public speaking quiz 2

contrast

A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

expert testimony is testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields, while peer testimony is testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony?

You can learn about them just by observation and conversation, but to know more about

How can you get information about an audience?

two or three

How many main points will your speeches usually contain?

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas.

examples, statistics, and testimony

The three major kinds of supporting materials

1. relate the topic to the audience 2. state the importance of your topic 3. startle the audience 4. arouse the curiosity of the audience 5. question the audience 6. begin with a quotation 7. tell a story 8. use visual aids

What are eight methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?

1. Chronological Order 2. Spatial Order 3. Causal Order 4. Problem-Solution Order 5. Topical Order

What are five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech?

librarians, the catalogue, reference works, newspaper/periodical databases, and academic databases

What are five resources for finding what you need in the library?

1. use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?

1. quote or paraphrase accurately 2. use testimony from qualified sources 3. use testimony from unbiased sources 4. identify the people you quote or paraphrase

What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?

1. as with the introduction, keep an eye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech 2. conclude with a bang, not a whimper 3. don't be long winded 4. don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance

What are four tips for your conclusion?

1. speeches about objects 2. speeches about processes 3. speeches about events 4. speeches about concepts

What are four types of informative speeches discussed in this chapter?

1. summarize your speech 2. end with a quotation 3. make a dramatic statement 4. refer to the introduction

What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?

1. Use statistics to quantify your ideas 2. Use statistics sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your statistics 4. Explain your statistics 5. Round off complicated statistics 6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1. keep it brief 2. be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research 3. be creative in devising you introduction 4. don't worry about the exact wording of your introduction 5. work out your introduction in detail 6. when you present the speech, don't start talking too soon

What are six tips for your introduction?

age, religion, racial/ethic/cultural background, gender/sexual orientation, group membership

What are the five demographic traits of audiences as discussed in this chapter? Why is each important to audience analysis?

transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, signposts

What are the four kinds of speech connectives?

1. Get the attention and interest of your audience 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech

What are the four objectives of a speech introduction?

1. to let the audience know you are ending the speech 2. to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea

What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?

authorship, sponsorship, recency

What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the internet?

1. brief example 2. extended example 3. hypothetical example

What are three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use examples to support your ideas?

fixed-alternative questions, scale questions, and open-ended questions

What are three kinds of questions used in questionnaires? Why is it a good idea to use all three in audience analysis?

description, comparison, and contrast

What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?

-before the interview -during the interview -after the interview

What are three stages of a research interview?

1. keep main points separate 2. try to use the same pattern of wording for main points 3. balance the amount of time devoted to main points

What are three tips for preparing your main points?

1. through what you say 2. through delivery (crescendo ending vs dissolve ending)

What are two ways you can signal the end of your speech?

Be sure to explain everything thoroughly and make sure it is clear to someone who is hearing about the topic for the first time.

What can you do to make sure your ideas don't pass over the heads of your listeners?

to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

What does it mean to say that informative speakers should personalize their ideas?

They pay closest attention to messages that affect their own values, beliefs, and well-being

What does it mean to say that people are egocentric?

1. the book, magazine, newspaper, or web document you are citing 2. the author or sponsoring organization of the document 3. the author's qualifications with regard to the topic 4. the date on which the document was published, posted, or updated

What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

-take plenty of notes -record notes in a consistent format -make a separate entry for each note -distinguish among direct quotation, paraphrases, and your own ideas

What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

-First, they mean your listeners will hear and judge what you say on the basis of what they already know and believe -second, they mean you must relate your message to your listeners

What implications does the egocentrism of audiences hold for you as a public speaker?

-A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic -The 7 or 8 you end up using are useful

What is a preliminary bibliography? Why is it helpful you in researching a speech?

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

What is a preview statement?

-Situational analysis is audience analysis that focuses on situational factors -The factors you need to consider are the audience, the physical setting, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

What is situational analysis? What factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?

testimony is quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

What is testimony?

to make sure your supporting materials relate to the main points

What is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?

Before the speech: (1) assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech, and (2) adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate and convincing as possible During the speech: keep an eye out for audience feedback

What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?

1. transitions- connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them 2. internal previews- lets the audience know what the speaker is going to say next 3. internal summaries- remind listeners of what they have just read 4. helps the audience focus attention on key ideas

What role does each of the four kinds of speech connective play in a speech?

-review your notes as soon as possible -transcribe your notes

What should you after the interview to ensure it is successful? (2)

-define the purpose of the interview -decide whom to interview -arrange the interview -decide whether to record the interview -prepare your questions

What should you before the interview to ensure it is successful? (5)

Tie it in with their interests and concerns. Using you and your increases audience understanding of the speaker's ideas.

What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?

-dress appropriately and be on time -repeat the purpose of the interview -set up the recorder, if you are using one -keep the interview on track -listen carefully -don't overstay your welcome

What should you during the interview to ensure it is successful? (6)

1. are the statistics representative? 2. are statistical measures used correctly? 3. are the statistics from a reliable source?

What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?

Not understood concepts and using technical words

What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?

chronological order

Which of the five basic patterns of organizing main point are appropriate for informative speeches?

topical order

Which of the five basic patterns of organizing main point in a speech in used most often?

the skillfull use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good one

Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?

so your listeners can follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end and establishes clear relationships among your ideas

Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?

-We often speak best about subjects with which we are familiar -You may be temped to depersonalize it by relying solely on facts and figures from books and the Internet

Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches? (2)

so your listeners perceive you as qualified to speak about a given topic

Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?

so you do not have trouble sorting them out

Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speeches?

-The longer you wait, the more problems you will encounter -It will always take longer than you expect -gives you plenty of time to think about what you find

Why is it important to start your speech research early? (3)

Numbers can be easily manipulated and distorted

Why is it so easy to lie with statistics?

So that you can gain a desired response from listeners while keeping the idea clear and interesting, rather than to browbeat the audience or to blow off steam

Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?

The more you assume your audience knows about your informative speech topic, the greater are your chances of being misunderstood.

Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic?

To ensure your audience is not guessing about the main points they should listen for as the speech unfolds

Why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?

concept

a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

academic database

a database that catalouges articles from scholarly journals

preliminary bibliography

a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

catalouge

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

problem-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

casual order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

newspaper and periodical databases

a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

informative speech

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s)

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

comparison

a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

description

a statement that depicts a person, idea, or event, or the like with clarity and vividness

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

abstract

a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

process

a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

reference work

a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

research interview

an interview conducted to gather information for a speech

sponsoring organization

an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet

event

anything that happens or is regarded as happening

object

anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors

audience-centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

statistics

numerical data

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

open-ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

fixed-alternative question

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

scale question

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

mean

the average value of a group of numbers

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech

median

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

mode

the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

personalize

to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words