Public Speaking Midterm

memorized speaking

"acting" -pros: maintain eye contact with audience, lets you move around freely -cons: can become monotone, and lack facial expression

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

-attention -need (state pop. affected, causes, dangers) -satisfaction (your solution) -visualization -action

problem-solution pattern

-typical 5 part introduction -provide a general explanation of the problem (causes & population affected), discuss need for change, address the barriers to change -propose for change (make sure it's practical & address the advantages of the change

1. demographic analysis 2. Psychographic analysis 3. Situational analysis

3 different types of audience analysis

1. Acknowledge your audience- find a way to initiate a relationship 2. Choose a worthwhile topic 3. Clarity- no filler words that no one understands; define topic & give examples; make sure topic is stated clearly

3 different way to perform audience analysis

1. Failing to tell audience direct source of quote 2. Paraphrasing without giving credit to author 3. Re-citing someone else's sources within a speech

3 traps regarding plagiarism

1. speaker (ethos) 2. audience (identification) 3. occasion (exigence) 4. speech

4 components of rhetorical situation

trait anxiety audience anxiety context anxiety situational anxiety

4 types of anxiety

1. Direct Observation 2. Interviews and Surveys 3. Focus Groups: small group of people who give you feedback 4. Using Existing Data about Audience

4 ways to analyze an audience

ethos

Aristotle's term for credibility: the perception that the speaker is honest, knowledgeable, and rightly motivated; enhance by being sincere

D.

As a public speaker, you should avoid ethnocentrism. This term refers to... A. the assumption that one sex is weaker, less intelligent, less competent, or less deserving than the other B.c a speaker's lack of credibility, honesty, and trustworthiness C. the belief that those with high status and privilege are most deserving of respect D. the belief that one's own culture is the standard to which other cultures should aspire

A.

Asking a rhetorical question is a good strategy for starting off a speech. What is a rhetorical question? A. a question for which there is no expected reply from the audience; rhetorical questions are asked for effect B. A question that the audience is expected to answer in some manner, whether it be by a show of hands or a verbal reply C. A question that includes a startling statistic or fact that will help "shock" the audience D. A question meant to distract the audience from the speaker's true purpose

direct action speech

Attention, problem and need, solution, visualization of future and how things will be better, action

A.

How can a speaker enhance her/his ethos, or credibility? A. by being sincere B. by using highly specialized, technical language C. by confidently advocating that a controversial policy be implemented D. by choosing to speak on the topics they are most familiar with

E.

How can a speaker work to adapt language to the oral (rather than written) mode? A. By carefully memorizing content B. By using personal pronouns C. By including rhetorical questions in the speech D. All of the above E. Answers 2 and 3 only

D.

How many notecards does your textbook suggest using in order to aid an effective delivery? A. no more than eight B. two C. between four and ten D. five

A.

In a transition sentence, a speaker A. summarizes what was said in one point and previews what is to come in the next point B. offers a detailed preview of the next main point C. amplifies the significance of the point they have just discussed D. offers a subtle hint to the audience that they are moving to a new point

C.

In providing reasons for your audience to listen to your speech, you should: A. Demonstrate your own connection to the topic as well as your connection to the audience, so as to implicitly suggest a connection between your audience and the topic B. Craft a speech that is relevant to them and allow them to make their own connections to your material C. explicitly tell them how the information will be useful/relevant to them D. Provide a shocking statistic, or another effective attention getting device

D.

In the middle of his speech, Carter realizes he seems to be missing one of his notecards. How should he handle this unexpected situation? A. Explain the situation to his audience B. Quickly move to the next notecard C. Ask his instructor for advice D. Pause for a moment to decide what to do

B.

Janie's thesis statement states, "Today, I accuse the documentary The Matter of Food of providing false information to consumers and failing to promote healthy eating habits." What is wrong with Janie's thesis? A. It is unlikely that her audience is familiar with the documentary mentioned B. It expresses more than one main idea C. She did not use parallel structure D. It is informative, rather than forensic

full sentence outline

Organized (roman numerals) with intro, main points, and conclusion, not shortened (full sentences) -label main components: intro, body, conclusion, transitions -consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation -state main points/sub points in full sentences -attach works cited

D.

Speakers should strive to engage in extemporaneous delivery in almost all speaking contexts. Extemporaneous speaking involves... A. A conversational, informal speech involving little to no preparation B. a method for practicing speeches that involves speaking in front of friends or colleagues in order to gain feedback C. speaking from a carefully prepared script that is written in a conversational style D. speaking in a natural, conversational tone and relying on key-word note cards

racism

The assumption that one race is superior to another

sexism

The assumption that one sex is weaker, less intelligent, less competent, or less deserving than the other.

ageism

The attitude of valuing youth and devaluing age

audience-centered

The emphasis of a speaker on the importance of an audience's characteristics and needs

elitism

The practice of thinking the best of those with the highest status and prestige and treating them preferentially

D.

