PVCC Bio 150 Lecture Exam 4
treatment of HIV
-no cure, get primary care and have healthy lifestyle -antiviral therapy will slow virus replication
treatment for meningoencephalitis
-not many cases so no exact treatment -anti-fungal and/or sulfa drugs -only 5-7 known survivors
vector of dengue fever
-one of the most critical vector borne pathogens -mosquitos taking blood meals from infected individual will spread to a new host
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
-outbreak in 2002 from china -possible respiratory droplet transmission -pneumonia appearance on x-rays -fluid in lungs, cold/flu-like symptoms VIRUS
transmission of malaria
-pathogens enter the RBCs that will form gametocytes instead of asexual reproduction -gametocytes are the adult form of pathogen, become male and female that will allow reproduction when blood is taken in by mosquito
PID
-pelvic inflammatory disease -may cause ectopic pregnancy in women or sterility in M+F -fertility because of scar tissue
Malaria
-plasmodium species (4 types) a protozoan that goes intracellular -P. falciform=most fatal -attacks RBC and liver cells vector and DH=mosquito
two types of plague
-pneumonic -septicemic
SECONDARY TB signs and symptoms
-primary TB goes dormant -cavities in lungs drain into bronchial tubes -violent cough, green/bloody sputum, low fever, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue, night sweat
transmission of meningoencephalitis (Naegleria fowleri)
-protozoan enters through nose when swimming in contaminated water -nasal lavage using contaminated water -no risk if infected water is drunk
Prevention of toxoplasmosis
-reduce risk from cooking food -wash produce, gloves in garden, cover sandboxes -
genital system
-reproductive system and organs -differ b/w males and females -semen+urine from urethra in males (1 out) -urethra=urine, vagina=vag secretions in females (2 out)
functions of GI biota
-resident microbes teach immune system good microbe from bad -aid in digestion, break down things we don't need -provide vitamin K
pneumonic plague signs and symptoms
-respiratory disease, enters lymph node and is filtered by a local node -infection causes inflammation, swollen lesion (bubo) usually in groin or axilla -2-8 day incubation -onset of fever, chills, headache, nausea, weakness, tenderness of buboes)
signs and symptoms of meningitis
-same for all causative agents -severe headache, painful/stiff neck, fever, nausea, vomiting, may be mistaken for flu like symptoms
Prevention of Chagas' Disease
-screening before blood donation -no vaccine, treatment needs to occur early in acute phase -prevention from bugs (bed nets, clothes, clean up standing water
foodborne intoxication
-shorter intoxication, food poisoning -bacteria release toxin and cause symptoms quick
HIV 2
-small african monkey, most common in west Africa -less common, harder to transmit -longer for infection to turn to AIDS
signs and symptoms of mono (EBV)
-sore throat, fever, cervival and lymph node swelling -long incubation (30-50 days) -skin rash, enlarged spleen and liver -fatigue, headache, swollen tonsils
pathogenesis of tetanus
-spores enter body via deep puncture wounds/burns -will not infect if skin is not broken -anything that has been outside for a long amount of time will have more spores, anaerobic conditions will allow germination -tetanospasmin released and travels to spinal cord
Transmission of Ebola
-spread through contact with body fluids of the infected person, non-human primates -can lie dormant in male reproductive system and virus is released with semen
staphylococcus aureus
-staphylococcal food poisoning, toxins more often consumed in protein rich foods (meat, fish, dairy) or when food is made and left out -may inactivate toxin by heating
HIV 1
-the most prevalent and pathogenic -traced to chimps -most common
bacterial intoxication
-toxin ingested w/ food and water, toxin is what causes signs and symptoms, shorter incubation
Transmission of West Nile Virus
-transmitted by vector bite of mosquitos, acquire virus by feeding off an infected virus
prevention of rabies
-vaccine for those @ high risk of exposure -stay away from animal acting strange or foaming at mouth
Prevention of meningitis
-vaccines (will help prevent spread to those who can't be vaccinated) -lumbar and spinal tap to confirm infection -broad spectrum antibiotics, shifted to narrow spec when agent is confirmed
