trip distribution is the allocation of trips between each pair of zones in the study area. 3. Modal split determines the number of trips by each mode of transport between each pair of zones. 4. Trip assignment allocates all trips by origin and destination zone to the actual road network. Separate allocations normally take place for each mode.

Conventionally the TPM is divided into four sequential, linked sub models:

5.) AIR TRANSPORTATION

- Air activities are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors, notably finance and tourism, which lean on the long-distance mobility of people. - ____________ TRANSPORTATION has been accommodating growing quantities of high value freight and is playing a growing role in global logistics.

1. Economic Factors

- Almost all transport development is economic in origin. - The chief preoccupation of the first human was the procurement of food, shelter and sometimes clothing. - Increasing transportation productivity and lower unit costs have occurred over the years as the system of transportation becomes more highly developed and complex.

6.) INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION

- Concerns a variety of modes used in combination so that the respective advantages of each mode are better exploited. - Although _______ transportation applies for passenger movements, such as the usage of the different, but interconnected modes of a public transit system, it is over freight transportation that the most significant impacts have been observed.

4.) MARITIME TRANSPORTATION

- Due to the location of economic activities, maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime space, particularly over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. - The construction of channels, locks, and dredging are attempts to facilitate maritime circulation by reducing discontinuity.

1.) ROAD TRANSPORTATION

- They are mainly linked to light industries where rapid movements of freight in small batches are the norm. - Yet, with containerization, road transportation has become a crucial link in freight distribution

3.) PIPELINES

- __________ construction costs vary according to the diameter and increase proportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids (from gas, low viscosity, to oil, high viscosity). - The longest gas _________ links Alberta to Sarnia (Canada), which is 2,911 km in length. The longest oil ___________ is the Trans-Siberian, extending over 9,344 km from the Russian arctic oilfields in eastern Siberia to Western Europe.

TRANSPORT PLANNING

- __________ has evolved over the last 40 years, but with no clear theoretical foundations. - Everyone is aware of the problems created by the increased demand for transport and most effort has been directed at finding methods of analysis with a practical, usually quantitative, output. - This has meant that analysis has been empirical and positivist in its approach. Initial developments were concerned with aggregate analysis and the efficiency of overall movement of people and goods.

3.) PIPELINES

- __________ routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or under water. - Physical constraints are low and include the landscape and pergelic in arctic or subarctic environments.

1.) ROAD TRANSPORTATION

- _____________ has an average operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but are rarely able to move outside roads. - Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastructures.

6. FORMULATION OF PLANS

- a set of different packages covering road and public transport alternatives.

TRANSPORATION ENGINEERING

- a type of civil engineering which focuses on the infrastructure of transportation: all the elements which support the movement of goods and people.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

- a very diverse and multi-disciplinary field which deals with the planning, design, operation and maintenance of transportation systems

4.) MULTI-OBJECTIVE

- aiming at national and regional economic development, urban development, environmental quality, and social quality, as well as service to users and financial and economic feasibility.

1.) MULTI-MODAL

- covering all modes of transport; air, land and sea for both passenger and freight.

D. Traffic Engineering

- covers a broad range of engineering applications with a focus on the safety of the public, the efficient use of transportation resources, and the mobility of people and goods. - involves a variety of engineering and management skills, including design, operation, and system optimization.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS

- design runways, build bridges, layout roads and plan docking facilities.

5.) MULTI-DISCIPLINARY

- drawing on the theories and methods of engineering, economics, operations research, political science, psychology, other natural, and social sciences, management and law.

2.) MULTI-SECTOR

- encompassing the problems and viewpoints of government, private industry, and public.

3. PROJECTION

- forecast of what is likely to happen in the future. This is often the most difficult stage.

3. Political Policies

- frequently play a deciding role in transport development. Basically, is in a way to form integrated political system and control.

2. DIAGNOSIS

- how did the problem originate with views from different perspectives (for example engineering and economic)?

3. OPERATORS/CONTENT

- includes drivers, pilots, freight, passengers.

2. VEHICLES

- includes planes, trains, autos, buses, ships, trucks.

1. INFRASTRUCTURE

- includes road, canal, rail, air transfer points supporting elements (signs, signals, safety)

A. Transportation Planning

- involves the development of a transport model which will accurately represent both the current as well as transportation system future.

