PY 385 Exam Four

intermediate states can be created by: a. restructuring goal states b. restructuring initial states c. creating subgoals d. creating operators

creating subgoals

in the lexical decision task, participants are asked to a.separate a sentence into individual words. b. identify words that are contained in sentences. c.decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. d. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

coherence refers to the__: a.mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. b.principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. c. representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text. d. mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text.

representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

syntax is the__: a. way people pronounce words in conversational speech b. rules for combining words into sentences c. mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases d. meaning of words

rules for combing words into sentences

the constraint based approach to parsing states that a. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. b. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity c. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read d. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment? a. similarity b. cooperation c. understanding d. isolation

similarity

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? a. ANT b. ROACH c. SKY d. SPY

sky

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more a. slowly to letters appearing in nonwords than letters appearing in words. b. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. c. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. d. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they a. had a large number of sophisticated language systems. b. had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules. c. had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. d. communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it.

. had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem. a. tower of hanoi b. Russian marriage c. radiation d. light bulb

Russian marriage

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? a. Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy" b. Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" c. Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk" d. Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe"

Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk"

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed. a. tonics b. ambiguity c. entrainment d. heuristics

ambiguity

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. a. analogies b. insight c. subgoals d. flexibility

analogies

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. a. subgoals b. analogies c. flexibility d. insight

analogies

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative? a. daydreaming b. solitude c. mindfulness d. analysis

analysis

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2 + 5x - 7 = 4x2 - 2x + 8? a. functional b. analytical c. analogical d. divergent

analytical

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference. a. anaphoric b. instrument c. narrative d. analogic

anaphoric

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? a. he always jogs b. because he always jogs a mile c. because he always jogs d. a mile seems

because he always jogs a mile

which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? a. cats wont bake b. before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night c. the eskimnos were frightened by the walrus d. the man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the room

before the police stopped, the toyota disappeared into the night

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference. a. casual b. coherent c. anaphoric d. instrument

casual

in written English which punctuation mark has the most parsing power? a. comma b. period c. exclamation point d. hyphen

comma

which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? a. governed by rules b. hierarchical structure c. communication d. it involves arrangement of a sequence of symbols

communication

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents a. divergent thinking b. convergent thinking c. insight d. hierarchial organization

divergent thinking

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a. the cooperative principle b. instrumental inferences c. local connections d. environmental context

environmental context

the process of analogical encoding is focused on___: a. creating value b. fostering insight c. finding similarity d. generating ideas

finding similarity

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _________________ may be more important than _________________ in creative thinking. a. flexibility; experience b. experience; flexibility c. experience; structure d. structure; experience

flexibility; experience

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the ____________________ approach to parsing. a. garden path b. semantic c. interactionist d. temporary ambiguity

garden path

Noam Chomsky proposed that: a. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. b. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures. c. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. d. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement.

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of_________________ research. a. think aloud protocol b. in vivo problem solving c. situationally produced mental set d. environmental functional fixedness

in vivo problem solving

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else. a. incubation b. insight c. daydreaming d. mindfulness

incubation

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) a. garden path model b. instrument inference c. given new contract d. age appropriate principle

instrument inference

which of the following it not true about divergent thinking? a. is the cornerstone of creativity b. it has a large number of potential solutions c. it is open ended d. it has a single correct answer

it has a single correct answer

According to the situation model of text processing, . people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations.

it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? a. Language involves the use of a lexicon. b. Coding is required for language. c. Language symbols must have high discriminability. d. Language has a structure that is governed by rules.

language has a structure that is governed by rules

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's__: a. mental set b. lexicon c. parser d. syntactical capacity

lexicon

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: a. noticing,mapping, and applying b. restructing, searching and simulating c. well-defining insighting and means ends analysis d. surfacing structuring and generalizing

noticing mapping and applying

functional fixedness would be LOWEST for: a. novel object b. object with specific function c. familiar object d. frequently used objects

novel object

actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as: a. intermediate states b. subgoals c. operators d. mental sets

operators

the elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT: a. goal state b. intermediate states c. operators d. initial state

operators

According to the situation model of text processing, a. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. b. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. c.people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections. d. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children a. are rewarded for using correct language b. learn to follow complex language rules even though they are not aware of doing so c. show similar language development across cultures d. produce sentences they have never heard

produce sentences they have never heard

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through: a. reinforcement b. genetic coding c. syntactic framing d. parsin

reinforcement

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from a.discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. b. understanding why the procedure works successfully. c.seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. d. being able to solve other problems at all.

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody? a. sound b. rhythm c. structure d. semantics

semantics

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope. Semantics are multidimensional in scope. Lexicon is smaller in scope than semantics. The scope of lexical semantics is variable.

semantics and lexicons are equal in scope

the concept of language can best be thought of as a ____: a. cognition b. dialogue c. process d. system

system

Experts _________________ than novices. a. are better at reasoning in general b. spend less time analyzing problems c. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem d. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain? a. cingulate gyrus b. parietal lobe c. prefrontal cortex d. temporal lobe

temporal lobe

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of: a. parsing b. temporary ambiguity c. speech segmentation d. lexical priming

temporary ambiguity

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if a. pliers are also presented b. the candle is already lit c. the box is empty d. fewer tacks are provided

the box is empty

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because a.the initial state is not clearly defined. b.there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state. c.the solution is immediately obvious. d.the goal state is not clearly defined.

the solution is immediately obvious

which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E? a. tonic b. heuristics c. entrainment d. prosody

tonic

The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is ____________________ is involved. a. when semantics b. when syntax c. whether semantics d. whether syntax

when semantics

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate a. means end analysis b. how analogies can be used to solve a problem c. the problem space d. representation and restructuring

representation and restructuring

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as a. analogical transfer b. insight c. analogical encoding d. in vivo problem solving

analogical transfer

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? a. analogies b. perceptual segregation c. divergent thinking d. anaphoric interference

analogies

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? a. perseveration b. discriminability c. divergent thinking d. functional fixedness

functional fixedness

experts categorize problems based on: a. general principles that problems share b. how similar the objects is the problem are c. event specific knowledge d. surface and deep structures

general principles that problems share

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates a. convergent thinking b. creative cognition c. group brainstorming d. structural analyses

group brainstorming

which of the following is NOT part of a complete definition of a problem? a. involves obstacles between ones current state and desired goal b. has one correct answer c. is difficult d. the solution is not obvious

has one correct answer

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying a. speech production b. language comprehension c. language acquisition d.speech parsing

language acquisition

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they: a. made the objects themselves b. had been preselected as creative individuals c. has recieved training in creative thinking d. were told they were expected to be creative

made the objects themselves

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect? a. lexical priming b. positional inference c. meaning dominance d. object relative construction

meaning dominance

subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?: a. creative cognition b. functional fixedness c. means end analysis d. volitional day dreaming

means end analysis

amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents a. single dissociation b. mental set c. convergent thinking d. source problem

mental set

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the a. object parts b. inventions rated high in both practicality and orginality c. practical objects within the category d. novel objects before a function was described

novel objects before a function was described

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model? a. problem formulation; fact finding b. problem solving: planning c. problem generation: evaluation and selection d. solution implementation: idea finding

problem solving: planning

gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as process involving: a. sensory operators b. continuity and form c. multiple goal states d. reorganization or restructuring

reorganization or restructuring