Pysch 101

Your classmate, Jarod, states that he does not need to be concerned about ethical standards for his observational study because he will not be manipulating any variables. You disagree. Considering what you have learned in this chapter, your reply is,

"You're wrong. All psychological research is subject to ethical guidelines."

Which correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship between two variables?

-0.83

Schizophrenia is associated with excessive receptors for

. dopamine

When a schedule of reinforcement is based on the timing of responses, it's called a/an

. interval schedule.

As a general rule, about how many hours of sleep do most adults need to feel refreshed and function at their best?

7-9 hours

Who among the following has the highest likelihood of committing suicide?

A 75-year-old man

Which one of the following psychologists is best suited to help individuals who are unable to make friends at their new workplace?

A counseling psychologist

A group of research psychologists have been working on a new study. Because there are a lot of people on the research team, not everybody has had contact with everyone else. What is likely to happen?

A few members of the team will find ways to slack off.

Which of the following refers to a sense of entrapment from the closing down of future options, of feeling that life is not open-ended, of a loss of purpose or a sense of failure from not having fulfilled one's youthful ambitions or aspirations?

A midlife crisis

Which is the best definition of the term hypothesis?

A prediction about the relationship between two or more variables

Which of the following mental health professionals is the only one who, in many states, can prescribe medicine?

A psychiatrist

Isabel, a movie director, feels that people from the town of Calibria make great actors. She works with these actors diligently, describing each scene to them in detail and going tirelessly through several retakes. Her faith in these actors' capabilities makes her work really hard on them, thereby making even an average Calibrian actor perform really well. The result turns out to be a beautiful film that is well appreciated by the audience. Which of the following is most likely illustrated in this scenario?

A self-fulfilling prophecy

In the context of bystander intervention, which of the following situations is likely to increase a person's willingness to help?

A situation in which the victim is judged to be innocent

In the context of schizophrenia, which of the following is most likely characterized by loose associations between expressed ideas?

A thought disorder

In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following refers to the process of creating new schemas or modifying existing ones to account for new objects or experiences?

Accommodation

Which of the following best describes the concept of personal fable in adolescents?

Adolescents have an exaggerated sense of their uniqueness and invulnerability.

Which of the following types of studies account for the common environmental factors shared by family members?

Adoptee study

Which of the following refers to an excessive, irrational fear of being in public places?

Agoraphobia

Which of the following drugs can cause liver disorders?

Alcohol

Which of the following is the most common cause of dementia by far and is characterized by the formation of sticky masses of plaque in the brain?

Alzheimer's disease

A sleep psychologist is interested in examining the ways sleeping brains behave compared to the brains of those who are awake. Which of the following neuroimaging techniques should she use?

An electroencephalograph

In the context of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development, which of the following is a characteristic of the anal-retentive personality?

An extreme need for self-control

Rebecca is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and her doctor informs her that she will be able to live for a maximum of 6 months. Rebecca feels extremely upset and is annoyed that her doctor is incapable of saving her life. She exhibits total displeasure at his inability. In the context of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's identifiable stages of dying, which of the following stages is most likely illustrated in this scenario?

Anger

Which of the following disorders is mostly characterized by a flagrant disregard for the rules of society and a lack of concern for the welfare of others?

Antisocial personality disorder

Which style of parenting is associated with producing children who are independent and assertive but also respectful of the needs of others?

Authoritative style

Satish engages in a defense mechanism involving his childhood experiences. Which of the following might he do?

Avoid acknowledging the abuse he experienced as a child

Positive psychologists are most similar in their beliefs to which other theorists?

Behaviorists

Genetic factors, irregularities in the workings of certain neurotransmitters, and abnormalities in specific areas of the brain are attributed to which type of factor in mood disorders?

Biological

Which abnormal behavior model is explained by complex interactions between biological, psychological, environmental, and sociocultural factors?

Biopsychosocial model

Which of the following is a type of mood disorder that is characterized by mood swings from extreme elation to severe depression?

