Public Speaking Exam #2 (Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & 15)

List the five tips provided by the textbook that can help formulate your specific purpose statement. (CH.5)

!. Writing the purpose statement as a full infinitive statement, not a fragment 2. Expressing the purpose as a statement, NOT a question 3. Avoiding figurative language in your purpose statement 4. Limiting your purpose statement to one distinct idea 5. Making sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general

Define "events." (in regards to speechmaking) (CH.15)

Anything that happened or is regarded as happening. (Chronological order is usually used.)

Define "object." (in regards to speechmaking) (CH.15)

Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form. (Spatial order is usually used.)

What are two approved ways to keep your audience in mind when speech making? (CH.6)

1. Assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say. 2. Adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate and convincing as possible.

What are the key things to determine the creditability of library research and sources used by the speaker? (***IMPORTANT!) (CH.7)

1. Authorship 2. Sponsorship 3. Recency

Name the 5 basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech.

1. Chronological order 2. Spatial order 3. Causal order 4. Problem-Solution order 5. Topical order

Identify the six MAIN guidelines for informative speaking. (CH.15)

1. Don't overestimate what the audience knows 2. Relate the subject directly to the audience 3. Don't be too technical 4. Avoid abstractions 5. Personalize your ideas 6. Be creative

Name the four types of reference works. (CH.7)

1. Encyclopedia 2. Yearbooks 3. Quotation Books 4. Biographical Aids

Name the three types of supporting materials.

1. Examples 2. Statistics 3. Testimony

Name the two kinds of informative speeches about processes. (CH.15)

1. Explains a process for listeners to understand 2. Explains a process so listener can easily perform it themselves

Identify the four guidelines for the speaking outline. (CH.11)

1. Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline. 2. Make sure the outline is legible. 3. Keep the outline as brief as possible (SHORT!) 4. Give yourself cues for delivering the speech

Name the four objectives of the introduction of a speech. (CH.10) ***IMPORTANT!

1. Get the attention and interest of your audience. 2. Real the topic of your speech. 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill. 4. Preview the body of the speech (i.e. main points you will convey)

What are the three basic parts of a speech? (CH.9)

1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusion

What are the three tips for preparing main points?

1. Keep main points separate. 2. Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points. 3. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points.

What are two things to avoid when writing your specific purpose statement? (CH.5)

1. Making it too trivial 2. Making it too technical

What other variables are often considered in demographic analysis? (HINT: Total of 6) (CH.6)

1. Occupation 2. Economic position 3. Social standing 4. Education 5. Intelligence 6. Place of residence

Name the 2 types of testimony. (CH.8)

1. Peer testimony 2. Expert testimony

Name the 3 brainstorming methods you can follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech. (CH.5)

1. Personal inventory 2. Clustering 3. Internet search

What are the two major stages in the process of audience adaptation? (CH.6)

1. Preparation and rehearsal (before the speech) 2. Presentation (during the speech)

Name the four MAIN tips for using testimony. (CH.8)

1. Quote or paraphrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase (to avoid plagiarism)

What are the seven ways to "gain the attention" of the audience when speechmaking? (CH.10)

1. Relate the topic 2. State the importance of the topic 3. Startle the audience 4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience 5. Question the audience 6. Begin with a quote 7. Tell a story (personalize it)

The central idea should accomplish what four things? (CH.5)

1. Should be expressed in a full sentence 2. Should not be in the form of a question 3. Should avoid figurative language 4. Should not be vague or overly general

What are the four types of informative speeches? (CH.15)

1. Speeches about objects (legos, dogs, etc.) 2. Speeches about processes (to inform my audience how to make a grilled cheese) 3. Speeches about events (The Boston Marathon) 4. Speeches about concepts (Confucianism, Christianity, etc.)

Define "preview statement." (CH.10)

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

Define "comparison." (in regards to speechmaking) (CH.15)

A statement of the SIMILARITIES among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Define "description." (in regards to speechmaking) (CH.15)

A statement that depicts a person, event, idea or the like with clarity and vividness.

Define "contrast." (in regards to speechmaking) (CH.15)

A statement the DIFFERENCES among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Define "catalogue." (CH.7)

A sting of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by the library.

Explain "extended example." (CH.8)

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. (detailed!)

Define "abstract." (CH.7)

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

Define "process." (in regards to speechmaking) (CH.15)

A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. (Topical order is usually used.)

