public speaking final

zach, a member of the budget committee of the student senate, plans to run for student government. his most likely opponent is Inga, who is also a member of the budget committee. every time Inga makes a suggestion, zach raises an objection. as a result, little is accomplished at meetings. the budget committee faces what kind of problem?

a hidden agenda that interferes with the group's goals

which of the following is an instance of persuasive speaking?

a lawyer arguing the acquittal of her client (bc the speaker is seeking agreement from the audience on a contested issue)

in small group communication, maintenance needs are

actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group

the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? how can we take my opponent's proposed education bill seriously? after all, he flunked out of high school

ad hominem (bc this statement attacks the speaker's opponent personally, rather than dealing with the merits of his or her education bill, it commits the ad hominem fallacy)

_________ is the audience's perception of how believable a speaker is

credibility

a __________ leader is elected or appointed at the time the group is formed

designated

whenever you give a persuasive speech on a question of value, you need to

justify your value judgement against a set of standards or criteria

emotional appeal is often necessary when a speaker is trying to move an audience to action

true

monroe's motivated sequence is most useful for speeches that seek immediate action

true

no matter what kind of evidence you employ, it will be more persuasive if you state it in specific rather than general terms

true

research shows that if members of a small group work well together,they can almost always resolve a problem better than one person

true

"to persuade my audience that congress should revise the laws governing medical malpractice" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy

true (bc it recommends taking a course of action)

the fallacy of false cause is often known by its latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc

true (meaning: after this, therefore, because of this)

"to persuade my audience that discrimination on the basis of marital status is unfair" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of _________

value (deals with fairness, morality, or ethics of an idea or action)

in the visualization step of monroe's motivated sequence, the speaker

visualizes the benefits of the speaker's solution to the problem

what kind of reasoning is used in the following statement? Because the crime-reduction policy I proposed has worked successfully in New York, Houston, and New Orleans, we can be confident that it will work here as well

analogical reasoning (bc this statement infers that what is true for crime-reduction programs in NY, Houston, and NO is also true for the case at hand, it is an example of analogical reasoning)

when phrasing a question for discussion by a problem-solving group, it is important to

avoid biased or slanted questions, make the question clear and specific, and phrase it as a question of policy

the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? as we have seen, the trend is for companies to reduce long-term research and development costs in order to increase short-term profits. since so many companies are doing this, it must make good business sense

bandwagon (the bandwagon fallacy assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable)

which of the following statements is most clearly directed at the practicality issue in a persuasive speech on a question of policy?

because this solution has worked in other states where it has been adopted, we can be confident that it will work here

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

comparative advantages order

a speaker's credibility is affected above all by how the audience regards the speaker's

competence and character

when using monroe's motivated sequence to organize a persuasive speech on a question of policy, the action step should be placed in the

conclusion

___________is a group decision acceptable to all members

consensus

in a problem solving group, disagreement should be avoided at all costs

false

residents in a campus dorm are getting together for a one-time meeting to discuss how to decrease noise in the hallways. what kind of leader would probably be best in this situation?

designated

according to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? either we install metal detectors in the city schools or we just let the problem of school violence continue to grow

either-or (bc it forces listeners to choose between 2 alternatives when more than 2 alternatives exist, this statement commits the either-or fallacy)

a person who, by ability, force of personality, or just talking the most, takes a leadership role in a small group is called a ________ leader.

emergent

strong evidence can

enhance a speaker's credibility, increase the persuasiveness of a speech, and inoculate listeners against counterpersuassion

once a problem-solving group has defined and analyzed the problem, what is the next step in the reflective thinking method?

establish criteria for solutions

_________ is the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

ethos

"to persuade my audience that eating yogurt prolongs human life" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of _________

fact (bc it deals with the truth or falsity of assertion)

what error in reasoning is exemplified in the following statement? i usually eat spaghetti for dinner the day before an exam, but i ran out of spaghetti the night before the calculus final. that's why i got a c

false cause (the speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second)

as defined in your notes, a small group consists of two to twenty people

false; 3-12

because persuasion aims to change the beliefs or actions of listeners, speaking to persuade is one of the few cases in which a speaker does not need to consider her or his ethical obligations

false; a persuasive speech should be both convincing and ethically sound.