transmission of dengue fever
-vector borne pathogen, spread by mosquitos
causative agent of HIV
human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2
Defenses of Upper Respiratory Tract
- Nasal hair - Mucocillary clearance (mucous will move pathogen out of cells via cillia) - coughing and sneezing - Secretory IgA and lysozyme
signs and symptoms of polio
-95% asymptmatic, flu like symptoms (headache, fever, fatigue, neck and back stiffness, difficulty swallowing, breathing) -paralysis in extreme cases
influenza
-A, B, and C viruses (orthomyxoveridae) (strain B most commonly associated with seasonal flu)
cause of pharyngitis
-Bacteria, virus, upper respiratory infection -Could be strep throat to prevent future heart disease perform rapid strep test -Will lead to rheumatic fever if our own cells are attacked instead of M proteins -Fusobacterium necrophorum
transmission of plague
-Bite of infected flea -direct contact with infected bodily fluids -droplet transmission (pneumonia)
Botulism
-Causative agent: clostridium botulinum (anaerobic spore forming bacteria) -exotoxin-botulism toxin released all the time when it grows and reproduces -nerve sends signal to muscle bot toxin blocks contraction -also used for BOTOX and individuals who have sweat disorders, migraines, wrinkles
signs and symptoms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
-Fairly nonspecific: fever muscle aches and fatigue -Later symptoms coughing shortness of breath lungs filled with fluid -Endemic in the four corners (Utah Colorado Arizona New Mexico)
those at risk for endocarditis
-IV drug users (infected needles) -obvious sources of infection (tooth/skin lesion, where bacteria can seed into bloodstream) -abnormal heart (birth defects, recent surgeries, bacteria will stick and colonize @ suture lines of recent surg)
signs and symptoms of pharyngitis
-Inflammation of the throat -swollen mucosa -foul breath (halitosis)
Escherica coli
-Pathogen commonly found in the GI -common UTI transmission: fecal-oral, lots of spread b/c of bad hygiene
Toxoplasmosis
-Toxoplasma gondii (protozoan) -zoonotic disease, no affect in immunocompetent except for minor flu symptoms -often fatal or very severe for immunocompromised and fetus
Syphilis
-Treponema pallidum (bacteria) -STD
transmission of rhintis
-airborne and direct contact -no vaccine because virus is self limiting, meaning it will only last 7-10 days and you are only contagious for 2-3 days
Defenses of lower respiratory tract
-alveolar fluid -alveoli (delicate, gas exchange) -alveolar macrophages (kill invaders) **no microbiota
Naegleria fowleri
-amoeba (protozoan) that causes primary meningoencephalitis (PAM) -found in warm water across the globe -very toxic to human cells, death in a matter of days
Treatment of toxoplasmosis
-anti-parasitic -#1 parasitic protozoan in the US (11% been infected) -diagnosis made by serology -can cause bizarre behaviors...potential link to schizophrenia
prevention and treatment of botulism
-antitoxin (antibodies from humans who have previously been infected) -gastric lavage for infants to wash organisms from the GI tract -hospitalization (respiratory and cardiovascular support b/c muscles won't contract)
prevention of tetanus
-antitoxin vaccine series, T-dap/D-dap -booster every 10 years or as necessary
Treatment of tetanus
-antitoxin, maintain respiration and nutrition -tetanus vaccine -decreases the # of cases
prevention/treatment of west nile virus
-avoid activity where mosquitos may be present -wear long clothes outside, bed nets, bug repellants -over the counter pain relievers to reduce fever and some symptoms
prevention of meningoencephalitis
-avoid swimming related activities in fresh water, plug nose when immersing head) -avoid low water levels -don't dig up dirt and sediment in warm fresh water -DI water for nasal lavage
Listerua monocytogenes
-bacteria -vehicle transmission, food-borne -prevention: cook food entirely, avoid unpasteurized products -primary reservoir=soil, water/animals, plants/foods, secondary sources of infection
endocarditis
-bacterial infection of the endocardium -innermost lining of heart that infected blood is coming in contact with, makes up valves of heart -inflammation of endocardium and valves -bacteria and clotting factors help hide from the immune system
