PY 101 Final Exam

[10] Schachter-Singer's Two-Factor Theory: Define

must be physically aroused and then cognitively label the arousal in order to feel emotion

[14] People with _____ personality disorder have a tendency to exaggerate their own importance. They do not accept criticism very well and are known to react to it with rage or shame.

narcissistic

[11] John has just finished a brutal tour of combat in Afghanistan. Several of his friends were killed, but he was able to cope and fight on despite the death around him. The two stress hormones at play in John's experience are epinephrine and:

norepinephrine

[14] Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for four hours every day. In particular, the fringe on her living room rug must be straight on both sides. This takes considerable time, and she often repeats this task 10 to 12 times per day. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

[14] OCD: Define

obsessive-compulsive disorder; unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

[10] Cannon-Bard Theory: Define

our bodily responses and experienced emotions occur separately but simultaneously (my heart began pounding as i experienced fear)

[12] Social Loafing: Define

people working in teams together exerting less effort

[14] Phobias: Define

persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

[14] Thirty-five-year-old Caroline needs to have her blood drawn. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it, as well as take a short-acting sedative. Caroline seems to be suffering from a(n) _____.

phobia

[14] Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is MOST clearly showing signs of:

post traumatic stress disorder

[14] PTSD: Define

post traumatic stress disorder; haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

[15] Identifying and eliminating the socially stressful conditions that contribute to psychological disorders is of MOST interest to the advocates of:

preventive mental health.

[9] Sunil had difficulty recognizing that bullfighting was a sport because it did not resemble his _____ of a sport.

prototype

[14] Anxiety Disorders: Define; What disorders fall under this category?

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, and dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors; generalized anxiety, panic, phobias

[12] Conformity and Obedience: Who was Phillip Zimbardo? What did he do?

psychologist created a study (prison stimulation) where college students volunteered to be prison guards and prisoners; roles created disparaging attitudes and mental breakdown; Role playing can train torturers

[8] Shauntae is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class and reviews the chapter covered in the lecture each evening. Rewriting her notes and reviewing the chapter is a form of _____.

rehersal

[15] Today, Ellen is going to the mental health clinic for a relatively new treatment. During the procedure, repeated pulses of magnetic energy will be applied to her brain through a magnetic coil. This type of treatment is known as:

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).

[8] Spacing Effect: Define

retrieving info a little bit at a time over a long period of time

[8] After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing:

retroactive interference

[12] Studies imply that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for:

scapegoat therapy

[11] Fight or Flight: What does it do? What system is it in?

Sympathetic Nervous System; -It increases heart rate and respiration -diverts blood and glucose from digestion to the skeletal muscles(adrenal glads release epinephrine and norepinephrine/ fast energy in seconds) or (glucocorticoids/ energy in min or hrs) -prolactin (suppress reproduction) -dulls feelings of pain (endorphins released)

[9] Linguistic Determinism: Define

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

[9] What are the 5 stages of Language Development? Describe each.

1. 4 months: babbling ("ah-goo") 2. 10 months: babbling resembles household language ("ma-ma") 3. 12 months: one-word stage ("kitty") 4. 24 months: two-word stage ("get ball") 5. 24+ months: rapid development into complete sentences

[14] What are the 3 main eating disorders? Define each.

1. Anorexia Nervosa: disturbance with self weight 2. Bulimia Nervosa: binge eating and inappropriate compensation methods to prevent weight gain 3. Binge Eating: over consumption of eating

[13] List and describe The Big Five personality traits:

1. Emotional Stability (Neuroticism): calm/anxious; secure/insecure 2. Extraversion: sociable/retiring; fun loving/sober 3. Openness: imaginative/practical; independent/conforming 4. Agreeableness: soft-hearted/ruthless; trusting/suspicious 5. Conscientiousness: organized/disorganized; careful/careless

[15] _____ listening is a form of emphatic listening.

Active.

[9] What was Skinner's Theory on Language Development?

Learning by association and pairing; reinforcement/punishment

[14] Bipolar Disorder: Define

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

[14] Major Depressive Disorder: Define

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

[14] A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior is the definition of ____.

a psychological disorder

[14] Schizophrenia: Define

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression; split from reality NOT split of personality

[10] Emotion: Definition

a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

[9] Heuristics: Define

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

[12] Conformity and Obedience: Who was Stanley Milgram? What did he do?

a social psychologist who created the punishment of learning; wrong answer gave a shock

[15] Aversive Conditioning: Define

a type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior; (such as nausea with drinking alcohol)

[15] Antidepressant Drugs: Define; What does it treat?/do?

ability to lift people up from a state of depression; depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post traumatic stress disorder;regulate serotonin; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