Bipolar disorder

According to research, people tend to blink more often when they daydream. What is the correlation between blinking and daydreaming?

Blinking reduces the amount of information entering the brain and promotes daydreaming.

Which of the following is a common key element in the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?

Both believed that people possess an inner drive that leads them to strive toward self-actualization.

Which of the following is a similarity between Albert Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy and Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy?

Both focus primarily on helping people replace dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs with more adaptive, rational ones.

Davis plans to raise his daughter to be an informed voter during elections. What should he do to encourage this behavior?

Bring her with him when he votes in elections and express pride in voting

In the context of Gordon Allport's hierarchy of traits, which of the following traits is at the highest level and refers to the pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations?

Cardinal traits

In the context of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development in childhood, which of the following is a major challenge in psychosocial development during the industry versus inferiority stage?

Children try to become productive and involved.

Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?

Cocaine

Which of the following states that inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior lead to a state of emotional discomfort?

Cognitive dissonance theory

Which of the following is most likely to help patients with organ transplant?

Conditioned immune suppression

In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is an important characteristic of the concrete operational stage that typically lasts from 7 to 11 years of age?

Conservation, which is the ability to recognize that the amount or quantity of a substance does not change if its outward appearance is changed

What is the theory that we reconstruct memories in a way that naturally leads to distortion of some aspects?

Constructionist

Which of the following theories holds that memory is not a replica of the past but a representation of the past?

Constructionist theory

In the context of the movement toward community-based care, which of the following is defined as a policy of reducing the population of mental hospitals by shifting care from inpatient facilities to community-based outpatient facilities?

Deinstitutionalization

Which of the following diseases is characterized by a sharp decline in mental abilities, especially memory and reasoning ability, and damages or destroys brain tissue involved in high mental functions, resulting in more severe memory loss than ordinary forgetfulness and difficulty performing routine activities?

Dementia

Jacqueline has recently been diagnosed with cancer. She refuses to believe her diagnosis and has scheduled appointments with multiple other doctors to prove that she does not have cancer. According to Kubler-Ross, which stage of dying is Jacqueline struggling with?

Denial

Which of the following best explains social loafing?

Diffusion of responsibility

Which of the following influences on helping behavior involves the effect of the presence of others during a situation in which help is needed?

Diffusion of responsibility

Which of the following disorders is primarily characterized by the existence of two or more distinct personalities within the same individual, each of which has its own distinctive traits, manner of speech, and memories?

Dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following most likely characterizes borderline personality disorder?

Dramatic mood swings

Which of the following is defined as a therapeutic approach that draws upon principles and techniques representing different schools of therapy?

Eclectic therapy

In the context of Albert Bandura's model of reciprocal determinism, which of the following refers to the predictions that people hold about their ability to perform tasks or behaviors they set out to accomplish?

Efficacy expectations

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following terms is defined as the attainment of a psychological sense of knowing oneself and one's direction in life?

Ego identity

Which of the following did Lashley believe was the unit of memory storage in the brain?

Engram

In the context of physical development in adolescents, which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic?

Enlargement of the testes in boys

Which of the following could also be referred to as autobiographical memory?

Episodic

According to Julian Rotter, which of the following is an important variable in explaining and predicting behavior?

Expectancies, which are people's personal predictions of the outcomes of their behavior

If someone asks you to name the United States' state capitals, you must make a conscious effort to recall them. What would be the best strategy for you to do this?

Explicit memory

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder?

Feelings of dread and foreboding

According to psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, how many stages of dying do many people experience?

Five

In the context of cognitive development in early and middle adulthood, which of the following is most likely used when people need to remember names that they have just heard or information that they have just read?

Fluid intelligence

Make a selection below and click submit to continue. Which of the following is defined as the tendency for members of a unit to become so concerned with reaching a consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate the problem before them?

Groupthink

You and your friend Tammy are learning about abnormal behavior. Tammy doesn't understand the difference between a delusion and a hallucination when reading about faulty interpretations of reality. How can you distinguish between the two to help her understand?