prevention of HIV
-barrier protection, avoid IV drugs, know your status -avoid sexual contact with infected persons
Septicemic Plague: Signs and Symptoms
-buboes lead to bacterial growth in the blood -results in disseminated intravascular coagulation (blood clotting) -progression increases mortality rate
poliomyelitis
-causitive agent=polovirus from enterovirus genus -opportunistic pathogen
components of tooth biofilm
-created by what you eat and drink, bacterial waste, matrix of plaque, salivary proteins, and bacteria -other species can stick to the biofilm
Foodborne and Waterborne Infections
-dehydration is a common complication -GI infections, will have longer incubation -fecal material, infection from ingestion of infected material, water, food products
Treatment and Prevention of malaria
-depends on species of plasmodium and severity of symptoms -intesticides (DDT)-but some resistance is developing -bed nets to prevent biting at night -medication for travelers going to endemic area -clean standing H2O
Transmission of Epstein-Barr Virus
-direct/indirect contact with saliva, blood, sexual contacts, organ transplant -parental -"kissing disease"
transmission of paragonimus
-eating infected crab, crawfish (especially when raw)
Diagnosis of Paragonimus kellicotti
-eggs appearing in sputum sample -eggs arent killed unless there is cooking heat
epidemiology of chagas disease
-endemic to -mexico, central america, south america where bugs are located
pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis
-enters nasal passages via swimming (nasal lavage used to flush microbes) -burrows into cells, multiplies into nasal cells -move into brain low risk, highly fatal
Epidemiology of Polio
-fecal-oral route from person to person -polio type 2 is considered to be eradicated -increased vaccination coverage and surveillance of suspended causes
Prevention of plague
-flea and or animal control; vaccine available for high-risk individuals
vector of plague
-flea, biological vector -natural hosts=rats, transmitted by fleas to humans
urinary tract defenses
-flushing of urine -desquamation (shedding of cells and microbes lining tract) -urine (acidic pH (6), antibacterial lysozyme and lactoferrin, and IGA)
transmission of toxoplasmosis
-foodborne (undercooked contaminated meat-pork, lamb, shellfish have toxoplasmosis cysts in their musculature, cysts rupture during digestion and cause infection) -zoonotic (only DH is cats, able to release eggs via feces once) -congenital (mother to child when first infection of mother occurs during gestation) --rare instances during organ transplant
treatment of respiratory syncytial virus
-forms giant multinucleate cell clumps in airway which cause inflammation -no antibiotics mild infection will go away without treatment -Young children or infants have a harder time with RSV -oxygen moisture humidified air breathing machine in hospital -keep someone under 6 months away from crowds
transmission of tularemia
-francisella tularensis - *Tick Bite* (vector) - Ingestion of contaminated meat - Ingestion of contaminated water - Direct contact (abrasion or cut) - Inhalation (airborne)
prevention of tularemia
-gentamicin or streptomycin -live attenuated virus for high risk, protective gear when dealing with infected individual
dengue hemorrhagic fever
-getting a second infection from a different dengue virus than initially infected will lead to _____________, potentially cause a shock-like state because of blood loss
incidence of dengue
-has spread into new areas and caused the increase of individuals infected, infected individuals will travel and move disease to new areas
Components of the cardiovascular system
-heart pumps blood through vessels and will cary respiratory gases (CO2, O2, nutrients)
primary TB signs and symptoms
-hidden infection period when asymptomatic or mild fever -formation of tubercles (specific infection sites) which break down into lesions
Prevention and Treatment of polio
-inactivated polio vaccine -no cure for polio, pain relievers, ventilators, moderate excursive
whooping cough incidence
-increase due to vaccination decrease and waining immunity -vaccine is not lifelong, runs out -more serious in kids because of smaller airways
Extrapulmonary TB signs and symptoms