What are the three components of an effective conclusion? A. A closing preview, a challenge to the audience, and a concluding device B. A audience memory aid, a restatement of the thesis, and a review of main points C. A closing signal, amplification of thesis statement, and reference to the future D. Restatement of thesis, review of main points, and a concluding device

D.

What is especially important in the "need" section of Monroe's Motivated Sequence? A. That it be established immediately, right in the opening lines. B. The need should be fairly difficult to satisfy. C. The need should be something the speaker can relate to on a personal level. D. The problem should be stated clearly and concisely.

C.

What is included at the very end of a full-sentence outline, right after the conclusion? A. A concluding device B. A call for the audience to take action C. A references section D. A list containing the abstracts of each article you cited

A.

What question is a speaker attempting to answer in concluding with a reference to the audience? A. What's in it for the audience? B. Why did the speaker select this topic? C. Where is the controversy? D. How can the audience learn more about this topic?

use personal pronouns and including rhetorical questions -shorter sentences -more pseudo-quantifying terms (many, some) -more extremes/superlatives -REPETITION -colloquial words

What strategies can a speaker use to adapt their language to the oral rather than written mode?

D.

When do speakers typically experience the highest levels of anxiety? A. The evening before their speech B. After making an error in their speech C. Shortly after they begin their speech D. Immediately before they speak

B.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of extemporaneous speaking? A. It is a style best suited only for very experienced speakers B. It requires a great deal of preparation and practice C. It requires the speaker to carefully memorize their speech word-for-word D. It allows for little to no preparation

C.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of trying to speak from manuscript? A. You risk giving an overly-animated presentation B. If your handwriting is too small, you may have difficulty reading C. You risk giving a dull presentation D. You might draw blank

A

Which of the following is a potential outcome of choosing a personal hobby as a speech topic? A. Your hobby may not appeal to your audience B. Choosing something personal and unique to you can help quell nerves C. Depending on time constraints, it may be difficult to thoroughly discuss a personal hobby D. You risk giving a persuasive speech that advocates audience action

C.

Which of the following is the best example of a strong thesis statement? A. Today, I want to discuss the issues of legalization of marijuana. B. Today in my speech, I will first offer a detailed review of the "facts." Second, I will levy my argument of accusation against Dr. Garrels and prove to you why he is guilty of malpractice. Finally, I will refute a common counterargument against my case. C. Today, I will defend the CDC in its decision to bring Ebola patients to Atlanta for studying and treatment. D. My speech is going to be about the Ray Rice controversy and the NFL's decision.

B.

Which of the following resources generally contains the most accurate information? A. Books written for a public audience B. Academic publications C. An unbiased news station on TV D. A highly influential newspaper

B.

Why is it important to evaluate audience characteristics? A. to avoid giving a speech on a topic that some of your audience members might view as controversial B. to help make sure you are sensitive to different people within your audience and avoid stereotyping C. to help you in deciding which members of your audience you most want to engage D. To help get a feel for what your audience might find interesting. For example, an audience composed of mostly women will likely enjoy a speech about fashion design.

D.

Why is it important to link your speech topic to your attention-getter? A. To help convey your credibility, competence, and trustworthiness B. To set the stage for a clear and effective thesis statement C. To help explain to the audience how the attention-getter relates to their personal lives D. To maintain audience attention and to make the relevance of the attention-getter clear to your audience

B.

Why is it important to write a full-sentence outline? A. To aid you in accomplishing an extemporaneous delivery B. To have a visual plan of what you will say C. To ensure that you are using sophisticated and complex language D. To give you a "back up" outline in case you make a mistake using key-word notecards

A.

You want to make a direction action claim in your speech. Which of these rules should you follow in choosing what kind of action you want your audience to take? A. The audience should be able to engage in the action now. B. The action should require a high level of audience commitment. C. The audience should find the action highly controversial D. Convincing the audience to take this action should require little to no effort from the speaker.

C.

Your textbook recommends speaking in a conversational style. What does a conversational style entail? A. Speaking in a manner that is robotic or overly rehearsed. B. A strong execution of nonverbal communication that examines how we use our voices to communicate orally. C. Speaking in a natural, expressive tone. D. The presence of changes in volume, pitch, rate, and pauses.

exigence

a problem that cannot be solved without rhetorical speaking

peer-reviewed

academic journals, less bias

trait anxiety

anxiety prompted by personal traits

pathos

appeal to emotion, vivid language that appeals to fear, anger, sympathy, kindness

situational analysis

audience size, occasion, voluntariness of audience, physical setting

refutation

counterargument

demographic analysis

factors such as gender, age range, marital status, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

logical flow of main points

fewer main ideas the better, make sure ideas flow and are not out of order

-avoid plagiarism -avoid academic fraud -don't mislead audience -give author credentials -use primary research ethically

how can a speaker use sources ethically in his or her speech??