Hallucinations occur with sensory information and delusions occur with faulty perceptions/beliefs.

Which of the following is an important concept in Alfred Adler's individual psychology?

He proposed that the creative self is that part of the personality that is aware of itself and organizes goal-seeking behavior.

Turner's mother lets him get away with anything. She is often coddling and refuses to reprimand or discipline him when he misbehaves. What may be a likely outcome for Turner?

He will grow up with difficulties in setting goals and boundaries for himself.

Which of the following bodily processes follows a circadian rhythm?

Heart rate

In the context of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is a characteristic of the generativity versus stagnation stage?

Helping to make the world a better place for children

Which of the following areas of the brain is closely associated with forming semantic and episodic memories?

Hippocampus

Demarion has just suffered a serious traumatic brain injury. Assuming he recovers, how should he expect his brain to adapt?

His brain will reorganize such that other areas of his brain perform tasks that the damaged areas used to perform.

In the context of the contemporary models of abnormal behavior, which of the following is a key question of the humanistic model?

How do a person's emotional problems reflect a distorted self-image?

A group of researchers wants to determine how music affects people with dementia. So, the researchers team up with a hospital and monitor the brain activity of patients suffering from dementia. To avoid bias, they conduct the research when the patients are asleep, and the patients are not aware that they are being monitored. Which of the following ethical requirements was violated in this study?

Informed consent

Bella wants to avoid nagging her younger brother with advice for his first job interview. How should she frame her thinking around his chances of success?

Instead of assuming that his success during the interview is totally within his control, assume that there are likely to be factors for which he cannot prepare.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an axon?

It carries neural messages away from the cell body.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

It controls involuntary bodily processes such as heart rate, respiration, and digestion.

Which one of the following statements is a characteristic of humanistic psychology?

It focuses on conscious experiences even if they cannot be directly observed.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the somatic nervous system?

It helps us perceive the world around us.

Which of the following is a function of the midbrain?

It regulates the states of attention, alertness, and arousal.

Which of the following best illustrates Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

Jamie returns his sister's toy because he wants his grandparents to think that he is a good boy.

Jermaine is in therapy due to obsessive thoughts and an inability to complete ordinary daily activities without having to constantly go back and recheck or recomplete the activities. What should Jermaine's therapist consider when diagnosing?

Jermaine likely has anxiety, which will lessen only when he follows through on his compulsions.

Behaviorism is associated with which two leading figures?

John Watson and B. F. Skinner

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of social validation?

Julia, a high school student, wears flashy clothes to school because all her friends dress that way.

What is a relatively permanent change in behavior that comes about as a result of experience?

Learning

Which of the following stages of memory relies more on semantic coding?

Long-term memory

Which of the following is a practical implication of massed versus spaced practice effect for students?

Maintaining intervals between study sessions helps students remember better than studying continuously for long periods.

Christi struggles with insomnia and is looking for ways to overcome her inability to get to sleep. Which of the following strategies would be most likely to help her?

Making concrete steps to regulate her sleep-wake cycle

A patient would like more information on medications used to reduce the severity of hallucinations. What medication should they receive more information about?

Medications that block receptor sites for dopamine

Which of the following could be described as your personal information processing system?

Memory

Which of the following is an observation on handedness?

Men are more likely to be left-handed than women.

In the context of the causes of mood disorders, which of the following types of cognitive distortions is best described as the tendency to think that one disappointment will inevitably lead to another?

Misfortune telling

An inborn reflex, elicited by a sudden noise or loss of support, in which the infant extends its arms, arches its back, and brings its arms toward each other as

Moro reflex

An inborn reflex, elicited by a sudden noise or loss of support, in which the infant extends its arms, arches its back, and brings its arms toward each other as though attempting to grab hold of someone is called the _____.

Moro reflex

In operant conditioning what term means "remove" or "subtract"?

Negative

What contingency can be translated as "decreasing or eliminating behavior by applying a consequence"?

Negative reinforcement

What is the term describing the process by which new neurons are formed?

