PURC

Use your brain and heart

According to Westside Toastmasters (n.d.), the brain and the heart should be used in a balanced manner.

What is this? Why am I reading it? What do you want me to do?

In the introduction there are three (3) important questions that should be answered in this section:

Feasibility Report

It evaluates one (1) or more potential action steps and recommends how the organization should proceed.

Selective misquotation Full quotation

Two kinds of misquoting

Rebuttal

a response to a claim, counterclaim, backing, or warrant with an aim to refute it

Academic Journals

articles usually written by scholars in an academic or professional field.

Books

cover virtually any topic, fact or fiction.

academic paper

must be unbiased, scholarly, and supported by evidence.

Specific Evidence and analysis

supports one of your claims and provides a deeper level of detail than your topic sentence

brief wrap-up sentence

that tells the reader how and why this information supports the paper's thesis

Transition Topic sentences Specific Evidence and analysis Brief wrap-up sentence

A good paragraph has four (4) elements:

Review of the project's purpose Description of the project's current status List of obstacles you have encountered and attempts you have made to overcome those obstacles Description of the next milestone Forecast of the project'sfuture.

A progress/status report should contain the following:

Selective misquoting

According to Kolin (2017), it refers to "deliberate omission of damaging or unflattering comments to paint a better but untruthful picture of you or your company."

1. Suppression of information 2. Falsification or fabrication 3. Overstatement or understatement 4. Selective misquoting 5. Subjective wording 6. Conflict of interest 7. Withholding information 8. Plagiarism

According to Searles (2014) as cited in Bernales, et al. (2018), workplace communication will fail the ethics test if it is corrupted by any of the following tactics:

Ethics in Workplace Communication

Accuracy, honesty, and fairness should always be present in workplace communication

Anticipate when you may be asked to speak Focus on your audience and the situation Accept the invitation with assurance Organize your thoughts Present reasons, logic, or facts to support your viewpoint Don't apologize Don't ramble.

Adler and Elmhorst (2012) have a few tips that might save you from being ambushed to deliver an impromptu speech:

Paraphrasing vs. Direct Quoting using APA Style 6th Edition

After gathering information from printed or electronic materials, the next step is synthesizing the said information. In order to produce a credible academic paper, a writer should have sufficient knowledge in paraphrasing and direct quotation.

Suppression of information

Also known as "data suppression," it refers to the process of withholding or removing selected information or an inconvenient truth to protect an individual or a group (The Glossary of Education Reform, 2017).

Who is the reporting person and what are his contact details?

As soon as the incident is transcribed, the desk officer and the reporting person shall sign the report. The address, home telephone number, mobile phone number, and identification card presented of the reporting person should be indicated in the blotter book unless s/he does not want by reason of privacy.

Evaluation of the Solutions

Assess the feasibility of the solutions that you have given through the criteria that you listed earlier. Provide necessary supporting material to show how you arrived at your conclusion.

Specific and Clear Language Balanced and Credible Voice Social and Cultural Relevance Adherence to Principles of Documentation

Characteristics of Academic Writing

A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the speech Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion Body paragraphs that include evidential support Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal)\ A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided

Characteristics of an Argumentative Speech

Your position

Clearly state the nature of your disagreement with the argument or position you are refuting.

A. Ethics in Workplace Communication (Bernales, et al., 2018) B. E-Communications (Kolin, 2017) C. Writing Letters D. Memorandum E. Agenda and Minutes of the Meeting

Communication in the Workplace

State why the main idea is important

Create a clear and convincing essay people will want to read and act upon.

Where did it take place?

Describe in detail where the incident occurred, e.g., "In the living room of a three- storey brick house in 6th Avenue, Dalisay Village, Brgy. Socorro, Quezon City."

Methodology

Describe the process you used to identify and evaluate the plan(s) under consideration.

Why did it happen?

Determine the possible motive of the crime or the root cause of the incident. It is necessary to list all that were alleged by the victims, suspects, and witnesses.

1. Academic Journals 2. Books 3. Electronic Resources 4. General Reference Materials 5. Government Documents 6. Periodicals

Different Types of Information Source

Overstatement or understatement

Exaggerating the positive aspects of a situation or downplaying the negative aspects to create desired impression is unethical.