[8] Short-Term Memory: Define

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

[15] Psychoanalysis: Define; Inventor

aimed to help them reduce growth-impeding inner conflicts; Carl Rogers

[9] Cognition: Define

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

[12] When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens and Paul Rusesabagina risked their own lives to save the lives of others. Their actions BEST illustrated:

altruism

[13] Personality: Define

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting/behaving

[8] Nathan suffered a brain injury in a motorcycle accident that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Nathan's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates:

anterograde amnesia

[12] Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This _____ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.

attitude

[15] Counter Conditioning: Define

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

[15] Exposure Therapy: Define

behavioral techniques used to treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

[14] Karl is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of hyperactivity. It is very likely that Karl is suffering from:

bipolar disorder

[12] Fredo says that the majority of criminals who commit armed robbery are African-Americans who reside in low-income housing neighborhoods. Fredo believes that African-Americans are naturally violent people who deserve to be incarcerated at higher rates than White Americans. This is an example of:

blame-the-victim

[14] Jeremy talks nonstop and behaves in ways that make everyone notice him, even strangers walking down the street. Jeremy would most likely be diagnosed as having _____ personality disorder.

borderline

[8] When asked to memorize 15 letters Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic called:

chunking

[15] Patrick suffers from depression. To address Patrick's depression, his therapist is attempting to teach him more adaptive ways of thinking. The therapist's approach is most representative of _____ therapy.

cognitive.

[14] Eeyore, a character in the Winnie the Pooh series by E. E. Milne, speaks slowly, has a pessimistic view, and often doesn't wish to participate in social activities. These behaviors suggest that the character suffers from:

depression

[14] Delusions: Define

disorganized, fragmented thinking, which is often distorted by false beliefs

[15] Anti-psychotic Drugs: Define;

drugs given to control symptoms of schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder; regulate dopamine

[8] Storage Decay: Define; Who was Ebbinghaus?

encoding something well but still forgetting info; He learned more lists of nonsense syllables and measured how much he retained when relearning each list, from 20 minutes to 30 days later (in order to study the durability of stored memories)

[14] Depression: Define

experience long-term hopelessness and lethargy, have trouble concentrating, and lose interest in activities that once brought them pleasure

[12] Conformity and Obedience: Who was Solomon Asch? What did he do?

experimenter who designed a conformity test where 3 participants are in a group in which everyone else agrees. (If just one other person disagrees, the odds of our disagreeing greatly increase.)

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca BEST illustrates:

exposure therapy.

[15] ECT: Define, type of treatment

for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient; biomedical

[9] Heidi just got a job as a sales representative. After a few months on the job, she notices that potential clients respond better when she tells them that the product is successful 99 percent of the time than when she says that the error rate is 1 percent. This is an example of _____.

framing

[15] If Ardith, who is recovering from alcohol use disorder, wishes to remain in recovery, she is better served by _____ than by _____.

frequent attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings; a general support group.

[14] Diane is concerned about things at work when she is at home, and worried about her home life when she is at work. This free-floating anxiety leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and results in many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from:

generalized anxiety disorder

[8] As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She says he called 911 to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeats this story several times until her brother imagines dialing the phone. This is an example of:

imagination inflation

[8] Mabel has lost her explicit memories for people and events. However, she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being repeatedly shown words.

implicit

[12] Social Facilitation: Define

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others; "showing off"

[8] Repression: Define

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories (wanting to forget)

[13] Defense Mechanisms: Define

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

[8] Encoding Failure: Define

information not encoded; not properly stored; leads to forgetting

[15] In psychoanalysis, _____ is the technique in which the analyst offers explanations for resistances, for example, in order to help the patients gain insight into repressed impulses and conflicts.

interpretation.

[14] Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a _____ perspective.

learning

[8] Serial Position Effect: Define and describe 2 types

learning with a list, but things in between mostly forgotten: 1. Primary: 1st few items 2. Recency: last few items

[9] After a construction accident, Arun lost the ability to comprehend and express language because of damage sustained in:

left temporal lobe

[13] External Locus of Control: Define

luck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny

[14] Elaine feels that her life is empty. Over the last few months, she has lost interest in her career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is MOST likely suffering from:

major depressive disorder

[9] Thinking: Define

mental activity

[10] Alone in her house, Shanita hears a noise in the middle of the night. She tells a friend that her heart started to pound, she began to breathe heavily, and finally she jumped out of bed trembling. If an emotional response is made up of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience, which of the following is missing from Shanita's description of the event?

she felt fear

[8] Phone companies created 7-digit phone numbers because this amount best suited the capacity of our:

short-term memory

[14] Twenty-year-old Hope lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Hope seems to be suffering from _____ anxiety disorder.

social

[15] In _____, the goal is to substitute a positive response for a negative response to a harmless stimulus; working your way up to face a fear; used for phobias

systematic desensitization

[15] Resistance: Define; Used in what type of therapy?