-infection outside lungs, most commonly involved w/ immunocompromised kids -spread to kidneys, bones, genitals, brain -tubercular meningitis can lead to permanent retardation, blindness, deafness
gastroenteritis
-inflammation of the stomach and intestines -accompanied by diarrhea fever and pain, dehydration
Sepsis
-inflammatory response of the whole body, leakage of vessels can lead to septic shock, results in decreased BP
urinary tract infection (UTI)
-invasion of the urinary system (generally bacteria) can go up urethra and potentially to bladder and kidneys CAUSITIVE AGENT: most common= E.coli, staphylococcus saprophyticus, proteus mirabilis
paragonimus infection
-lung fluke -different species depending on area -north america: paragonimus kellicot
Epidemiology of Malaria
-malaria belt, area where mosquitos live and breed -movement of infected individuals, infected vector can expand and introduce to new areas
Viral spikes of influenza
-membrane proteins that determine the subtype of orthomyxoviridae virus, ability to change genetically and slow down the immune system
Microbiota of the GI tract
-mouth > 550 species -stomach previously thought sterile >120 species -large intestine billions
Tuberculosis
-myobacterium tuberculosos -MDR-tb (multidrug resistance) -XDR-TB -primary, extra pulmonary, secondary
Enterobius vermicularis
-nematode (pinworm) -female worm burrows out of anus and deposits eggs in perianal area at night symptoms: itching and restless sleep transmission: itching can transmit eggs to others, common in children
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Causative agent: Bordetella pertussis bacteria Disease stages: cartarrhal and paroxysmal
transmission of chagas disease
-vectorborne disease -triatome bugs (or kissing bugs because they bite near lip_ -bug deficates when taking blood meal and protozoa is in fecal material that can be spread orally, by itching, and will get into blood
signs and symptoms of shigella
-watery stools, fever, intense abdominal pain, bloody stools (dysentery)
cartarrhal stage
1-3 weeks nonspecific cold symptoms of pertussis
secondary phase of syphilis
4-8 weeks after chancre heals, rash, fever, headache, sore throat -invades many systems and causes many symptoms -lesions will still contain bacteria
transmission of rabies
Bite of infected animal -infected saliva passed to a new host (rare= contamination of mucous membrane, aerosol transmission, possibly through corneal and organ transplant)
causitive agent of lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi (bacteria) -vector disease spread by ticks, the biological vector
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism transmission: direct contact, food and waterborne signs and symptoms: Difficulty swallowing or speaking. Dry mouth. Facial weakness on both sides of the face. Blurred or double vision. Drooping eyelids. Trouble breathing. Nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. Paralysis.
lyme disease
Bull's eye rash -erythma migrans, gradually spreads outward and is pale in central region -disease endemic in areas of US, europe, asia -northern east coast (new york, penn, maine, parts of VA)
primary phase of syphilis
CHANCRE - hard, painless genital ulcer, appears 3-4 weeks after exposure lasts 3-14 weeks, heals instantly and bacteria is in circulatory system after healing
what fluid is found between meningies?
CSF
Tetanus
Causitive agent: clostridium tetani, bacteria that forms an infective spore -spore germinates into vegetative state when O2 is low -exotoxin: tetanospasm (released all the time and inhibits muscle contraction, blocks inhibition)--> causes muscles to stay contracted -clenching of jaw, arching back, respiratory compromise
prevention of pertussis, tetanus, diptheria
DTaP/Tdap vaccine
transmission of HIV
Direct: sexual contacts, bodily fluids (blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk), contaminated syringes
signs and symptoms of ebola
EARLY- nonspecific symptoms, achey, fever, tired LATE- rash all over body from under-skin bleeding, blood filled blisters
West Nile Virus
Flaviviridae virus, small enveloped RNA virus -highly pathogenic to birds, only 20% of humans show symptoms -infects humans, horses, other vertebrae
Transmission of botulism
Food: ingesting toxin Wound: infection by bacterium that secretes the toxin. Airborne: can be used as a bio weapon Not spreadable from person to person.