Neurogenesis

People who are tense, anxious, worrisome, restless, and moody tend to be high on which of the following?

Neuroticism

Which of the following factors of the five-factor model parallels the first two traits of Hans Eysenck's trait model?

Neuroticism and extraversion

Members of which of the following age groups tend to require the most sleep?

Newborns

Is there a single theory dominating psychology today?

No. Psychologists are flexible in considering new and eclectic approaches.

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder that is primarily characterized by nagging, intrusive thoughts that a person feels unable to control and that engender anxiety?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

According to psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following describes the first stage of dying through which many people pass?

People are in denial of their impending death.

In the context of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is a characteristic of the integrity versus despair stage?

People struggle to maintain a sense of meaning and satisfaction in life.

Which of the following is the underlying principle in projective tests?

People transfer their unconscious needs, drives, and motives onto their responses to unstructured or vague stimuli.

According to Julian Rotter, who among the following is most likely to believe that they obtain reinforcements through their work and effort?

People who have an internal locus of control

Which of the following is the first class of antipsychotic drugs that were used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders?

Phenothiazines

Which of the following functions is mostly associated with the right hemisphere of the brain?

Recognizing faces

Walter Mischel argued that behavior is influenced by both situation variables and person variables. According to Mischel, which of the following is a situation variable?

Rewards

According to Sternberg's triangular model, which of the following types of love combines intimacy and passion but lacks decision/commitment?

Romantic love

Renee, a therapist, gives her client ten cards with inkblots on them. Five cards have splashes of color, and the other five cards are in black and white and shades of gray. The client is then asked what each blot looks like. Renee then evaluates her client's responses based on content and form level. In the context of personality assessments, this scenario best illustrates the _____.

Rorschach test

In the context of threats to prenatal development, which of the following is a common childhood disease that is likely to lead to serious birth defects, including heart disease, deafness, and intellectual disability, if contracted during pregnancy?

Rubella

Stephen is worried about developing dementia. What advice would Stephen likely benefit most from?

Seek out new experiences and maintain an active lifestyle.

Tim Berners-Lee roughly modeled the World Wide Web on which way of representing human long-term memory?

Semantic network

Which of the following is the slowest of the senses to develop in infants?

Sense of vision

Which memory will last in this stage of memory between a fraction of a second to several seconds?

Sensory

Which of the following types of neurons transmit information about the outside world to the spinal cord and brain?

Sensory neurons

Of the following, which is the correct definition?

Sensory, or afferent, neurons carry messages from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord.

Harper is 3 months old. Which of the following motor skills is she most likely to exhibit?

She is able to lift her chin.

How does sleep serve as a restorative function to the body?

Sleeping helps the brain recover from wear and tear.

In the context of threats to prenatal development, which of the following is a neural tube defect, the risk of which can be greatly reduced by taking folic acid early in pregnancy?

Spina bifida

Which of the following is a problem with projective tests?

Stimulus pull

Jasper is worried about a number of features of popular personality tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Which of the following might he want to be most concerned about?

Subjects deceiving researchers and answering questions untruthfully, thus invalidating the data gained from personality tests.

You and your friend Suzanne go to the mall for a shopping excursion. While browsing the busy department store, Suzanne suddenly comes over to you clutching her chest, struggling for breath, and explains that she thinks that she is going to die. If Suzanne is not having a medical issue, what is the best conclusion that you can come to?

Suzanne is having a panic attack.

Which of the following describes dreams as the meaningless byproducts of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

The activation-synthesis hypothesis

Zheng is very well versed in professional football and believes that his favorite team performs the best in the league. When listening to a commentator criticize his team after a loss, Zheng reluctantly agrees with his analysis. Zheng's opinion of the commentator's analysis likely developed along which route of the elaboration likelihood model?

The central route

Which of the following happens when we receive an unexpected outside stimulus?

The cerebellum does not send a blocking signal to the cerebral cortex.

In the context of the major defense mechanisms in psychodynamic theory, which of the following best describes sublimation?

The channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits

Which of the following is a prominent example of a biopsychosocial model that proposes that certain people have a vulnerability or predisposition, which increases their risk of developing a particular disorder?

The diathesis-stress model

Which of the following is a stage of prenatal development that spans the period from implantation to about the eighth week of pregnancy and during which the major organ systems begin to form?

The embryonic stage

Benjamin and Daphne are colleagues at New Beat Inc., and Daphne is usually late to work. Benjamin feels that Daphne has a lazy disposition and a very casual attitude toward work. Daphne is actually a very sincere employee, and she gets late because she needs to drop her children at school. Which of the following is most likely illustrated in the scenario?

The fundamental attribution error

Make a selection below and click submit to continue. Which of the following is a major stage of prenatal development and spans the time from fertilization to implantation in the wall of the uterus?

The germinal stage

Which of the following is a major stage of prenatal development and spans the time from fertilization to implantation in the wall of the uterus?

The germinal stage

In the context of infant reflexes, which of the following best describes the Babinski reflex?

The infant fans out and curls its toes and twists its foot inward when the sole of its foot is stroked.

In the context of basic attachment styles in infants, what is an insecure-avoidant type infant likely to do when his or her mother returns home?

The infant will ignore the mother.

Which of the following states that responses that have satisfying effects are strengthened and become more likely to occur again, whereas responses that lead to discomfort are weakened and become less likely to recur?

The law of effect

In the context of mood disorders, which of the following is defined as the view that depression results from the perception of a lack of control over the reinforcements in one's life that may result from exposure to uncontrollable negative events?

The learned helplessness model

Andrea operates according to the pleasure principle. Which of the following might she be at risk of experiencing?

The negative long-term effects of consistently seeking short-term rewards.

Justinian is interested in identifying parts of the endocrine system responsible for long-term processes related to growth. Which of the following glands should he pay the most attention to?

The pituitary gland and thyroid gland

In the context of prenatal development, which of the following allows nutrients and oxygen to pass from mother to fetus?

The placenta

Which of the following recording and imaging techniques helps to identify the parts of the brain that are most active during different tasks?

The positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Which one of the following perspectives in psychology holds the view that behavior is influenced by the struggle between unconscious aggressive impulses and opposing forces that try to inhibit these impulses?

The psychodynamic perspective

Harriet wants to learn more about how electrical signals are transmitted through neurons. Which of the following should she spend the most time studying?

The relations between action potentials and resting potentials

Make a selection below and click submit to continue. Steve, a college student, works as an intern at Love Baking Patisserie. On days when the senior chef praises him for his work, he attributes the praise to his dedication and perseverance. On days when the pastries do not turn out to be good, he finds faults with either the ingredients or the weather. Which of the following is most likely illustrated in this scenario?

The self-serving bias

Which one of the following research methods gathers information from target groups of people through structured interviews or questionnaires?

The survey method

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Thematic Apperception Test?

The test consists of a set of pictures depicting ambiguous scenes, and clients are asked to tell a story about the scene, what led up to these events, and what the eventual outcome will be.

Which of the following is a characteristic of split-brain patients?

Their brains cannot process information from the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere.

A patient arrives in the emergency room complaining that they cannot feel their legs. Which part of their nervous system should doctors investigate first?

Their spinal cord

What is the best way to explain to someone why dissociative and somatic and related disorders are grouped together?

These disorders involve psychological defenses against anxiety.

How do antagonists help people with schizophrenia?

They block receptor sites for dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain.

Which of the following is a drawback of familial association studies?

They do not account for the common environments shared by close relatives.

Which of the following is a characteristic of authoritarian parents?

They expect and demand unquestioned obedience from their children.

Which of the following is a function of the occipital lobes in the brain?

They process visual information and help in the recognition of objects and faces.

Which of the following is a function of depressants?

They promote feelings of relaxation and pleasure.

Which of the following is a characteristic of people who are highly hypnotizable?

They tend to have a life filled with fantasies.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of self-report personality inventories?

