Public Speaking Final Exam
argument
a reasoned claim, or series of claims, supported by evidence
civil disobedience
a refusal to comply with the norms, demands, or laws of a group or government for the purpose of social change
propoganda
deliberately misleading, biased, or false information to manipulate an audience to agree with or adopt a particular belief system
similes
metaphors that use or imply the word like
persuasion
process of influencing others to do, think, or believe something trough speaking and writing
presentation software
programs that allow speakers to present visuals
false advertising or fraud
promotion of a product or person for the benefit or the speaker, at the expense of the audience
sound reinforcement
the use of microphones, sound processors, and amplifiers to enhance the quality or volume of sounds
violence
the use of physical or psychological force to injure, harm, or alter something or someone in order to cause or stop change
biased language
the use of words and phrases that indicate unfounded assumptions about others based on personal experience
facts
the verifiable truths, or information that is independent of opinion
impressions management
the way in which a person navigates his or her self-presentation in body and language
style
the way in which a person presents themselves to others. in speaking; the relationship between what one says and how he or she says it.
informal audience analysis
the way in which a speaker gathers information about his or her audience in an unsystematic way.
contextual reasoning
thinking about the kinds of support you can use for a speech given its contextual demands and constraints
aristotles rhetorical triangle : logos, pathos, ethos
three ways of persuasion that a speaker can use to appeal to an audience
keep text easy to read
Make sure words you hand write or words on presentation are big enough and easy to read.
vocation
a feeling of dedication towards ones occupation
the STAR method of responding to interview questions
-Explain the Situation and Task thoroughly: what is the context of the situation -describe what Action you took in response to the situation -Describe the Result in detail
persuading with Alan H. Monroe (know the five steps on p. 329)
-attention -need or problem -satisfaction -visualization -action
three common speech genres
-celebratory -informative -persuasive
Tips for preparing your presentation aids:
-clarity and simplicity -bigger is better -keep text easy to read -tips for using color
adapting your language
-is my audience familiar or unfamiliar with me -am i outsider or insider -should i be formal or informal
analyzing the speech situation
-physical location -technological needs -audience size
speaking while using slides
-use visual cues in your speech note -time yourself while using your slides -use blank slides to help you pace -be ready for equipment failure
tips for presenting your aids
-watch your back -watch your audience -timing -beware of the handout
Self-fulfilling prophecy
fears are translated into reality
bigger is better
If you are using visuals, make sure the audience can easily see what you are presenting
tropes
figures of speech. Popular tropes include metaphor, simile, and irony
claim of fact
Statement that asserts that something has happened, is happening, or will happen or that asserts that something is true
claim of value
Statement that asserts that something is good or bad.
tips for using color
Using a lot can be visually stimulating but overdoing it can be tough to interpret
cherry-pick
When a speaker knowingly points to a specific statistic that confirms their position while ignoring data that contradicts it
persuading with comparative advantage
When an audience already agrees with you that there is a problem and that something needs to change
solidarity
a feeling of agreement or unity in a community about a belief, a cause, an event, or a proposed action
argument
a claim or series of claims supported by evidence through reasoning
groupthink
a common, often unconscious tendency to avoid conflict in a group, usually by failing to challenge ideas or decisions
social movement
a group of like-minded individuals who promote a particular cause, politics, or ideology
genre
a label for a widely recognized form of a given culture
disposition
a person's mental and physical orientation toward the world and others in speaking; audiences perceive your disposition through your style
bias
a preference for something- including beliefs, ideas, and values- that benefits you or others unequally
coalition
a temporary grouping of people for the purpose of collective social or political advocacy
social-oriented roles
adopted by members of a group to help moderate the mood and feelings of participants
clarity and simplicity
aids should be limited to only the larger points you want to reinforce or illustrate to avoid clutter and too much information
enthymeme
an argument that leaves a part unsaid or unstated
syllogism
an arguments that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion drawn from those premises
screening interviews
an employer attempts to reduce a large number of applicants to a smaller, more manageable number
selection interviews
an employer seeks personal contact, either through videoconference or in person with a potential employee
fallacy
an error in reasoning; in an argumentation, a fallacy can make an argument invalid
beliefs
an idea about reality
stereotype
an overgeneralization about a person or group based on assumed characteristics
props
any physical object- living or inorganic- that helps you illustrate a main point if your speech.
ethos
appeals to character traits such as qualifications and trustworthiness
pathos
appeals to feelings
logos
appeals to reasoning and structure
claim, evidence, and reasoning (or warrant)
basic elements of an argument
fear appeals or scare tactics
broadest category of suspicious emotional appeals, and concern frightening or coercing an audience to think or do something for fear of harm
expert testimony
citing the beliefs and informed opinions of experts can lend a speech you deliver added credibility
virtual group
collection of people brought together to work on common task through long-distance technologies
small group communication
concerns the interaction among three or more people who self-identify as a group
informal logic
concerns the study of how people argue on an everyday basis by leaving some things unstated
vivid language
concerns words that are sensuous and evocation
orally referencing your sources
consider the following information: -author -type of source -title or description of source -date of source
values
deeply held core beliefs
examples
descriptive representations used to illustrate claims
lay testimony
discussion of the experience of everyday folks is also useful support
formal audience analysis
employing various tools and methods for gathering information about people, such as focus groups, interviews, or surveys.