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Government study from 1932-1972 which investigated effects of untreated syphilis on African American males. Men were lied to and told they were being treated for "bad blood." without providing them with a known cure for the disease. result: 1974 national research act
genital tract defenses
MALES: flushing of urine FEMALES: mucus, IGA, low pH during childbearing years b/c of lactobacillus, neutral pH prepubescent and post menopause
Symptoms of Chlamydia
MALES: inflammation of urethra, painful urination, discharge, and pain or swelling in the scrotum FEMALES: cervicitis and inflammation of fallopian tube, painful urination, abnormal discharge, may lead to PID
signs and symptoms of cholera
abrupt vomiting followed by watery feces -rice water stool (mucous flex in diahhrea because of huge water loss) -fluid loss= blood volume decrease
signs and symptoms of tularemia
acute= headache, fever, chills coughing, weakness, delayed treatment because signs and symptoms often misinterpreted
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae -most common infection in reproductive system TRANSMISSION: constant changing of virulence proteins to evade detection, sexual intercourse, pregnancy
causative agent of meningitis
Neisseria meningitis, streptococcus pneumonia, cryptococcus neoformans
transmission of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Rodents (mice/rats) -shed in urine feces saliva (secretions) -human has to inhale virus from secretions
septic shock
Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection after an individual is septic
Mumps
Signs and symptoms: swollen parotid glands, fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness appear about 16-18 days after exposure (very rarely can cause sterility) Transmission: saliva or mucous, close contact highly contagious Prevention: MMR live attenuated vaccine (at 1 year old and 4-6 years of age) Teens and adults should also be up to date (effectiveness: 88%)
Lifecycle of Chlamydia
TWO PHASES: -infectious elementary bodies--found outside host, hardy and metabolically inactive, will go intracellular and transform -noninfectious reticular bodies--fragile, can evade immine response, metabolically active, able to live in phagosome and releases chemicals -can use host ATP
causitive agent of plague
Yersinia pestis (bacteria) -vectorborne
Bacteremia
bacteria in the blood, can lead to septicemia
Neisseria meningitidis
bacterial meningitis, most cases in unvaccinated children -transmitted through upper respiratory tract, moves into blood and then into meninges -has a capsule and exotoxin -prevention: vaccine and ceftriaxone protect contact
Structural defenses
bone (ex. skull around brain, vertebrae around SC) -protects from traumatic injury and events
Diptheria
causative agent: corynebacterium diptheriae characteristic sign: inflammation of pharynx, tonsils marked by pseudomembrane
cholera
causative agent: vibrio cholera transmission: from contaminated food/water, shellfish (natural reservoir)
Helicobacter pylori
causes stomach ulcers signs and symptoms: severe abdominal cramps (worse after eating), nausea, vomiting, bloody stool -often asymptomatic
Shigella
causitive agent: shigella flexnori -spreads into villus of large intestine and cause fever due to shiga toxin transmission: fecal-oral, direct contact
Defenses of the GI tract
common portal of entry -mucus--> mechanical protection, protects cells underneath -iga--> antibody class to protect against path already seen -peristalsis--> rhytmic movement of GI tube -stomach fluid--> low PH is not hospitable -GALT--> gastrointestinal associated lymphoid, mount immune response
symptoms of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
common virus, mild cold like symptoms in adults and healthy newborns -produces syncytia, very serious in newborns (fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, cough, wheeze)
Meningies
connective tissue membranes cover the spinal cord and also cover and protect the brain (dura, pia, arachnoid mater)
symptoms of paragonimus
diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, cough, urticaria, hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary abnormalities, and eosinophilia.
transmission of norovirus
direct contact, contaminated food or liquids, secretions or contact with an infected person -able to live on fomite for long time
Dental caries (cavities)
dissolution of solid tooth surface due to metabolic action of bacteria
causative agent of ebola
ebola virus, can lead to ebola hemorhagic fever
infectious mononucleosis
epstein-barr virus causes _____________________
signs and symptoms of west nile virus
flu-like symptoms, fever, fatigue, headaches, vomiting, diarrhea
causative agent of dengue fever
four forms of dengue virus that cause hemmorhagic fevers
Cryptococcus neoformans
fungi -vehicle transmission via air and dust, bird populations -causes resistant meningitis in immunocompromised -more gradual onset of symptoms
Meningeoencephalitis
inflammation of the brain and meninges -naegleria fowleri, found in warm water across the globe
Mantoux Test (PPD)
intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen (bleb)
no
is there normal biota in the cardiovascular or lymphatic system?
