Public Speaking Midterm

What is a virtual library

Collection of Resources, Images, and Information

Know different types of testimony

EXPERT TESTIMONY PEER TESTIMONY PARAPHRASING

Know what is very important to do when preparing an introduction to a hostile audience

Establishing goodwill is especially necessary for the introduction of a speech presented to a hostile audience.

Know the definition of ethics

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. Questions of ethics arise whenever we ask whether a course of action is moral or immoral, fair or unfair, just or unjust, honest or dishonest.

Know the definition of three types of plagiarism

Global: Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own. (downloading from the internet) Incremental: Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people. Patchwork: Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.

Effect that being prepared has on reducing stage fright

Proper preparation can reduce stage fright by 75%

Know what percent of time should be devoted to the speech's conclusion

The conclusion will normally make up no more than 5 to 10 percent of your speech.

What is "frame of reference"

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

Relationship between legal and ethical

There is nothing illegal about falsifying statistics in a speech, but there is no doubt that it is unethical. The same is true of name-calling. It may not be illegal to cast racial, religious, sexual, or religious slurs at people in a speech, but it is still unethical.

INTERNAL PREVIEWS

Transitions, but more detailed Lets the audience know what's coming up Next

Know what a hypothetical example is

What if Situation Example: Imagine This, What If, What Would You Do

Know the effect of note-taking on listening

When note-taking is done properly, it is a surefire way to improve your concentration and keep track of a speaker's ideas

TRANSITIONS

Words/Phrases that the speaker uses when completing 1 thought and moving onto another Now that... Let's move onto

INTERNAL SUMMARY

the reverse of internal previews remind listeners of what they have just heard Internal summaries are an excellent way to clarify and reinforce ideas. EX: In short, Let's pause for a moment to summarize what we have found so far

SIGNPOSTS

very brief statements indicate exactly where you are in the speech. The First Cause, The Second Cause, The Final Cause

What does the term identification refer to

when a speaker emphasizes common values, goals, and experiences that exist between him or her and the audience

Similarities between public speaking and conversation

-Organizing your thoughts logically -Tailoring your message to your audience (EX: You would speak differently to a 9-year-old compared to your college roommate) -Telling a story for maximum impact -Adapting to listener feedback

What should you identify when quoting an Internet document during a speech

-The book, magazine, newspaper, or Web document you are citing -The author or sponsoring organization of the document -The author's qualifications with regard to the topic -The date on which the document was published, posted or updated

Know what is meant by spare "brain time"

-The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 180 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 500 words a minute). -Because we can process a speaker's words and still have plenty of spare "brain time," we are tempted to interrupt our listening by thinking about other things.

Know tips for formulating the specific purpose statement

-The statement should focus on one aspect of your topic -Should indicate PRECISELY what you have to accomplish with your speech

Three factors to consider when determining an audience's disposition toward a speaker's topic

-Their Interest in the Topic -Knowledge About it -Attitudes Towards it

Know the two major functions of a speech conclusion

-To let the audience know you are ending the speech. -To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

Know tips for using examples in a speech

-Use Examples to Clarify Your Ideas -Use Examples to Reinforce Your Ideas -Use Examples to Personalize Your Ideas -Make Your Examples Vivid and Richly Textured -Practice Delivery to Enhance Your Extended Examples

Know tips for using statistics

-Use Statistics to Quantify Your Ideas -Use Statistics Sparingly (too many bores the audience) -Identify the Sources of Your Statistics -Explain Your Statistics -Round Off Complicated Statistics -Use Visual Aids to Clarify Statistical Trends

Know how to be able to apply specific purpose statement tips to examples

-Write the Purpose Statement as a Full Infinitive (To Inform...) Phrase -Avoid Figurative Language in your Purpose Statement -Limit Your Purpose Statement to 1 Distinct Idea -Make Sure your Specific Purpose is not too General -The More Specific the Better

Role of gender in audience analysis

-You Have To Keep in Mind all the Genders -Use the Proper Pronouns When Referring to People -Don't Stereotype

Quintillion's ideal of commendable speechmaking

As the Roman rhetorician Quintilian stated 2,000 years ago, the ideal of speechmaking is the good person speaking

how does "frame of reference" effect listener and/or speaker

Because people have different frames of reference, a public speaker must take great care to adapt the message to the particular audience being addressed. To be an effective speaker, you must be audience-centered. You will quickly lose your listeners' attention if your presentation is either too basic or too sophisticated. You will also lose your audience if you do not relate to their experience, interests, knowledge, and values.

