Public Speaking Final

projection

"booming" their voices across a forum to reach all audience members

1) Gain attention: - Can offer story - quote - rhetorical question - build suspense - Use humor - show listeners you're one of them - propose striking thought or fact 2) Signal thesis: - clarify the subject/purpose of your speech 3) Show audience whats in it for them: - need to generate audience interest for active listening - provide a statemnet assuring your audience that your speech is beneficial for them and that they should listen 4) Credibility: - Explain how you have gained information and knowledge about your topic 5) Preview Your main points: - brief statement showing audience the main points you will be going through in your speech - helps audience to visualize your speech and understand the structure you will go through

**How do speakers accomplish purposes of a good intro?

1) Processing: actively think about a message being received 2) Retaining: ability to remember what you've heard by actively listening

Can you name and explain the two steps of effective listening?

agenda-driven listening

Focusing only on delivery of one's speech instead of also acknowledging the audience's questions and comments.

-reading from a manuscript: audience hears exactly what you want them to; script is a prop, limit eye contact with audience -memorizing from a manuscript: maintain eye contact with audience; seem canned and memorizing is challenging -speaking from an outline: speak extemporaneously, more human; requires practice -impromptu: very extemporaneous; nothing to look off of

What are the benefits and drawbacks of the four modes of delivery?

eye contact gestures physical movement proxemics, move around personal appearance

What are the components of nonverbal delivery skills?

volume tone rate of delivery projection articulation pronunciation pausing

What are the components of vocal delivery skills?

Denotative is the actual dictionary definition of a word. EX: chicken the denotative meaning is the actual dictionary definition being the animal However many worlds have multiple definitions SO... Connotative meaning is an association that comes to mind when people hear or read the word. It's connotative meaning can be quite different from its denotative meaning. EX: chicken on an emotional standpoint it could mean a person is scared of doing something

What are the differences between denotative and connotative meaning? Can you give an example to demonstrate the difference?

-Hearing: receiving messages in a passive way (words and nonverbal clues) -Listening: actively paying attention to what you're hearing, understand meaning and retain it

What are the differences between hearing and listening?

1. Oral language is more adaptive. Which means that when you speak your words you can get immediate feedback from an audience. 2. Oral language tends to be less formal: Writers have the ability to use more precise word choices in their pieces because they are focused on their grammar. - Use a conversational tone of your choice pertaining to the audience type and situation you are discussing. 3. Oral language incorporates Repetition: Writers are normally advised not to be so redundant in their pieces where as speakers use repetition as an effective tool for their listeners to hear and understand their points.

What are the differences between oral and written language?

1) take notes 2) identify main points 3) consider speech's objectives 4) support your feedback with examples 5) be ethical

What are the five guidelines for listening when you are in the audience?

1) Spatial Pattern: Main points represent important aspects of your topic that can be thought of as adjacent to one another in location or geography. 2) Chronological (Temporal) Patten: Present information in time-based sequence. 3) Casual Pattern: Cause-and-effect relationship where the audience is able to better understand the link between particular events and their outcomes. 4) Comparison Pattern: Organizes a speech around the similarities and differences between two events, objects, or situations. Each point expresses similarities and differences. 5) Categorical (Topical) Pattern: Each main point emphasizes an important aspect of your topic that you want the audience to understand.

What are the five organizational patterns listed in the chapter? When is it most appropriate to use each specific pattern?

1) Gain your audiences attention: 2) Signal your thesis: single sentence that shows the topic you will be discussing in your speech 3) Show your audience "What's in it for them" 4) Establish your credibility 5) Preview your main points

What are the five purposes of a good introduction?

1. Repetition: - saying a specific word, statement, or phrase more than once - helps grab your audience's attention and leaves memorable points from your speech - use sparingly though 2. Hypothetical Examples: imagined example or a scenario you invite audience to consider to he[ them follow a complicated point presented immediately afterward 3. Personal Anecdotes: - brief stories i can help build credibility and reassure your listeners that you're not judging them 4. Vivid Langauge: - grabs attention of audience with words and phrases that appeal to all senses (descriptive) (imagery) 5. Figurative Language: - techniques speakers employ to word specific types of claims or ideas. ANAPHORA: repetition of a word or phrase at beginning to achieve emphasis and clarity ANTITHESIS: Clauses set in opposition to one another usually to distinguish between choices, concepts, and ideas, SIMILE: makes comparisons and contain word like or as METAPHOR: makes implicit comparisons of unlike objects by identifying one object with the other.

What are the five suggestions for expressing your ideas effectively?

