PY 201 Test 2

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or the air we breathe

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain.

alpha

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

conciousness

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina.

cornea; pupil

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.

crest; trough

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept?

inattentional blindness

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes?

2

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

latent

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so frequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe.

temporal

Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear?

the basilar membrane

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus.

Binocular

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.

evolutionary

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.

spontaneous recovery

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio