PUBH 100 Final

What is wrong with Kochs Postulates

- cant demonstrate them all, had problem isolating various organisms in a lab and replicating - sometimes people are carriers - not everyone has the same immune system

This measure of disease burden allows you to quantify the number of years of life lost to premature death from a given condition.

YPLL

describe the relationship between public health and healthcare

a relationship is that every part of health care starts with population based health services, and then it continues up the pyramid until it is extremely specialized medicine

Inequity

differences in distribution of health determinants - influence health outcome and availability of resources - social standing impacts this EX: low income communities may experience more health related problems like lead in water, bad water quality or air quality

Inequality

differences in health status (impact of health determinants) - impact of biology - effect of personal choices

True or false: the germ theory of disease resulted in the hygine movement and the development of the first vaccine

false

Mortality rates are an example of:

incidence rates

In most developed nations __________ cause the majority of deaths and disabilities.

noncommunicable diseases

Cohort

(prospective) temporal relationship (cause before effect) - by exposure (select group has shared characteristics) - cohort group, classify by exposure MEASURE OF EXPOSURE- RELATIVE RISK

Case-control Study

(retrospective) individual risk factors - by disease status - cases +, control -

What is < 1, > 1, and = 1 mean for R naught studyies

< 1 is not an epidemic > 1 is an epidemic = 1 is an endemic

Health Disparities:

ARE PREVENTABLE!!! 1. Type of difference in health that is closely linked to social or economic disadvantages 2. negatively affect groups that experience greater social or economic obstacles to health 3. Obstacles stem from characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion 4. impact physical and mental health

What is a term used to describe an association between an exposure and an outcome that is not real?

Artificial

Local Health Departments Two differnet models

Home Rule Model - structure is decentralized and autonomous Branch office model - less autonomy - move consistently and better communitation

Endemic

always present in the population but the numbers are low

Demographic Transition is reflected by

changes in the age distribution of the population

Disability limitation/rehabilitation

focuses on management through effective and complete treatment

Nutritional Transition

poor nutrition die to a lack of safe & consistent food supply shift as country develops which results in poor nutrition due to increase in intake of processed food

disparity

preventable differencies in burden of disease, injury, violence, and even in opportunities for achievement in optimal health - populaiton (that are socually or economically disadvantaged) are effected

Health promotion

primary - any activity to modify behavior/ choices to improve health - pushing for behavior modifications ex. education, counseling, option limits

limit disability

take steps to reduce the impact of their life ex. may have a service animal

Randomized Control Trial

alter cause, alter effect - enroll a group with the condition, then randomize them into a treatment group Ex: skin cancer, enroll a group of people who all have skin cancer, one group is treated with the new study, the other one is the control and treated with the old study,

artifact

anything that changes the reality of what we see

The infant mortality rate is an important measurement because...

it provides a good gauge of the overall health of a population

cofounder

changes relationship between exposure and outcome

Active Immunity

- my antibodies - body has seen the antigen before Live: tpically viruses Inactivated: dead

pandemic

crossing country lines

Passive Immunity

- antibodies from someone else - immunoglobulin

Early Case Finding

(infectious diseases)/prompt treatment mostly secondary

Levels of Prevention: Primary- Secondary- Tertiary-

1 - before exposure occurs - reduce risk of exposure - reduce incidence (new cases) (health promotion and specific protection) 2 - before significant signs and symptoms of a specific illness (reduce the prevalence) ex. screening programs (early case finding and prompt treatment) 3 - produce the best outcome - limit disability/disease process - limit long term outcomes (disease management and rehabilitation)

Core public health functions

1. Assessment a. obtaining data about the health of populations b. identifies new or persistent issues 2. Policy Development a. evidence based recommendations b. health policy analysis - looking at how well they are performing the function c. implementation, education, involves partner mobilization 3. Assurance a. government oversight/ monitoring to ensure that things are being carried out and done right

Contributory cause (three requirements)

1. cause is associated with effect at individual level a. cause occurs more often in affected people than would occur by chance b. demonstrated with case-control study because individual level of risk factors for the condition 2. cause precedes effect in time a. cause precedes effect b. time relationship (temporal) 3. Altering cause alter effect a. if you change the exposure b. dose-response c. randomized control trial

5 intervention strategies

1. health promotion 2. targeted protectoin 3. primary prevention 4. secondary prevention 5. tertiary prevention

This measure of disease burden allows you to determine the impact of both the quantity and quality of life lived and is used to assess the value obtained for the money spent on medical interventions

QALY

Social Determinants of Health

Social status - walth, occupation food - insecurity - dont know where their next meal is coming from housing - affordable, safe, stable education - impact everything, work - stress, lon hours, hazards transportation - affects environmental health place - buildt environment, buildings, roads, sidewalks access to health servies

Epidemic

Spike in data when disease is greater than 1

Specific Protection

primary - pathogens (immunizations), hygine requirements - signs in restrooms ( employees must wash hands) - environmental (toxic exposures)

Epidemiological transition

shift in major causes of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease (as prominent) a chronic disease/ injury

Demographic transition

shift in population greater childhood survival and longer lifespans birth rate will slow elderly population increases and infant population decreases

Which of the following illustrates the high-risk approach to addressing public health concersns?

those with high blood sugar levels that satisfy the criteria for diabetes are aggressively treated

Asymptomatic transmission

transmission of pathogen while host is symptom free (pre[symptom) ex: chicken poxs - most risky time is when the persons temperature is low and before it starts