They tend to score low on reliability because of potential biases.

In the context of drug therapy, which of the following raises brain levels of norepinephrine and serotonin by interfering with the reuptake process by which these chemical messengers are reabsorbed by the transmitting cells?

Tricyclics

In the context of schizophrenia, which of the following is defined as a behavior pattern in which a patient's body position can be molded by others into unusual, even uncomfortable positions that they then hold for hours at a time?

Waxy flexibility

A physician is concerned that one of her patients may be developing an addiction to the opiate, Vicodin. Which of the following questions would be best for her to ask to determine if her patient should discontinue use of Vicodin?

What do you do to manage your pain when you run out of Vicodin?

Okube is trying to identify the situation variables in a negative interaction he had with another student. What is the first question he should ask?

What were the incentives for him and the other student to behave the way they did?

Mandy has an appointment to undergo a computed tomography scan early next month. Assuming she doesn't do any other tests, what will her doctor be able to conclude from the results of this scan?

Whether Mandy has developed any abnormal growths in her brain

Psychology is said to have begun when

Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory.

Your school is having a charity game night. A friend asks you for recommendations to form a winning team for a game of "Name that Tune." Which of your friends would you be most likely to mention?

Your friend with superior echoic memory

According to the elaboration likelihood model, when people have a high motivational state and possess the skills or knowledge needed to evaluate a persuasive message, attitude change occurs via _____.

a central route of processing information

All research participants must agree to participate in a study by having all of their questions answered, as well as reading and signing

a debriefing statement.

In studying the influence of authority on obedience, Milgram found that

a significant majority of people would commit horrible acts if they were told to do so by an authority.

A chemical addiction characterized by impaired control over the use of alcohol, and physiological dependence on it, is known as

alcoholism.

A person under the influence of alcohol is most likely to experience:

altered states of consciousness.

Derek is unable to form new memories after the development of a tumor in his brain. Derek is most likely suffering from _____.

anterograde amnesia

Jon exercises regularly because he does not want to gain weight. This is an example of _____.

avoidance learning

Individuals at Lawrence Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning believe that _____.

behavior is judged good when it serves personal needs or interests

Vera wants to know what kind of personality she needs to have in order to become an astronaut. You tell her that the source traits of astronauts tend to include

being self-assured, imaginative, and tough-minded.

Hans Eysenck, who constructed a model that described personality, strictly believed that _____.

biological differences are responsible for variations in personality traits from person to person

People who have difficulty controlling their anger, and are prone to fights or smashing things, are exhibiting characteristics consistent with

borderline personality disorder.

The ability of the brain to adapt itself after trauma or surgical alteration is called:

brain plasticity.

Advances in genetic engineering can enhance memory ability because:

brain proteins responsible for the conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory is regulated by certain genes

Patients with schizophrenia remain in a motionless state in which they appear unresponsive to the environment. This state best describes _____.

catatonic behavior

The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord is called the:

central nervous system.

Psychologists who evaluate and treat people with mental or psychological disorders are called:

clinical psychologists.

Katie, a ten-year-old, visits a hospital, where a doctor prescribes her some pills for her stomach ache. When Katie swallows the pills, she starts to feel nauseated. Now, whenever she goes to a hospital she immediately feels nauseated. In this scenario, the hospital is a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

Miles and Brooke have a relationship defined by mutual understanding, dedication to each other, and strong sexual feelings for each other. According to Sternberg, Miles and Brooke's relationship is defined by

consummate love.