-don't use insensitive humor/stereotypes -be aware of language & NV behaviors that imply negative messages

how can you avoid offending your audience with language?

state the author, publication, title, date

how do you verbally site a source in a speech?

author credentials recency publication obvious bias

how to go about evaluating source authority/credibility

policy speech

introduction of problem, proposal for change, practicality of change, advantages of change

Monroe's motivated sequence

is a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action

inclusive language

language that avoids placing any one group of people above or below other groups while speaking

speaking outline

less detail, key words or phrases, sometimes quotation, strongly recommend 5 notecards, one for every main component

logos

logical, facts

oral mode

more concrete and vivid than written

nonacademic source

primary purpose is to be read by the general public. (Popular press source) the advantage is that they appeal to a broad, general audience. (Books, websites, newspaper articles, blogs

situational anxiety

prompted by specific combination of setting, audience, time

context anxiety

prompted by specific communication contexts (group discussions, public speaking) (formality, uncertainty, novelty)

audience anxiety

prompted by specific types of audiences (size, demographics)

authoritative source

reliable source; having author's credentials, recency, publication

impromptu speaking

say a few words." Spontaneous speech -pros: responsive, concise -cons: no time to craft/organize collect thoughts

thesis statement

short declarative sentence that states purpose, intent or main idea of speech. With a good thesis statement you will fulfill four basic functions: you express your specific purpose, provide a way to organize your main points, make your research more effective, and enhance your delivery.

academic source

similar to nonacademic but academic has ways to ensure that information is accurate whereas nonacademic may be coming from and editor who is not an expert (scholarly books & articles, computerized data bases)

rhetorical situation

situation where people's understanding can be changed through a message

parallel structure

structure your main points so that they all sound similar. Makes it easier for your audiences to remember your main points and retain them for later

manuscript speaking

technical or political/important speeches where precision is more important and integral -pros: will be technically correct -cons: cannot make eye contact with audience to gauge reaction -involves a word-for-wrod iteration

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture is the standard to which other cultures should aspire

concluding device

the final thought you want your audience to have when you stop thinking. Also acts as sense of closure; conclude with: challenge, quotation, summary, visualizing future, reference to audience, advice, proposal of solution, or question

extemporaneous speaking

the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes. More engaging and credible

audience analysis

the process of gathering information about the people in your audience so that you can understand their needs, expectations, beliefs, values, attitudes, and likely opinions

psychographic analysis

things such as values, opinions, attitudes, and beliefs

false

true/false A good way to reduce speech anxiety is to focus on yourself, rather than on your audience.

false

true/false A speaker should never allow research findings to influence the focus of their thesis statement

false

true/false Although you should speak using key-word notes rather than a full-sentence outline, it's a good idea to bring a full-sentence outline with you to the podium in case you get nervous.

false

true/false Experts agree that the more main points, the better. For example, it's better to have five or even six main points, as opposed to just two or three.

true

true/false Having a clear, solid preview can enhance a speaker's credibility.

true

true/false In the "satisfaction" section of Monroe's motivated sequence, it is recommended that a speaker respond to possible objections to her or his claim.

true

true/false Incorrect paraphrasing is one of the most common forms of student plagiarism.

false

true/false It is best to avoid speaking on controversial topics.

true

true/false One of the biggest differences between written and oral communication is the necessity of repetition in oral communication.

true

true/false Stepping out from behind a speaking lectern can help establish more immediate contact with your audience.

true

true/false To avoid confusing your audience, it is important to signal that you are about to conclude.

false

true/false To enhance your credibility as a speaker, it is a good idea to manipulate your sources to make them appear more credible than they actually are.

true

true/false Using key-word notecards is one of the best strategies to help accomplish an extemporaneous delivery.

false

true/false When looking for research sources, it is important to carefully read an article or book from beginning to end before determining if it will be useful for your speech.

false -people shouldn't be able to agree or disagree with you yet

true/false you should make controversial claims in your statement of the facts section

false

true/false Under no circumstances should you include a full-sentence on your speaking outline.

policy speech direct-action speech

use the problem-solution pattern when giving a __________ use Monroe's Motivated Sequence when giving a ________

plagiarism

using someone else's words or ideas without giving credit. Air quotes are commonly used to use direct quotes but not recommended for public speaking. Speakers need to verbally tell an audience when they are quoting someone. Not citing work can result in lower credibility, dismissal from school, and a failing grade

question anecdote definition shocking fact/statistic

what are some common types of attention-getters?

competence trustworthiness caring/goodwill

what are the 3 components of credibility?

new now neat need

what are the 4 N's a policy/direct action speech topic should be?

-signal end (restate thesis) -summarize all main points -concluding device

what are the components of a conclusion?

-hook/AGD -establish topics relevance/importance to your audience (why they should listen) -convey credibility -state thesis -offer a preview

what are the components of an introduction?