5.) AIR TRANSPORTATION

Air routes are practically unlimited, but they are denser over: - the North Atlantic - inside North America and Europe - over the North Pacific - Air transport constraints are multidimensional and include the site (a commercial plane needs about 3,300 meters of runway for landing and takeoff), the climate, fog and aerial currents.

1. PROBLEM DEFINITION 2. DIAGNOSIS 3. PROJECTION 4. CONSTRAINTS 5. OPTIONS 6. FORMULATION OF PLANS 7. TESTING OF ALTERNATIVES 8. EVALUATION

As itemized by Thomson (1974) the basic process can be summarized in eight stages:

1.) PLANNING RANGE 2.) PASSENGER TRANSPORT 3.) FREIGHT TRANSPORT 4.) INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT 5.) TRANSPORTATION PLANNERS AND ENGINEERS

DIVERSE CONTEXT WHICH TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IS STUDIED:

1. Economic Factors 2. Geographical Factor 3. Political Policies 4. Military 5. Technological Factor 6. Competition 7. Urbanization

FACTORS IN TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT:

TRAFFIC ENGINEER

In order to address the above requirement, the _________________ must first understand the traffic flow behavior and characteristics by extensive collection of traffic flow data and analysis. Based on this analysis, flow is controlled so that the transport infrastructure is used optimally as well as with good service quality.

B. Geometric Design

It deals with physical proportioning of other transportation facilities, in contrast with the structural design of the facilities. - The topics include the cross- sectional features, horizontal alignment, vertical alignment and intersections. - Although there are several modes of travel like road, rail, air, etc. the underlying principles are common to a great extent. - Therefore, emphasis will be normally given for the _________________ of roads.

systematic method

It was in the 1960s that the transport planning process evolved as a ____________ for 'solving' the urban transport problem. The classic deductive approach was adopted with the future state of the system being synthesized from a series of laws, equations and models.

A. Transportation Planning B. Geometric Design C. Pavement Design D. Traffic Engineering

MAJOR DISCIPLINES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING:

1.) ROAD TRANSPORTATION 2.) RAIL TRANSPORTATION 3.) PIPELINES 4.) MARITIME TRANSPORTATION 5.) AIR TRANSPORTATION 6.) INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION

MODES OF TRANSPORTATION:

4.) MARITIME TRANSPORTATION

More than any other mode, ___________ transportation is linked to heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites.

land-use and population changes

Other factors such as ____________ and ___________________are input exogenously to the TPM once it has been calibrated for the existing situation. It is sequential in that the output from one sub model is the input to the next.

1. protect the environment while providing mobility 2. to preserve scarce resources while assuring economic activity 3. to assure safety and security to people and vehicles, through both acceptable practices and high-tech communications

ROLES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEER:

1.) MULTI-MODAL 2.) MULTI-SECTOR 3.)MULTI-PROBLEM 4.) MULTI-OBJECTIVE 5.) MULTI-DISCIPLINARY

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM:

1. INFRASTRUCTURE 2. VEHICLES 3. OPERATORS/CONTENT

THREE ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM:

Structure of the Transport Planning Process

The _____________ followed the systems approach to analysis and marked the move towards an analytical approach rather than decisions being based on intuition and experience.

Transport Planning Model (TPM)

The ______________ formed the central part of the transport planning process and was the testing of alternatives in Thomson's categorization.

Chicago Area Transportation Study (1960)

The broad structure of the Structure of the Transport Planning Process followed that of the _________________, one of the first classic aggregate studies (Figure 2.1). This is the basic structure, which is still used, albeit with many modifications.

a. establish goals and objectives, to synthesize the 'current patterns of movement' within the city b. to forecast future demand patterns either with trend-based changes or with a range of investment options.

The transport planning process was intended to be comprehensive with the collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant data concerned with existing conditions and historical growth. The aim was to:

4. CONSTRAINTS

Three main types of constraints limit the choice of alternatives: - financial, - political - environmental

Containerization

__________ has been a powerful vector of intermodal integration, enabling maritime and land transportation modes to interconnect more effectively.

C. Pavement Design

______________ deals with the structural design of roads, both bituminous (flexible pavements) and concrete (rigid pavements) - It deals with the design of paving materials, determination of the layer thickness, and construction and maintenance procedures. - The design mainly covers structural aspects, functional aspects, drainage. -Structural design ensures the pavement has enough strength to withstand the impact of loads, functional design emphasizes on the riding quality, and the drainage design protects the pavement from damage due to water infiltration.