Six tips for dealing with nervousness

-Acquire speaking experience -prepare -think positively (Confidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking. If you think you can do it, you usually can.) -use the power of visualization (visualization Mental imaging in which speakers vividly picture themselves giving a successful presentation.) -know that most nervousness isn't visible (Even though your palms are sweating and your heart is pounding, your listeners probably won't realize how tense you are) -don't expect perfection

Know the difference between general-purpose to inform

-Act as a teacher or lecturer -The goal is to convey information clearly, accurately, and interestingly -Your aim is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of listeners

Know the difference between general-purpose to persuade

-Act as an advocate or partisan (a strong supporter of something) -Go beyond giving information to espousing (get support for) a cause -Change or structure the audience's attitude or actions -You need to give information, but your primary goal is to win support

Relationship between size of audience and formality of the speech

-Adjust your delivery to the changed audience size -condense your speech to its most essential points -listeners will sympathize with your predicament and will appreciate your regard for their time

Know all the factors (audience traits) in demographic audience analysis

-Age -Religion -Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background -Gender, Sexual Orientation -Group Membership -NRA, Worker Union, Feminist, ETC

Know the four different kinds of listening

-Appreciative listening: listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech. -Empathic listening: listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in distress. -Comprehensive listening: listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend's house. -Critical listening: listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a car salesperson or the campaign speech of a political candidate.

Three criteria for assessing the soundness of documents found on the internet

-Authorship (Credibility) -Sponsorship (Bias) -Recency (How Recent)

Know the four guidelines for a well-worded central idea and be able to apply those guidelines to examples

-Be Expressed in a Full Sentence -Not be a Question -Avoid Figurative Language -Not be Vague/ Overly General

What questions should you ask about your specific purpose statement

-Does My Purpose Meet the Assignment? -Can I Accomplish my Purpose in the Allotted Time? -Is the Purpose Relevant to my Audience? -Is the Purpose too Trivial for my Audience? -Is the Purpose too Technical?

Know the three major types of questions to choose from when creating a questionnaire. Review the advantages/disadvantages of each

-Fixed-Alternative Questions The question that offers a fixed number of choices, usually 2 or 3 EX: Do you Know..... Yes, No, Not Sure Benefits include producing clear responses Disadvantages Include not Going Beneath the Surface, AKA Getting Simple Results -Scale Questions A question that Involves a Fixed Interval EX: On a scale of 1-10, How Confident are You Benefits Include Being Useful for Getting the Strength of the Audience's Attitude, & Allow Leeway in Responses -Open-Ended Questions A question that Allows the Audience to Say Whatever They Want EX: What is Your Opinion on ... Benefits Include allowing more detailed responses Disadvantages Include a Higher Chance of Getting Non-Relevant Responses

know the four objectives in the introduction of speech

-Get the attention and interest of your audience -reveal the topic of your speech -establish your credibility and goodwill -and preview the body of the speech

Know what are the four basic questions to ask about a speaker's evidence

-Is it accurate? -Is it taken from objective sources? -Is it relevant to the speaker's claims? -Is it sufficient to support the speaker's point?

