Public Health Chapters 1-3
Examples o National governmental public health levels
DHH FDA NIH (National Institutes of Health) HRSA CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Main epidemiological and assessment agency for the nation Publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Center for Health Statistics-collects data on US population concerning all aspects of health Centers on infectious diseases, chronic disease, injury prevention and others.
What is Public Health?
Measures to bring about and maintain conditions that support the health of a community or population, organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and the promotion of health.
(NIH)
Nations medical research agency
Secondary Prevention
Tries to minimize severity of illness or injury once the event has occurred. Early detection/case finding and prompt treatment
BioMedical Sciences
Understanding the human body and disease Infectious diseases-pathogens -How infections happen, spread, and affect on humans Chronic Diseases- leading causes of disability and death Genetics
Explain the role of the different branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) in promoting public health. Give one or two examples of challenges from one branch of government to another regarding a public health issue.
- Executive - the executive branch (the President, governor, mayor, county executive and agencies such as departments of public health) may issue rules and regulations based on authority delegated by the legislature through statutes. Local boards of health are administrative bodies whose members are appointed or elected to lead, guide and oversee the delivery of public health services and activities in their local communities. The role boards of health play in public health generally depends on their legal authority and powers as defined in state statutes. In addition, executive branch officials are authorized to issue legally binding executive orders. Regulatory decisions, and the laws governing executive branch actions, are known collectively as "administrative law.
What is the purpose of public health laws?
-Protect and promote health through police and general welfare powers -Ensure rights of individuals -To create a mission for public health authorities, assign their functions, and specify the manner in which they may exercise authority
Ten Essential Public Health Services
1) monitor health status 2) diagnose and investigate 3) inform, educate and empower 4) mobilize community partnerships 5) develop policies and plans 6) enforce laws and regulations 7) link people to needed services/assure care 8) assure a competent work force 9) evaluate health services 10) research
Ten Essential Public Health Services in detail
1) monitor health status to identify community health problems 2) diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community 3) inform, educate and empower people about health issues 4) mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems 5) develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts 6) enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety 7) link people to needed services/assure care the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable 8) assure a competent work force 9) evaluate health services, effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population based health services 10) research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems
What are the 5 leading Chronic Diseases?
1-Heart/Stroke tied 2-Cancer 3-Diabetes 4-Arthritis 5-Obesity
What are the 5 leading causes of Death?
1-Heath Disease 2-Cancer 3-Chronic Diseases 4-Stroke 5-Accidents
General Public Health Approach
1. Define the health problem 2. Identify risk factors associated with the problem 3. Develop and test community level interventions interventions to control or prevent the cause of the problem 4. implement interventions to improve the health of the population 5. monitor interventions to assess their effectiveness
What are the 5 steps of the PH problem?
1. Define the problem 2. Identify risk factors 3. Develop and test community level interventions 4. implement interventions to improve health 5. monitor interventions
Values that guide actions to promote health (11)
1. Humans have a right to the resources necessary for health 2. Humans are inherentyl social and interdependent 3. The effectiveness of institutions depends heavily on the publics trust 4. Collabortaion is a key element to public health 5. People and their phyiscal environment are interdpendent 6. Each person in a community should have an opportunity to contribute to public discourse. 7. I
Centralized
A unit of the state health agency; works more as a chorus, together. Every health department is apart of the state
What is an example of Assurance?
Advertising free flu shots at the public health departments, coupons for Walgreens
Non-Govermental Public Health Organizations (NGO's)
American Cancer Society American Heart Association American Diabetes Association American Nurses Association .....
Explain the core functions of public health? Explain what is entailed in each of the core functions.
Assessment: monitor health, diagnose, and investigate Policy development: inform, educate, empower, mobilize community, and develop policy Assurance: evaluate, enforce law, assurance of competent workforce
Epidemiology
Basic science of Public Health Study of epidemics Aims to control spread of infectious diseases Seeks causes of chronic disease and ways to limit exposures
What are the Major Eras in US Public Health?
Battling epidemics up-till 1850. Building state and local infrastructure 1850-1949 Filling gaps in medical care delivery 1950-1999 Preparing for and responding to community health threats after 1999.
Social and Behavioral sceinces
Behavior is now the leading factor affecting peoples health; poor health habits Theories of health behavior: social enviornment affects peoples behavior Major threats- tobacco, poor diet, injuries, physical activities
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Biomedical research agency Institutes on cancer, heart and lung diseases, diabetes, aging, child health and human development, etc. National Library of Medicine Clinical center where medical researchers test experimental therapies
What spurred the Sanitary Reform in 1842?
Chadwick report showing most diseases preventable by basic hygiene
Statistics
Collection of data on population Numbers serve as diagnostic tool Used to calculate risks and benefits
What do the State health Departments do?
Coordinate activities of local health agencies and provide funding. Collect and analyze data Laboratory services Manage Medicad License and certify medical personnel, facilities and services. Environment, mental health, social services, and aging my be handled by separate agencies
What are Local Public Health Agencies? What do they do?