1. Understandable Language: - Use words that your listeners find recognizable - To use understandable language you need to analyze your audience to determine what language your listeners will recognize (audience educational level) 2. Concrete Words: - Whenever possible use Concrete Words= specific words that suggest exactly what you mean. EX: blue 2008 Toyota - Abstract words= general and can be confusing EX: vehicle 3. Proper Use of Words: - Use words correctly to express the point you want to make. 4. Concise Language: - Because audience can't reread or rehear portions of your speech, make sure each sentence expresses one thought - Use the fewest words necessary to describe an idea

What are the four ways you can make your message clear?

- Avoid stereotypes - Use Gender-Neautral References: his or her not just one -Make appropriate references to ethnic groups: Use African American not Black (preferred noun or phrase of particular ethnic group) -Steer Clear of unnecessary references to ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality: No saying things like "The lesbian CEO, the Chinese baseball player, the Male teacher)

What are the guidelines for choosing respectful and unbiased language?

1) Transition to Conclusion: - After final main point insert transitional statement to signal that you are going to wrap up your presentation 2) Summarize Main Points: - First part of conclusion is the summary= briefly review your main points that you just went through in your speech. - Similar to introduction preview BUT here you are REMINDING audience of what you just said - make it EFFECTIVE because it will help readers remember your message 3) Finish with Clincher: - finish your conclusion with a clincher (that leaves a memorable message behind for the audience's last impression of your speech!

What are the parts included in a good conclusion (in order)?

-Subordination and coordination are the keys to a well-organized speech. -When a subpoint doesn't fit: 1. Reword one or more main points to encompass the additional information. 2. Create an additional main point to include the supporting material in question.

What are the principles for organizing your supporting materials?

1) Unprocessed Note Taking: copying down without consideration 2) Nonlistening: Simply not paying attention to what they are hearing 3) Interruptive listening: Consistently interrupting one another 4) Agenda Driven Listening: Person focuses on next point 5) Argumentive Listening: Listening only to arguments that help you 6) Nervous Listening: Uncomfortable with silence

What are the six causes of ineffective listening?

1) Consider your purpose- Make sure each main point relates to your specific purpose. 2) Take your audience into account. 3) Select and appropriate number of main points.

What are the steps in selecting your main points?

1)filter out distractions 2)focus on the speaker 3)show that you are listening

What are the three steps to becoming a better listener?

1) Transitions- Sentence that indicates you are moving from one point to the next. -Indicates you are finished with one thought and a new idea is coming. 2) Signposts- Word/phrase within a sentence that helps audience understand your speech's structure. -Informs audience about direction and organization of your speech. 3) Internal previews and internal summaries. -Preview: Short list of ideas that will follow to help audience follow explanation of a complex point. -Summary: Quick review of what you just said in your point to help audience remember a particularly detailed point.

What are the types of organizing words and sentences? When is it appropriate to use each?

1) anticipate ineffective listening before your speech 2) consider listener's attention and energy levels 3) assess your audience's knowledge and abilities 4) front and back load your main message 5) use presentation aids strategically 6) encourage active listening during your speech

What are the ways you can maximize your audience's listening?

-helps you sum up the message you developed in the body of your speech -helps you leave a memorable impression in your audience members' minds

What is the purpose of a good conclusion?

It is important to choose respectful language in order to deliver a far more effective presentation because audience members remain open to your ideas and view you as trustworthy and fair. (credibility is gained) - Using Unbiased language by avoid using language that suggests you're making judgments about your listeners

Why is it important to choose respectful and unbiased language?

-your word and phrases convey a message and how it will influence how they perceive the message of your speech. -it will show your ethos and credibility about the topic

Why is language and word choice important?

-Speaker: Important to understand how audience feels about subject and see how they react while you are giving the speech (auditory, visual clues) -Listener: Respecting speaker and paying attention to the message

Why is listening important in public speaking for both the speaker and the audience?

-can make speech more interesting -can simplify a complex topic -can help the audience remember the speech

Why should speakers use audiovisual aids?

stereotype

a generalization based on the false assumption that characteristics displayed by some members of a group are shared by all members of that group

gesture

a hand, head, or face movement that emphasizes, pantomimes, demonstrates, or calls attention to something

internal summary

a quick review of what you just said in your point

script

a typed or handwritten document containing the entire text of your speech. As you read, you typically do not deviate from your script or improvise.

gender-neutral term

a word that does not suggest a particular gender

hypothetical example

an imagined example or scenario you invite your listeners to consider to help them follow a complicated point presented immediately afterward.

internal noise

any thoughts that make it hard for you to concentrate-- such as worrying about how you are doing or pondering aspects of your personal life

superficial listening

audience members who pretend to pay attention but who are in fact distracted by internal or external noise

preview

brief statement of the main points you will be developing in the body of your speech

antithesis

clauses set in opposition to one another, usually to distinguish between choices, concepts, and ideas.