The opponent's argument

Fairly and accurately state the main points of the argument you will refute.

Short quotations

For short direct quotations, make reference to the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference preceded by "p."

Specific and Clear Language

Highfalutin words are not a requirement in academic writing. As the saying goes, "Pompous language obscures meaning." In order to achieve the tone and feel of an academic paper, one should write in the register and style of academic writing.

Use formal or standard English in writing. Technical or specialized terms Abbreviations and acronyms should be defined at first mention. Words or phrases that discriminate a particular group should not be used in the paper.

How can we achieve a specific and clear language in writing?

Restate your topic and why it is important. Restate your thesis/claim. Address opposing viewpoints and explain why readers should align with your position. Call for action or overview of future research possibilities.

How to make a Conclusion

Social and Cultural Relevance

In order to have an enjoyable writing experience, it is highly encouraged that the writer chooses a topic that is interesting and relevant for him/her.

Progress/Status Report

It answers the question "How's the project going?"

Speech of Demonstration

It answers the question "how" and follows a chronological pattern to reveal the steps about a process or a procedure.

Speech of Explanation

It answers the question "why" and follows a topical, causal, narrative, or comparison-contrast pattern.

Persuasive Paper

It contains "call to action" which asks the reader to do something to show that they agree with the author. Its tone is emotionally charged and more aggressive.

Memorized

It is a rote recitation of a memorized speech. Actors recite from memory whenever they perform a script in a movie scene, television program, or a stage play.

Impromptu

It is a speech that one has to make without prior preparation. This kind of speech is common in beauty pageants and special events like weddings and birthday celebrations (Fleming, 2018).

Argumentative Speech

It shows a disagreement or a conflict and tries to make the listeners believe that the speaker's idea is better based on the reasons at hand

argumentative paper

Its aim is to get the reader recognize that the writer's argument is valid. In this paper, the writer presents multiple perspectives, although clearly for one (1) side.

Introduction Criteria Methodology Possible Solution Evaluation of the Solutions Recommendations Conclusion

Most feasibility reports contain the following elements:

How did it happen?

Narrate the chronology of events that led to the incident including the actions taken during the initial investigation at the scene. This part should also include the weather, lighting, sounds, activities in the vicinity of the incident.

Introduction Body paragraphs Rebuttal section Conclusion

Parts of an Argument Paper (Brizee, 2018)

a. Persuasive Paper b. Argumentative Paper

Persuasive and Argumentative Written Communication

What happened?

Present a detailed account of the incident that happened or the crime that was committed.

Possible Solution

Provide a detailed explanation of each solution you considered.

Your refutation

Provide an appropriate counterargument depending on the nature of your disagreement. If you challenge the writer's evidence, then you must present the more recent evidence.

Set the context

Provide general information about the main idea and explain the situation so the reader can make sense of the topic and claims you make.

The opponent's argument Your position Your refutation

Rebuttal section

Withholding information

Refusing to share important information or relevant data with coworkers is an unethical act especially if it would jeopardize the success of an ongoing project.

When did it take place?

Specify the time and date of the incident. Be precise as much as possible.

Be objective but subjective

The facts and data should be integrated and organized in the speech in a manner that will influence the listeners to act in favor of the speaker.

· Who was involved? · When did it take place? · Where did it take place? · What happened? · Why did it happen? · How did it happen? · Who is the reporting person and what are his contact details?

The following questions should be answered as a guide in writing an incident or police report:

Balanced and Credible Voice

The writer's voice should not disappear entirely, but this voice should sound credible and, therefore, balanced, objective, and not overly emotional.

Adherence to Principles of Documentation

There are different documentation formats created for different disciplines.

Government Documents

These refer to papers issued or published by a government body

Conflict of interest

This occurs when a corporation or a person becomes unreliable or biased in his/her decisions because of a clash between personal and professional affairs (Investopedia, 2018).

Recommendations

This part contains the description of the solution that best fits the criteria provided earlier. Be concise and straightforward.

Introduction

This part should contain a brief definition of the problem and an explanation of its consequences. Also, state the importance of the alternatives that you will be discussing.

Plagiarism

This refers to stealing someone's else's words, ideas, or even the results of a study and claiming them as your own without documenting (or even inadequately documenting) the source (Kolin, 2017).