Gordon Allport proposed that the best way to reduce prejudice and intergroup tension was to bring groups into closer contact with each other. This belief was formulated in his _____.

contact hypothesis

Psychologist Gordon Allport's belief that under certain conditions, increased intergroup contact helps reduce prejudice and intergroup tension is called the

contact hypothesis

Since the last 6 months, Jean, a 35-year-old banker, is unable to lift his left leg and feels paralyzed. He walks with the help of a walking stick. Doctors are unable to identify a physical cause for his condition and feel that the condition has a psychological basis. Jean's condition best illustrates _____.

conversion disorder

Students who major in psychology will remember the information they learned in this course better than those who major in accounting. This is most likely due to

decay

Simone, a college student, strongly believes that other students are stalking her on social media and trying to find all the petty little details about her past. The fact is that Simone's beliefs are faulty and there is no evidence to support them. In the context of abnormal behavior, Simone's beliefs are called _____.

delusions

Markeira is watching television at home one day. Her husband approaches her and asks why she isn't wearing her glasses. Markeira responds that she doesn't remember ever wearing glasses. Her reaction may be an indication of

dementia

In the context of drug treatment, people with chemical dependencies need to first undergo _____.

detoxification

Brian is 1 month old, and his cousin Linda is 3 months old. In the context of sensory skills, unlike Brian, Linda should be able to _____.

discriminate the direction of a moving object

Margaret, a 45-year-old woman, was one of the few people who survived a tragic accident that took place at an amusement park. After the tragedy, she had been thoroughly examined for any internal or external injuries to her head, and the doctors had ruled out the possibility of any head injury or neurological condition. However, she seems to have no memory of the incident. Margaret's loss of memory is best explained as _____.

dissociative amnesia

A compliance technique in which refusal of a large, unreasonable request is followed by a smaller, more reasonable request is called the _____.

door-in-the-face technique

Where memory for sounds is held for a few seconds after it registers in the ears is

echoic.

Unlike individualistic cultures, collectivistic cultures _____.

emphasize respect for authority

Albert Bandura, who developed the model of reciprocal determinism, _____.

emphasized the role of observational learning, or learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others in social contexts

In the experimental method, experimenters can confirm that an independent variable alone is the cause of the observed effects on a dependent variable by: forming a hypothesis before conducting the experiment. ensuring that all other conditions are held constant. manipulating only the dependent variable. manipulating both the independent and the dependent variables.

ensuring that all other conditions are held constant.

Lulu often feels undervalued and unwanted. She has had trouble developing a sense of who she is and formulating goals for herself. Lulu may have

experienced conditional positive regard when she was a child.

In classical conditioning, the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response is called _____.

extinction

Therapy for phobia works by exposing the client to the object which causes fear, in a controlled environment, for longer and longer amounts of time. This process often has successful results in

extinction of the fear.

Providing employees with monthly performance reviews is an example of partial reinforcement in a _____.

fixed-interval schedule

Five years after her father's death, Jenny is able to remember where she was and what she was doing at the time of the death. Jenny's memory in this scenario is an example of _____.

flashbulb memory

A state of heightened alertness in which one is fully absorbed in the task at hand is called _____.

focused awareness

Functionalism is an early school of thought in psychology that:

focuses on the adaptive functions of behavior.

Make a selection below and click submit to continue. Functionalism is an early school of thought in psychology that:

focuses on the adaptive functions of behavior.

Oxytocin regulated by the pituitary gland:

fosters charitable behavior.

During therapy sessions, Ben, the client, talks openly about his problems without filtering his thoughts. His therapist encourages Ben to talk about anything that comes to his mind, even if the issue seems to be trivial or irrelevant. In the context of psychoanalysis, this scenario best illustrates the technique called _____.

free association

Experiencing persistent anxiety not tied to any particular object or situation, but explained as having a chronic, free-floating quality best illustrates

generalized anxiety disorder.

Clara's son appears more lively and awake whenever she enters the room he is in. Whenever she brings her female relatives to see him, he tends to

gravitate toward her face and voice.

A mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, difficulty in focusing attention, and excitable behavior is called

hallucination.

The profession of psychology in the United States:

has witnessed an increased representation of women in recent years.

People with borderline personality disorder usually tend to _____.

have stormy relationships with others

The American Psychological Association's principle of "Beneficence and Nonmaleficence" fundamentally states that psychologists should aspire to

help others and do no harm.

According to scientists, long-term potentiation:

helps neurons communicate better with each other.