unprocessed note taking

copying a speakers words verbatim without considering what you're writing down

subordination

creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials in your speech

physical movements

describes how much or how little you move around while delivering a speech

nonlistening

do not pay attention to what they're hearing

categorical (topical) pattern

effective when you have a diverse set of main points to support the thesis of your speech

clincher

end of the conclusion; something that leaves a lasting impression of your speech in your listeners' minds

panning

extended eye contact gives your audience the sense that you're looking at each listener, even if you aren't

external noise

external distractions, includes street noise, a flashy visual aid left up the entire speech, or chattering audience members

verbal clutter

extraneous words that make it hard for the audience to follow your message

constructive criticism

feedback a speaker can use to improve their skills

nervous listening

feel compelled to talk through silences because they are uncomfortable with conversational lapses or pauses

interactive listening

filter out distractions, focus on the speaker, and showing that you are paying attention

summary

first part of your conclusions; brief review of your main points

abstract word

general words that can be confusing or ambiguous to your audience

vivid language

grabs the attention of your audience with words and phrases that appeal to all the senses—sight, smell, touch, hearing, and taste

nonverbal delivery skills

involve the use of physical behaviors to deliver a speech

verbal tic

is a sound, such as um or ah, that speakers use when searching for a correct word or when they have lost their train of thought

verbal filler

is a word or phrase, such as like or you know, that speakers use to fill uncomfortable silences

pausing

leaving gaps between words or sentences in a speech

content-oriented listening

listeners favor depth and complexity of info and messages; they are willing to spend more time listening

defeated listening

listeners feel overwhelmed during your message and find it too difficult to follow

monotone

listeners may perceive your presentation as bland, boring, or even annoying

time-oriented listening

listeners see time as a precious resource to be conserved and protected; can exhibit impatience and rush interactions

eye contact

looking into the audience's eyes to engage them in the speech

spatial pattern

main points represent important aspects of your topic that can be thought of as adjacent to one another in location or geography

simile

makes explicit comparisons and contains the word like or as

metaphor

makes implicit comparisons of unlike objects by identifying one object with the other

attention-getter

material intended to capture the audience's interest at the start of the speech

supporting point

materials designed to prove or substantiate your main points

sub-subpoint

materials that support subpoints

impromptu delivery

means that you are generating your speech content in the moment, without time to prepare in advance.

imagery

mental pictures or impressions

tone

of your speaking voice derives from pitch—the highs and lows in your voice

interruptive listening

one person consistently interrupts another

figurative language

or figures of speech, refers to the techniques that speakers employ to word specific types of claims or ideas

body

part where you present your main points and support them with examples, narratives, testimony, and other materials

audience surveillance

paying attention to an audience's nonverbal and and verbal responses while giving a speech

action-oriented listening

people that focus on immediately getting to the meaning of a message and determining what response is required; indicate a preference for messages that are direct, concise, and error-free

argumentative listening

people who feel in conflict with the people they are listening to (aka selective listening)

chronological (temporal) pattern

present the info in a time-based sequence, from beginning to end

rhetorical question

question that you want listeners to answer in their heads

pronunciation

refers to correctness in the way you say words

volume

refers to how loud or soft your voice is as you deliver a speech

rate of delivery

refers to how quickly or slowly you speak during a presentation

articulation

refers to the crispness or clarity of your spoken words

word choice (diction)

requires you to consider your audience, the occasion, and the nature of your message when choosing language for a speech

transition

sentence that indicates you are moving from one part of your speech to the next

internal preview

short list of ideas that will follow your explanation of a complex point

jargon

specialized or technical words or phrases that are familiar to people in a specific field or group

concrete word

specific words that suggest exactly what you mean

subpoint

supporting materials used to develop a main point

verbal delivery skills

that is, the effective use of your voice when delivering a speech

delivery

the combination of verbal and nonverbal communication skills used to present the speech

anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences—is used to achieve emphasis and clarity, as well as a rhetorical sense of style

proxemics

the use of space and distance between yourself and your audience

main point

those few ideas that are most important for your audience to remember

personal appearance

we refer to the impression you make on your audience through your clothing, jewelry, hairstyle, and grooming, and other elements influencing how you look

coordination

when points of a speech are at the same level of significance

people-oriented listening

willing to invest time and attention in communications, yet they are differentiated by their interest in being supportive of friends and strengthening relationships

biased language

word choices that suggest prejudice or preconceptions about other people

signpost

word or phrase within a sentence that helps your audience understand your speech's structure

speech critique

written or oral feedback offered after a presentation