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material; In psychoanalysis

[12] Chimpanzees are more likely to yawn after observing another chimpanzee yawn. This is a good example of:

the chameleon effect

[12] As Bella is driving to campus one day, another car cuts her off and speeds ahead. Immediately, she yells out "Crazy driver!" It does not occur to her that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Her judgment BEST illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error

[8] Sensory Memory: Define

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

[9] Jenny is starting to use nouns. She often will point to objects and call them by name. Jenny's speech illustrates:

the one-word stage

[15] Transference: Define; Used in what type of therapy?

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent); In psychoanalysis

[11] Stress: Define

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

[15] Shania sees a cognitive therapist for depression. Shania's therapist has explained to her that cognitive therapy is very effective for depression because it addresses:

the relationship between thoughts and feelings.

[8] Long-Term Memory: Define

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

[12] Social Psychology: Define

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

[12] Bystander Effect: Define; Give an example

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present ("No one else helped, why should I?"); Kitty Genovese- attacked and killed and no one helped

[12] Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon: Define

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

[10] James-Lange Theory: Define

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus (feeling of fear followed body's response)

[12] Attribution Theory: Define

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

[15] Humanistic Therapy: Define; Inventor **(empathy NOT sympathy)**

therapists aim to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance; Carl Rogers

[14] Hallucinations: Define

they see, feel, taste, or smell things that exist only in their minds; false perceptions

[10] When Greg's autonomic nervous system was aroused, he misinterpreted the harmless symptoms as indicators of an impending heart attack. This misinterpretation caused him to experience fear. His emotional response is BEST understood in terms of the:

two-factor theory

[14] Panic Disorder: Define

unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

[14] Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Define

when a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

[13] Internal Locus of Control: Define

you control your own destiny

[9] List and describe the 8 different Multiple Intelligences:

1. Linguistic: use words, similes, metaphors 2. Logical Mathematical: good w/ formulas/equations 3. Musical: ability to manipulate melodies/tones 4. Spatial: can visually move objects around in head 5. Bodily/Kinesthetic: good control/posture 6. Intrapersonal: knowing what's going on within a person 7. Interpersonal: knowing what's going on b/n people; social engagement 8. Naturalistic: connecting & understanding ecosystems & natural processes

[13] List and define Freud's 6 Psychosexual Stages (Stages of Development):

1. Oral (0-18mo): pleasure centers in mouth-sucking, biting, chewing 2. Anal (18-36mo): bowel & bladder elimination; coping with demands for control 3. Phallic (3-6yr): pleasure zone in genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings 4. Latency (6-puberty): phase of dormant sexual feelings 4. Genital (puberty on): maturation of sexual interests

[14] List the 6 main sleeping disorders and define each:

1. Primary Insomnia: difficulty falling/staying asleep 2. Primary Hypersomnia: excessive sleep 3. Narcolepsy: randomly falling asleep 4. Sleep Apnea: breathing stops when sleep 5. Circadian Rhythm: persistent pattern of sleep disruption leading to excessive sleep 6. Parasomnias: nightmares, night terrors, sleep walking

[8] What are the 2 types of Interference? Define each.

1. Proactive (forward-acting): disruption of old information with the new 2. Retroactive (backward-acting): disruption of new information with the old

[13] What are Freud's 4 major perspectives on Personality? Define each.

1. Psychoanalytical: childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality 2. Trait: examine characteristic patterns of behavior 3: Humanistic: view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth 4. Social-Cognitive: explore the interaction between people's traits and their social context

[8] List and describe the 4 "R's" of retrieval:

1. Recall: requires more memory (fill-in-the-blank) 2. Recognition: doesn't require to recall, seeing what's familiar (multiple choice) 3. Relearning: learning something more quickly for a 2nd time (studying for a final) 4. Retrieval Cues: association of previous information ("Your name starts with a "B" ")

[15] _____ share the common problem of emotion regulation.

Anxiety, depressive disorders, and bipolar disorder.

[9] Who created Linguistic Determinism?

B.L. Whorf

[14] What 3 disorders fall under the category of Mood Disorders?

Bipolar, Major depressive, dysthymic

[10] Charles looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. He immediately feels his heart start to pound and he simultaneously experiences fear. Which of the following theories BEST explains this emotional response?

Cannon-Bard theory

[14] A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is found in the _____.

DSM-5 (disruptive mood dysregulation disorder)

[15] **Twenty-eight-year-old John suffers from bipolar disorder. He is concerned mostly about controlling his manic episodes. His doctor prescribes _____.

Depakote

[14] DID: Define

Dissociative Identity Disorder; in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder)

[14] The disorder that is MOST likely to result in the person living in poverty is:

Schizophrenia

[8] Who came up with the Repression theory? What type of forgetting is it?

Sigmund Freud; Motivated