the first step in the reflective-thinking method for small group discussion is to analyze the problem

false; define the problem

in persuasive speaking, it is usually appropriate to substitute emotional appeals for evidence and reasoning

false; even when using emotional appeals, you should build your persuasive speech on a firm foundation of facts and logic

evidence is more likely to be persuasive if it is familiar to the audience

false; evidence is more likely to be persuasive if it is new to the audience

pathos is the word aristotle used to refer to a speaker's logical appeal

false; logos. he used pathos to refer to emotional appeal

reasoning from principle involves moving from a specific principle to a general conclusion

false; reasoning from principle involves moving from a general principle to a specific conclusion

concentrating on the target audience means that a persuasive speaker can ignore the rest of the audience

false; she or he needs to keep in mind the ideas and feelings of the entire audience

a persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech

false; the aim of an informative speech is to present the facts as an impartial manner. a persuasive speech on a question of fact presents one view of the facts as convincingly as possible

"to persuade my audience to become regular blood donors" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement

false; this is seeking immediate action, not passive agreement

what error in reasoning is exemplified in the following statement? i watched a taiwanese film in class last week, and it was extremely violent. when i mentioned this to my friend, she said that she, too, had seen a violent taiwanese film. apparently all taiwanese films are violent.

hasty generalization (bc it jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence)

a _________ leader is a person to whom other group members defer because of his or her rank, expertise, or other quality

implied

_________ is the ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group

leadership

which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to generate emotional appeal in a persuasive speech?

let emotional appeal grow naturally out of the speech content

the mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

mental dialogue with the audience

_______________ is a 5 step method of speech organization that follows the process of human thinking and leads the listener step by step to a desired action

monroe's motivated sequence

a method organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action. the five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

monroe's motivated sequence

regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. what are they?

need, plan, practicality

in a _______, participants engage in a structured conversation on a given topic in front of an audience

panel discussion

in a persuasive speech to gain ________, the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of that policy

passive agreement

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

persuasion

a question of ________ deals with whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

policy

what method of organization is used in a persuasive speech with the following main points? 1.) the problem of eating disorders affects more than four million Americans 2.) the causes of eating disorders include peer pressure, fad diets, and the media's glamorization of thinness

problem-cause-solution (1st point documents the existence of problem, the 2nd shows the causes of that problem, the 3rd presents a solution to the problem)

what methods of organization is used in a persuasive speech with the following main points? 1.) fraudulent charity fund-raising has become a widespread problem 2.) the problem can be solved by a combination of government initiative and individual awareness

problem-solution order (the 1st deals with the existence of a problem and the 2nd presents a solution)

although there are many kinds of small groups, your textbook focuses on communicating in a

problem-solving group

members of the library committee arrived at the meeting room and were milling around chatting. Abhi announced that it was time for the meeting to begin and distributed the agenda as members came to the table. what type of small group need was Abhi fulfilling?

procedural need

what kind of reasoning is used in the following statement? over the past few years, there have been a number of cases of academic fraud in men's college basketball programs. we can conclude, therefore, that academic fraud is a widespread problem in men's college basketball

reasoning from specific instances (bc it moves from particular facts to a general conclusion)

the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? how can we be so concerned about ethics in political campaigns when there are serious problems in the long-term stability of social security?

red herring (bc this statement introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion)

which of the following is a task need in a problem-solving small group?

researching the topic being discussed

procedural needs

routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group

which of the following is the third step in monroe's motivated sequence

satisfaction (the 5 steps in order are: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action)

according to your textbook, the following statement is an example of which type of fallacy? once we accept money from soft-drink companies for exclusive rights to sell their products in our high schools, it won't be long until businesses are deciding what courses should be taught and what teachers should be hired

slippery slope ( bc this statement assumes, without evidence, that taking the first step will lead inevitably to a series of disastrous later steps, it commits the slippery slope fallacy)

a symposium consists of a moderator and several speakers seated together in front of an audience

true

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

speech to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain passive agreement

a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic

symposium

which of the following statements is most clearly directed at the need issue in a persuasive speech on a question of policy

tanning beds can cause serious medical problems, including eye burns, blood vessel injuries, and skin cancer

the ________ audience is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

target

although some disagreement about ideas is inescapable in an effective problem solving group, disagreement should be kept on the _______ level.

task

substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task

task needs

according to your textbook, the most important question to ask when assessing analogical reasoning is whether

the two cases being compared are essentially alike

persuasive speeches on questions of value are usually organized in

topical order

a problem-solving small group should vote only when it has failed to reach a consensus solution

true