Subjective wording

This refers to the intentional use of terms and words that will hide the real meaning of the situation.

Conclusion

This section covers the summary of the findings and shows how it can help solve the problem at hand

Criteria

This section should contain the standards that you used to evaluate the alternative courses of action. Get the readers accept the criteria you have made by explaining them thoroughly so that there will be no or lesser oppositions in your recommendations.

Extemporaneous

This type involves the speaker's use of note cards or prompts for his/her speech outline, but he uses his/her own words as s/he proceeds (Baumeyer, n.d.).

Speech of Description

This type of speech answers the questions "who," "what," and "where." The main points in this type of speech are usually placed in a chronological, topical, or narrative pattern.

Persuasive Speech

This type of speech is commonly used by politicians, periodical editors, sales agents, and marketing strategists.

Manuscrip

This type of speech is delivered through reading from a paper script or teleprompter and is typically used when there is a time constraint or the speech will be telecast (Beebe and Mottet, 2010).

Speech of Description Speech of Explanation Speech of Demonstration

Three (3) Types of Informative Speech

Set the context State why the main idea is important State your thesis/claim

To answer the said questions in introduction, do the following steps:

a. Progress/Status Report b. Feasibility Report c. Incident and Police Report

Types of Informative Written Communication

a. Memorized b. Manuscript c. Impromptu d. Extemporaneous

Types of Speech According to Manner of Delivery

a. Informative Speech b. Persuasive Speech c. Argumentative Speech

Types of Speech According to Purpose

State your thesis/claim

Use logos (sound reasoning), pathos (emotional appeal), and ethos (author's credibility) in composing your thesis statement or claim.

Be objective but subjective Use your brain and heart Cite, cite, and cite

Useful Tips in Preparing a Persuasive Presentation

Cluttered writing Tighter writing Writer-focused Subject-focused

Uychoco and Santos (2018) gave a few sets of examples to analyze the correct usage of voice and balance in academic writing:

Who was involved?

Write down all the names of those who are involved including the victims, suspects, witnesses, and whoever may be listed as present during the incident, or may not be present but has knowledge about the incident.

Counterclaim

an opposition to a certain argument

E-Communications (Kolin, 2017)

are the workhorse of business communication

General Reference Materials

are those resources that we refer to for a definition or a fact about a topic.

Warrants Backing Counterclaim Rebuttal

argumentative speech contains any of the following:

Paraphrasing

done when the wording of the source is less important than the meaning of the source.

convince the audience to accept his/her idea, stand, or claim

goal of persuasive speech

Argumentative speech

is a "a genre that requires a writer to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner" (Baker, Brizee, & Angeli, 2013).

In-text citation

is a formal reference, that is written within the body of a work, to a published or unpublished source that the writer consulted and obtained information from while writing the paper (University of Southern Carolina, n.d.).

APA style

is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences (e.g. psychology, linguistics, sociology, and criminology), business, and nursing.

transition sentence

leading in from a previous paragraph to assure smooth reading - This acts as a hand-off from one idea to the next.

Paraphrased materials

make reference to the author and year of publication. APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number although it is not required.

Long quotations

place the quoted material in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks

Periodicals

refer to publications that are published at regular intervals.

Electronic resources or "e-resources"

refers to materials in digital format that can be accessed through the use of the computer.

Falsification or fabrication

results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. On the other hand, fabrication refers to the act of making up data or results (Office of Research Integrity, n.d.).

Warrants

statements about how the evidence supports the claims

MLA style

style is typically reserved for writers and students preparing manuscripts in various humanities disciplines such as local and foreign language and literature, literary criticism, comparative literature, cultural studies, and the likes.

Backing

support for warrants

topic sentence

that tells the reader what you will be discussing in the paragraph

· Avoid making broad generalizations (e.g. always, never). · Avoid using over-sweeping adjectives (e.g. outstanding, obvious). · Avoid using adverbs (e.g. really, clearly). · Avoid qualifiers (e.g. a little, definitely). · Avoid emotional language (e.g. It is heartbreaking that so many are starving). · Avoid inflammatory language (e.g. Smith's study was terrible, sickening, and sad).

there are several things to avoid in writing an academic paper: