Public Health - Chapter 1 Community and Public Health: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

Worldwide Problems

1. Cancer 2. Diabetes 3. Heart attacks 4. Infectious disease 5. Natural Disasters 6. Bioterrism 7. Human made disasters

Health status five domains

1. Gestational endowments (Genetic domain) 2. Social circumstances (education, income, poverty) 3. Environmental conditions 4. Behavioral choices 5. Quality medical care

Effects of Medicare and Medicaid services

1. Helped improve the standards in Health care facilities 2. Provided medical care for millions who would not otherwise have received it.

Variolation

1. Inoculation with small pox itself 2. General George Washington did this to ensure an epidemic of small pox would not wipe out

Factors That Affect the Health of a Community

1. Physical Factors 2. Social and Cultural Factors 3. Community Organization 4. Individual Behaviors

Health disparities that exist today

1. Tobacco Use 2. Poor diet 3. Physical inactivity

Ten Great Public Health Achievements

1. Vaccination 2. Motor vehicle 3. Safer workplaces 4. Control of Infectious disease 5. Decline of deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke 6. Safer and healthier foods 7. Healthier mothers and babies 8. Family planning 9. Fluoridation of drinking water 10. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard

1950 medical advancements

1. Vaccine to prevent Polio 2. Exercise to prevent Heart Disease

Social and Cultural Factors

1. arise from interaction between individuals or groups within the community. 2. arise from guidelines that individuals inherit from being part of a particular society.

Healthy people 2020

4th set of health goals and objectives for the U.S. that defines the nations health agenda and guides its health policy

Medical preparedness

Ability of the health care system to prevent protect against, quickly respond to, and recover from health emergencies, particularly those whose scale, timing, or unpredictability threatens to overwhelm routine capabilities.

. Public Health preparedness

Ability of the public health system, community, and individuals to prevent, protect against, quickly respond to, and recover from health emergencies, particularly those in which scale, timing, or unpredictability threatens to overwhelm routine capabilities

Public Health

Actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur

Community and Public Health Activities

Activities aimed at protecting or improving the health of a population or community

Community

Collective body of individuals identified by common characteristics such as geography, interests, experiences, concerns, or values

Global Health

Describes health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions

Health Disparities

Difference in health among different populations

Robert Koch

Discoveries led to the bacteriological period of public health

Lamuel Shattuck

Drew up health report for Massachusetts in 1850. Included establishment of boards of health, collection of vital statistics, sanitary measures, and research on diseases. Recommended health education and exposure to alcohol, smoke, adulterated food, and nostrums. Marked the beginning of modern era of public health

National Hospital Survey Construction Act

Goal was to improve the distribution of medical care and to enhance quality of hospitals

Medicare

Government health insurance for older adults and those with certain disabilities

Medicaid

Government health insurance for the poor

Community Health

Health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health

Population Health

Health status of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health

Personal Health Activities

Individual actions and decision-making that affect the health of an individual or his or her immediate family members or friends

Social Security Act of 1935

Marked the beginning of the government's major involvement in social issues, including health. provided substantial health support for state health departments and their programs, such as maternal and child health and sanitary facilities

Public Health System

Organizational mechanism of those activities undertaken within the formal structure of government and the associated efforts of private and voluntary organizations and individuals

Bacteriological period of public health

Period of 1875 - 1900, during which the causes of many bacterial diseases were discovered

Healthy Community

Place where people provide leadership in assessing their own resources and needs, where public health and social infrastructure and policies support health

Earliest Civilizations

Practices went unrecorded. Use of herbs for the prevention and curing of diseases, communal assistance with childbirth

Community Organizing

Process by which community groups are helped to identify common problems or change targets, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching their collective goals

Louis Pasteur

Proposed germ theory of disease. Provided deathblow to spontaneous generation

Health

State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease of disease. Dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional

Dr. John Snow

Studied the cholera epidemic in London and hypothesized that disease was being caused by the drinking water from the broad street pump. Removed the pump handle and epidemic ceased. Predated the discovery that Microorganisms can cause the disease

Dr. Edward Jenner

Successfully demonstrated the process of vaccination as a protection against small pox. Inoculated a boy material from cowpox. When challenged later with small pox, he remained healthy. Regarded as one of the all time great discoveries in medicine and public health

Eighteenth Century

TIme period 1. Characterized by industrial growth 2. Cities were overcrowded; water supplies were inadequate and unsanitary; workplaces were unsafe and unhealthy 3. Epidemics - Small pox, Cholera, Typhoid Fever, and Yellow fever 4. Governmental agencies created - Marine Hospital Service

Herd immunity

The resistance of a population to the spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individuals

Health resources Developmental period

The years 1900 - 1960, a time of great growth in health care facilities and providers

Reform phase of public health

The years of 1900 - 1920, characterized by social movements to improve health conditions in cities and in the workplace

Social Engineering period (1960 - 1973)

Time Period Poor or elderly could not afford medical services; Medicare and Medicaid services were created

Nineteenth Century

Time period 1. Better agricultural methods improved led to improved nutrition 2. America enjoyed westward expansion 3. Government was laissez faire (No interference) 4. Epidemics continued in major cities in both Europe and America

Period of Health Promotion (1974 - Present)

Time period 1. Turning point that marks the beginning of health promotion as a significant component of national health policy 2. U.S. government publicized Healthy people 3. Document brought together much of what was known about the relationship of personal behavior and health status

U.S. Community and Public Health in the Early 2000

Time period Health problems - continuing rise of health care costs, growing environmental concerns, communicable diseases, substance abuse, natural disasters,

Industrial Development

Type of Physical Factor. Provides a community with added resources. Can also bring environmental pollution and occupational injuries and illnesses.

Economy

Type of Social and Cultural Factor 1. Dollars being put into certain programs can affect population's health. 2. Can restrict their aid to only individuals with the greatest need 3. Affects poverty stricken societies

Beliefs, Traditions, and Prejudices

Type of Social and Cultural Factor 1. Specific health behaviors such as exercise and smoking influence policy makers to form bike trails and work toward non-smoking ordinances 2. Ethnic groups have certain types of food restaurants, retail outlets, and services available in their community. 3. Violence towards one race can impact the population's health

Social Norms

Type of Social and Cultural Factor. 1. Can be positive or negative. Can change over time. 2. Ex. Smoking was popular in the 1940s, 50s, 60s. 3. Alcohol is popular on college campuses

Religion

Type of Social and Cultural Factor. 1. Can limit the type and amount of medical treatments and food members receive. Ex. Can only eat the flesh of fish with scales and gills 2. Can affect moral issues such as abortion, premarital intercourse, and homosexualtiy

Politics

Type of Social and Cultural Factor. Improve or jeopardize health by the policies and laws that are created

Physical factors

Type of factor that affects the health of a community. Includes Geography, Environment, Community Size, and Industrial Development.

Individual Behavior

Type of factor that influences health. 1. Each person needs to be conscious of health actions to make the program work 2. Ex. Every person remembers to recycle. Helps make community healthier

Community Size

Type of physical factor. . Communicable diseases can spread more quickly throughout large populations. Can be positive. Larger communities can have better public health facilities.

Geography

Type of physical factor. Community health problems can be directly influenced by its altitude, latitude, and climate. Ex. Tropical countries with warm humid temp parasitic and infectious diseases are high

Environment

Type of physical factor. Experts believe uncontrolled population growth and depleting of resources will affect future generations significantly

Upton Sinclair

Wrote the book "The Jungle." Drew attention to unsafe working conditions. Influenced the creation of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906

Bioterrism

the threatened or intentional release of biological agents for the purpose of influencing the conduct of government or intimidating or coercing a civilian population to further political or social objectives