Define "peer testimony." (CH.8)

A testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic. (a volunteer from a beach clean up)

What is an "expert testimony?" (CH.8)

A testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields. (i.e. a registered nurse or Psychologist)

Define "signpost." (regarding speechmaking) (CH.9)

A very BRIEF statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention to KEY ideas. (They are frequently numbers.) Ex. The first cause... the second cause... the third cause...

Define "connective." (CH.9)

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them. (the glue)

Define "transition." (CH.9)

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another. Ex. Now that we have spoken about...

Define "reference work." (CH.7)

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

True or false: There is never a correlation between interest in a topic and knowledge about it. (CH.6)

False!

What is the primary purpose of speech making? (CH.6)

Gaining a desired response from the audience.

Define "audience-centeredness." (CH.6)

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

What should be labeled in the preparation outline? (HINT: 3 things) (CH.11)

Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews

Explain "quoting out of context." (CH.8)

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it. (Example: movie advertisements)

Auditory perception is always "blank." (CH.6)

Selective. -Every speech always has two hidden messages: 1. The one sent by the speaker 2. The one received by the listener

True or false: Adapting to your audience is one of the most important keys to successful public speaking.

True!

True or false: An audience's response is invariably colored (altered) by their perception of the speaker. (CH.6)

True!

True or false: The larger the audience, the more formal your presentation must be. (CH.6)

True!

True or false: You should not worry about your central idea until after you have developed the body or your speech. (CH.5)

True! (pg. 92)

True or false: Statistics can be manipulated and distorted.

True! When taken out of context, statistics can provide false information to the audience.

What are the five tips for using examples? (CH.8)

Use examples to: 1. Clarify your ideas. 2. Reinforce your ideas. 3. Personalize your ideas. 4. Make your examples viid and richly textured.(descriptive) 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples.

Name the 6 tips for using statistics. (CH.8)

Use statistics to: 1. Quantify your ideas 2. Use statistics sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your statistics 4. Explain your statistics 5. Round off complicated statistics (Change 758,350 to 760,000) 6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends (charts and graphs)

What is the "residual message?" (CH.5)

What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech. (KEY point that sticks)

Define "bibliography." (CH.11)

A list of ALL the sources used in preparing a speech.

What are "fixed-alternative questions?" (CH.6)

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.

What are "scale questions?" (CH.6)

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

Define "testimony." (CH.8)

Quotations of paraphrases used to support a point.

What are the eight tips recommended for the preparation outline? (CH.11)

1. State the specific purpoe 2. Identify the central idea 3. Label the intro, body and conclusion 4. Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation 5. State main points and subpoenas in FULL sentences 6. Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews 7. Attach a bibliography 8. Give your speech a title

Name the two broad categories of potential topics for classroom speeches. (CH.5)

1. Subjects you know a lot about 2. Subjects you are unfamiliar with but want to learn more about

What are four ways to "reinforce the central idea" in a speech's conclusion? (CH.10)

1. Summarize your speech 2. End with a quotation 3. Make a dramatic statement 4. Refer back to the introduction

To cite sources, you will need to identify what? (HINT: four things) (CH.8)

1. The book, magazine, newspaper or Web document you are citing (title) 2. The author of the sponsoring organization of the document 3. The author's qualifications with regard to the topic 4. The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated

The topic of a speech is usually determined by what 3 things? (CH.5)

1. The occasion 2. The audience 3. The speaker's qualifications

What are the nine pars included in a preparation outline? (CH.11) ***IMPORTANT!

1. Title 2. Specific Purpose 3. Central Idea 4. Introduction 5. Main Points 6. Subpoints 7. Connectives 8. Conclusion 9. Bibliography

What are the two major functions of a conclusion? (CH.10)

1. To let the audience know you are ending the speech (give them a heads up) 2. To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

What are the three questions to keep in mind when speech making? (CH.6)

1. To whom am I speaking? (audience) 2. What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? (purpose) 3. Wha is the most effective way of composing/presenting my speech to accomplish that aim? (action)

The effective order of a speech depends on what three things? (CH.9)

1. Topic 2. Purpose 3. Audience

What are three "specialized resources?" (CH.7)

1. Virtual libraries 2. Government resources 3. Wikipedia

"Blank" percent of college students are 25 or older, and some classrooms include students in their thirties, forties or older. (CH.6)

40%

Define "concepts." (in regards o speechmaking) (CH.15)

A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. (Topical order is usually used.)

Define "speaking outline." (CH.11)

A brief outline used to job a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

Define "crescendo ending." (CH.10) (Way #1 to signal the end of the speech)

A conclusion in which the speech builds up a zenith (highest point) and intensity.