County and City health departments Day-to-day responsibility Core public health functions Often also have responsibility for providing medical care for the poor. Funding sources are variable;city of county legislatures may not understand importance of core functions
Who experimented with cowpox?
Edward Jenner in 1796. Introduced the practice of injecting material into the skin to protect against a disease
State Public Health agencies role:
Efficent statwide prevention programs Basic level of community public health Providing service professionals Investigating disease outbreaks Monitoring use of funds Licensing Health Care and food services facilities Collecting, analyzing vital statistics
Describe the six scientific disciplines of public health.
Epidemiology: basic science of public health, control spread of disease Statistics: collection of data, diagnostic tools for the health of the community Biomedical Sciences: infectious diseases, chronic diseases, genetics Environmental Health Sciences: environmental exposures, air/water quality, global warming Social and Behavioral Sciences: tobacco, poor diet, physical inactivity, class, race, gender Health Policy and Management: medical care in public health, US has highest percentage without health insurance
Who is the father of Vital Statistics?
Farr. Complied and tracked deaths annually Laid the groundwork for International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes
What is an example of Policy Development?
Health campaigns for the flu shot Indoor smoking oridances
Explain the differences between public health and medical care
In medicine, the patient is the individual; In public health, the patient is the community. Public health diagnoses the health of the community using public health sciences. Treatment of the community involves new policies and interventions. Goal of medicine is to cure; goal of public health is prevention of disease and disability.
who is the father of modern epidemiology?
John Snow
Explain the role of the different branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) in promoting public health. Give one or two examples of challenges from one branch of government to another regarding a public health issue.
Judicial - The judicial branch, through courts, resolves disputes and interprets laws, including balancing community needs with constitutionally- protected rights of individuals.
CDC
Leading national public health institute in the U.S. to protect America from health, safety, and security threats.
Explain the role of the different branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) in promoting public health. Give one or two examples of challenges from one branch of government to another regarding a public health issue.
Legislative - The legislative branch (Congress, state legislatures and city councils and other local legislative bodies) creates policies and distributes public funds by enacting statutes, which are commonly called ordinances at the local level.
Environmental Science
Preventing the spread of disease through our air, water and food Health effects of environmental exposures Air Quality Water Quality Solid and Hazardous wastes...
Primary Prevention
Prevents (forestalls) illness or injury from occurring by preventing exposure to risk factors. Does this through health promotion and specific protections
Public Health in America:
Prevents epidemics and the spread of disease Protects against environmental hazards Prevents Injuries Promotes and encourages healthy behaviors Responds to disasters and assists communities in recovery Assures the quality and accessibility of health services
Health education such as nutritional counseling and safe sex education, immunizations, etc, is an example of what?
Primary Prevention
What are the three levels of prevention?
Primary, Secondary,Tertiary
Decentralized
Relate primilarly to local government although may also report to state health agency Has state agency, but local is the common choice
Health Policy and Managment
Role of medical care in public health Cost of medical care in US out of control Quality of medical care can be measured
2 unique features of Public Health
Science; how we understand threats to health, determine what interventions might work, evaluate them Politics; how we as a society make decisions about what policies to implement
Glucose test, Screening for certain cancers is an example of what?
Secondary Prevention
What is an example of Assessment?
Surveillance at local health department shows an increase in the incidence of flu
Medications for cholesterol is an example of what?
Tertiary prevention
Physical therapy is an example of what?
Tertiary prevention
Describe the federal government's constitutional role in protecting public health. Explain why the primary role in protecting and promoting health belongs to the individual states
The federal government's constitutional role public health is to "promote the general welfare". Aside from that, the U.S. Constitution does not mention public health. The tenth amendment states that "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution...are reserved to the states respectively", meaning that public health is primarily responsibility of the states.
What is prevalence?
The number of existing cases right now, at this point
what is incidence?
The number of new cases
What are CDC's 6 winnable battles?
Tobacco; age limit Motor Vehicle Injuries; click it or ticket Teen Pregnancy; regulation of SexEd HIV; clincs for testing Nutrition, physical activity, obesity and food; calorie displayed Healthcare associated infections; sanitation
What is mortality?
a measure of deaths in a given population, location or group
What is morbidity?
a measure of disease incidence/prevalence in a given population; measures the state of disease or unhealthiness in a population
What are vital statistics?
birth records (weight, maternal age, congenital disease, maternal health) and mortality records (mortality rate, cause of mortality, underlying conditions)
Who was John Snow?
discovered cholera in 1863 by making careful observations.
When was the smallpox eradicated?
in 1977
What does primary prevention aim to do?
reduce incidence from happening; # of new cases with disease
What does secondary prevention aim to do?
reduce prevalence, # of new cases total
What does tertiary prevention aim to do?
reduce prevalence, # of new cases total
Public Health long definition
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting physical health and efficacy through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of the community infections, the education of the individual principles of hygiene, the organization of medical/nursing services for the early diagnosis and prevention of disease.
Tertiary Prevention
tries to minimize disability by giving medical care and rehab services. Prevent disability by restoring individual to optimal functionality after damage has been done.