Repetition and Rythm
encourages audiences emotional and intellectual engagement and memory
fallacious appeals to emotion
errors in reasoning (ex: attacks in someones character, and appeals to join a team.)
identity crisis
everyone goes through eight stages in life which roughly corresponds to one's age
stories
extended examples that follow a familiar pattern that includes a beginning a middle, and an end
behavioral interview
form of interviewing that asks candidates questions about past behavior to predict future work-related outcomes
amorphous or unknown audiences
groups of individuals who are brought together by a given message who may or may not share common characteristics
expertise
having knowledge or skills particular to a given field. in speaking; expertise is closely associated with credibility
audience disposition
how the audience feels about you, your topic, and the occasion for which youre speaking
sexual identity
how you express your gender and your sexual orientation to yourself and others.
beliefs, attitudes, and values
in identifying with your audience, you have to know something about their... -people tend to hear only in a way that is consistent with their....
coercion
influencing someone to do or think somethings by threats or force, and often in ways that do not make choices conscious or clear.
opinions
judgements that may or may not depend on facts or knowledge
Kenneth Burke
major influence in persuasive speaking; argued that all compelling speech is established on the basis of identification
deductive reasoning
making inferences of coming to conclusions based on a general principle or law; reasoning from the general to the specific ex: Penguins are flightless birds. Bob is a penguin, thus, bob is a bird that cannot fly
inductive reasoning
making inferences or conclusions about a general principle or law based on particulars or specifics; reasoning from the specifics to the general.
appealing to emotion
manipulating the audience into an emotional response
identification
moments when both audience and speaker forget the differences between them by recognizing that they are alike in some fundamental way.
pictures
most common- photos, illustrations, diagrams, and maps to assist you and help you explain, depict, or clarify what you are trying to say.
personal experience
ones personal experience is good evidence.
appealing to needs
people can be motivated to change their beliefs, attitudes, values, and behavior through influential appeals to reason, emotion, and character
genre violation
people sometimes don't want to follow the rules completely, rules can be broke if done artfully and with respect
supporting material
refer to the facts, statistics, testimony, examples, and stories that bolster your claims
reasoning
refers to the ability to make an inference or a judgement based on evidence
sexual orientation
refers to the gender identity of those with whom you choose to be intimate
data and statistical information
reflects size or magnitude(%), trends over time, organization and structure, or processes- we rely on these to represent information
appeal
request made to another person with the intent of influencing him or her
social norms
rules that govern what is normal in a given culture
attitude
set of beliefs that cluster around a common object and predispose behavior
leader
someone who is designated or who emerges to guide and moderate discussion
judicial(also forensic or legal)
speaking about guilt or innocence, time: the past
epideictic
speaking to celebrate community, time: present
deliberative
speaking to induce change, time: the future
civility
speech or behavior that is seen as polite, courteous, or appropriate to a given social or public situation
persuading with problem-solution
state the problem, provide solutioon
claim of policy
statement that asserts that something should or should not change, happen, or be done in the future
rhetoric
study of the ways in which speaking and writing influence people to do or think what they otherwise would not do or think
task-oriented roles
the actions group members take that directly contribute toward the goal of the discussion
form
the activation and satisfaction of expectations in audiences
consciousness raising
the attempt to make others more aware of cultural and political problems and challenges
social agitation
the deliberate violation of widely accepted or sanctioned norms of a social pr political culture
connotation
the feelings one associates with a sign
statistics
the forms of quantitative evidence or a kind of measurement based on numbers, like the median age for marriage
conflict
the inevitable disagreement groups encounter when working on a task together; conflict is positive when it is depersonalized and focused on problem solving
slang
the informal language of a group of people
denotation
the literal and primary meaning of a sign
civic engagement
the manner in which citizens participate in the political or social processes and governance of a given community
audience analysis
the process of studying an audience before, during, and after a speech
alliteration
the recurrence of the same sound in a series of words
testimony
the sharing of an individuals viewpoints, perspectives, or opinions
jargon
the specialized or peculiar language of a particular community or group
logic
the structure of reasoning
demography
the study of statistical characteristics of a given population
irony
the trope for saying one thing but meaning another
metaphors
tropes or figures of speech that compare two seemingly dissimilar things
multimedia
use of audio and visual clips to share information and embellish their ideas
sexist language
you should strive to include everyone regardless of hoe they define their gender, sex, sexuality