Define "dissolve ending." (CH.10) (Way #2 to signal the end of the speech)

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

What is an "academic database?" (CH.7)

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals.

Define "preparation outline." (CH.11)

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation.

Define "attitude." (regarding speechmaking) (CH.6)

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

What is a "preliminary bibliography?" (CH.7)

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

Define "brainstorming." (CH.5)

A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

Define "problem-solution order." (CH.9)

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Define "topical order." (CH.9)

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

Define "spatial order." (CH.9)

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

Define "chronological order." (CH.9)

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

Define "causal order." (CH.9)

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

Define "call number." (CH.7)

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Define "central idea." (CH.5)

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. Example: Music therapy developed as a formal code of treatment during the 20th century, utilizes a number of methods, and is explained by several theories that account for its success. (Points A, B and C)

Define "rhetorical question." (CH.10)

A question that the audiences answers mentally rather than out loud (verbally.)

What are "newspaper and periodical databases?" (CH.7)

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals and newspapers.

What is a "virtual library?" (CH.7)

A search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

Define "specific purpose." (CH.5)

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech. -Should focus on one aspect of a topic. Example: To inform my audience about the dangers and consequences of using unwarranted prescription drugs.

Explain "brief example." (CH.8)

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point. (short!)

Define "example." (regarding speech making) (CH.8)

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Define "informative speech." (CH.15)

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.

Define "internal summary." (CH.9)

A statement i the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points.

Define "internal preview." (CH.9)

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Define "hypothetical example." (CH.8)

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Define "research interview." (CH.7)

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

Define "sponsering organization." (CH.7)

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet.

Define "demographic audience analysis." (CH.6)

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as: -Age -Gender Religion -Sexual orientation -Group membership -Racial, ethnic or cultural background

Define "situational audience analysis." (CH.6)

Audience analysis that focuses on situations factors such as: 1. The size of the audience 2. The physical setting for the speech 3. The disposition of the audience toward the topic, speaker and occasion.

What must a speaker avoid when using statistics as resources? (CH.8)

Bias

What s the first step in speech making? (CH.5)

Choosing a topic

Define "clustering," regarding speech preparation. (CH.5)

Clustering is the act of organization by taking a paper and dividing it into columns of broad topics in order to arrange ideas (Ex. people places, objects, concepts, events, etc.) -By clustering, most people come up with an idea rather quickly.

What is the first step in developing a strong sense of speech organization? (CH.9)

Commanding the three basic parts of the speech; the introduction, body and conclusion.

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike. (Example: All blondes are dumb.)

Define "stereotyping." (CH.6)

Define "delivery cues." (CH.11)

Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he was to deliver key parts of the speech. Ex. Underlining, highlighting certain terms...

When should you start planning ways to select a topic? (CH.5)

EARLY!

What is considered to be the central features of the speech? (CH.9)

Main points

Define "statistics." (CH.8)

Numerical data.

Define "strategic organization." (HINT: "particular" pattern) (CH.9)

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

Explain "strategic organization." (CH.9)

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

What are "open-ended questions?" (CH.6)

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

Define "direct quotation." (CH.8)

Testimony that is presented word for word. (not paraphrased)

Define "credibility." (CH.10)

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. Define "goodwill." (regarding speechmaking.)

Define "goodwill." (regarding speechmaking) (CH.10)

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best intentions of the audience in mind.

Define "mean." (CH.8)

The average value of a group of numbers.

Define "general purpose," and name the two types of coinciding organization. (CH.5)

The broad goal of a speech. 1. To inform 2. To persuade

Define "main points." (CH.9)

The major points developed in the body of a speech. most speeches contain from two to five main points.

What are "supporting materials?" (CH.8)

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas.

Define "median." (CH.8)

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Define "mode." (CH.8)

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

Define "visual framework." (CH.11)

The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline the shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.

An astute speaker will be equally attuned to the similarities and differences between what? (CH.6)

The sexes.

What is considered crucial when forming the central idea? (CH.5)

The sharpening of focus

What is a topic? (CH.5)

The subject of a speech

Define "egocentrism." (CH.6)

The tendency of people to be concerned above all else with their own values, beliefs and well-being. (Why is this important to me?)

According to the textbook, how many types of questionnaires are there in regard to audience analysis? (CH.6)

Three types: 1. Fixed-alternative 2. Scale 3. Open-ended

Define what it means to "personalize." (in regards to speechmaking) (CH.15)

To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.

What does it mean to "paraphrase?" (CH.8)

To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.