Issues to consider when recording a research interview

-Make Sure everyone consents to being recorded -Still Hand Write Notes in Case of Technical Malfunction

Know five guidelines for ethical speechmaking

-Make sure your goals are ethically sound -Be fully prepared for each speech -Be honest in what you say -Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language -Put ethical principles into practice

What does it mean to be audience-centered

-Not Intimidating -Not Blowing off Steam (Destressing) -Instead, you are Speaking to Gain a Desired Response from the Audience

Know the four causes of poor listening

-Not concentrating -Listening too hard (listening to every little thing and missing the main point) -Jumping to conclusions -Focusing on delivery and person appearance (judging on the way a person looks or speaks)

Differences between public speaking and conversation

-Public speaking is more highly structured -Public speaking requires more formal language -Public speakers require a different method of delivery (avoiding like, um)

Questions to avoid in a research interview

-Questions you can answer without the interview -Leading Questions -Hostile, loaded questions

Know tips for using testimony

-Quote or Paraphrase Accurately -Use Testimony from Qualified Sources -Use Testimony from Unbiased Sources -Identify the People You Quote or Paraphrase

Know ways to get the attention and gain the interest of your audience

-Relate the topic to the audience -State the importance of your topic -Startle your audience -Arouse the curiosity of the audience -Question the audience -Begin with a question -Tell a story -Use visual aids

Know all the factors (audience traits) in situational audience analysis

-Size -Physical Setting -Disposition Toward The Topic -Disposition Toward The Speaker -Disposition Toward The Occasion

Seven Elements of the communication process

-Speaker: The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener -Message: Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. -Channel: The means by which a message is communicated. -Listener: The person who receives the speaker's message. -Feedback: The messages, usually nonverbal, are sent from a listener to a speaker. -Interference: Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners. -Situation: The time and place in which speech communication occurs.

Relationship between the complexity of speechmaking and cultural diversity

-Speechmaking becomes more complex as cultural diversity increases. Part of the complexity stems from the differences in language from culture to culture. Nothing separates one culture from another more than language. Language and culture are so closely bound that "we communicate the way we do because we are raised in a particular culture and learn its language, rules, and norms." -The meanings attached to gestures, facial expressions, and other nonverbal signals also vary from culture to culture. Even the gestures for such basic messages as "hello" and "goodbye" are culturally based.

Know the four methods for reinforcing the central idea in a speech conclusion

-Summarize your speech (reinstate main ideas) -End with a quotation -Make a dramatic statement -Refer to the introduction

Know recommendations on how to become a better listener

-Take listening seriously -Be an active listener (Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view) -Resist distractions -Don't be diverted by delivery or appearance -Suspend judgment -Focus your listening: listen for evidence, technique, and main points

how does egocentrism affect audience members

-The Audience will Pay Closest Attention when the message affects their own value, beliefs, and well-being -"Why is this important to me?"

What is egocentrism

-The Tendency of People to be Concerned Above all with Their Own Values, Beliefs, and Well-Being

Know/when a startling introduction is or is not effective

-is effective if it relates to the subject of the speech -If used just for shock factor and doesn't relate then it is not effective

Know the function of a preview statement

-they provide a smooth lead-in to the body of the speech -They signal that the body of the speech is about to begin -way to help your listeners

Know the three ethical obligations for listeners

-to listen courteously and attentively -to avoid prejudging the speaker -to maintain the free and open expression of ideas

Know five basic patterns of organization used most often by public speakers (Be able to define and/or apply in examples)

1)Chronological Order Organized in order by Time First, Second, Third, etc 2)Spatial Order directional pattern A Hurricane is made up of three-part, which are ... 3)Causal Order Cause-effect There is a nurse shortage, these are the effects 4)Problem-Solution Order Here is the problem, this is the solution Puppy Mills are Abusive, Here is what we can do about it 5)Topical Order divide the speech topic into subtopics, each of which becomes a main point in the speech Inform my audience about Josephine Baker... As a spy she..., As a civil rights activist she..., As an entertainer she...

crescendo ending

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

Dissolving Ending

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

know what is a rhetorical question

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than aloud.

Know what a central idea is

A simple, declarative sentence that Refines and Sharpens the Specific Purpose Statement EX: Music Therapy Developed as a Formal Model of Treatment During the 20th Century Utilizes a Number of Methods, and is explained by several theories that account for its Success

What is probably the most important factor indicating how long a speech should be

The Occasion

What is ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Know the order for writing sections of your speech

The body is first, then the introduction, then the conclusion