bacterial infections
live bacterial pathogens are ingested and can grow in the body (longer incubation)
components of lymphatic system
lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic organs, immune cells
defenses of cardio and lymph system
many leukocytes (WBC) -lymphocytes: B and T cells, line of defense, specific immunity -phagocytes: macrophages+neutrophiles used for nonspecific response -no normal biota present because defense is very good
four defense systems of nervous system
meninges, nervous cells, blood-brain barrier, structural defenses
nervous cells
microglial cells (phagocytic cells, able to clean up dead cells and debris in CNS)
no
there is __________ normal biota in the CNS and PNS
Latent stage of syphilis
no symptoms, highly varied, ~20 years
Parasitemia
parasites in the blood
blood-brain barrier
partially made of astrocytes will wrap around blood vessels for prevention of leakiness-prevents microbes from leaving vessels in CNS
Stages of Syphilis
primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
causitive agent of chagas disease
protozoan, trypanosoma cruzi
causitive agent of rabies
rabies virus-rhabidoviridae --true pathogen, viral zoonotic
Tertiary stage of syphilis
rare, S+S depend on which organ system was involved, gummas on skin (ulcerating lesions) outlook=grave
urinary tract
removes substances from the blood, regulates certain body processes, and forms urine and transports it out of the body -kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
salmonella
salmonellosis and typhoid fever -can cause enteric fever or gastroenteritis, illness of the GI tract and beyond -transmission: vehicle (food borne, beverage), fecal oral
Clostridium difficile (C.diff)
signs and symptoms: causes psuedomembranos colitis, able to superinfect large intestine, opportunistic -abdominal pain, diarrhea, vommiting, nausea -treatment: withdraw of antibiotics, electrolytes and fluid therapy -opportunistic, at risk when immunocomp
giardia
signs and symptoms: extreme diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulance transmission: isolated from intestine of bevers, cattle, coyotes -escape from intestine, can survuve two months in environment -food/waterborne transm "bever fever"
Campylobacter jejuni
signs and symptoms: gastroenteritis, secretory diarrhea, similar to cholera, loose stool, incubation 1-7 days transmission: beverages, food, uncooked chicken
causative agent of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
sinombre virus, hauntavirus -can also cause renal symptoms, 60% mortality
possible hosts of paragonimus kellicotti
snails release eggs that enter into crab or craw -cysts form in crab or craw -mature trematode will burrow out of intestine and into lung
infant botulism
spores can be in honey and microbial antagonism will prevent spore formation in adult, but infants do not have much microbiota in GI and spore can become vegetative
Paroxysmal stage
stage of whooping cough -coughing fits distinct, indicative of disease Cilia are paralyzed by a toxin and become unable to move mucus up and out pathogens and mucus get stuck causing intense coughing
causative agent of caries
strep mutans, strep sobrinus (over 25 streptococcus species)
alternative names for H1N1
swine flu, influenza A
Toxoid vaccine (tdap and Dtap)
there have been a decrease in the number of diptheria cases because of the ______________________________
access (infection) and root canal
two serious conditions that can result from untreated dental caries -circulatory system affected because bacteria can enter bloodstream
Symptoms of Gonorrhea
urethral and cervical infections, MALES: yellow white and green discharge from the peen, painful or swollen testes, burning during urination FEMALES: painful or burning during urination, increase vaginal discharge, bleeding b/w cycles NEONATES: eye infections, may lead to blindness, sores on scalp, systemic infection
Viremia
viruses in the blood
respiratory system
what is the most common portal of entry infected by what we are breathing in
septicemia
where bacteria flourish in the blood, leads to sepsis
symptoms of rhinitis
~200 viruses causing sneezing, scratchy throat runny nose -inflammation of mucous membrane, observed after a 2-3 day window, generally no fever