The structure of the forebrain that plays an important role in the formation of new memories is called the _____.

hippocampus

In the context of Sigmund Freud's levels of consciousness, the preconscious _____.

holds information that people have stored from previous life experience or prior learning

Classical conditioning explains how new stimuli can produce existing responses, whereas operant conditioning explains:

how new responses can be produced through reinforcements or punishments.

A loss of feeling or responsiveness to pain in certain parts of the body occurring during hypnosis is called _____.

hypnotic analgesia

A precise prediction about the outcome of an experiment is called a(n) _____.

hypothesis

Like Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow strongly believed _____.

in an innate human drive toward becoming all that an individual is capable of being

The process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs is called _____.

insight learning

The behaviorists' claim that learning is actually the chaining of previously reinforced responses and is referred to as

insight learning.

Young adults are most likely prepared to "fuse" their identities with others in marriage and in lasting friendships. In the context of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, this best describes the stage called _____.

intimacy versus isolation

10-year-old Andy, who lives three blocks away from his school, takes the school bus every day. When he misses the bus one morning, Andy is able to walk to his school even though he had not made any conscious effort to learn the route. This scenario illustrates _____.

latent learning

Excessive individualism is likely to _____.

lead to unmitigated greed and exploitation

The intentional destruction of brain tissue in order to observe the effects on behavior is called:

lesioning.

Miranda's little sister comes to her with a problem. Because Miranda is low on psychoticism, you can expect her to

listen attentively to her sister and provide support.

After one particularly vivid dream, Hua can't get the image of a beautiful blue sports car out of his mind. In his dream, the sports car likely was a form of

manifest content.

Fedor finds it difficult to remember new information after using a certain drug for an extended period of time. Fedor has likely been using

marijuana.

A process of focused attention that induces a relaxed, contemplative state is known as

meditation.

Your psychology professor states that modern psychology is interested in resolving the age-old nature vs. nurture debate. You correct him by saying

most modern psychologists understand the complementary relationship between genes and environment.

A sleep-wake disorder characterized by sudden unexplained sleep attacks during the day is called _____.

narcolepsy

Parents reducing their children's play time due to undesirable behavior is an example of _____.

negative punishment

An army corporal is demoted to private after being Away Without Leave. This is an example of

negative punishment.

Anthony went over his allotted cell phone minutes, so his parents took his phone away for the next billing cycle. This is an example of

negative punishment.

A stimulus that typically does not elicit any physical or emotional response is described as

neutral.

Compliance with commands or orders issued by people in a position of authority is called

obedience

Jeff stops swearing after he sees his brother being punished for swearing. In this scenario, Jeff displays _____.

observational learning

Keith, a college student, believes that all the girls love to watch romantic movies and are not very fond of thriller movies. Keith's belief best illustrates _____.

out-group homogeneity

A cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more negative characteristics to members of out-groups than to those of in-groups is called

out-group negativism.

The endocrinal gland that produces hormones responsible for regulating glucose levels in the blood is:

pancreas.

An advantage of the massive size of cerebral cortex in humans is that it helps humans:

perform advanced mental functions such as problem solving and language use.

The hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles is secreted by the:

pineal gland.

Unlike Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung proposed that people _____.

possess a collective unconscious, or repository of accumulated ideas and images in the unconscious mind

Quentin has noticed that his testicles are beginning to grow in size. This change reflects development in Quentin's

primary sex characteristics.

Evan had a car accident following which he was unable to recall basic facts and past events in his life. However, he was able to perform activities such as driving a car and playing his guitar. This scenario suggests that Evan's _____ memory was unaffected from the accident.

procedural

A method of measuring memory retention that assesses the ability to select the correct answer from among a range of alternative answers is called a_____.

recognition task

In client-centered therapy, a therapist's role is to _____.

reflect back a client's feelings in a supportive manner so as to encourage self-exploration and self-acceptance

Greg is having a conversation with his friend about his new job. Greg is most likely to remember the topic of this conversation when it is:

semantically encoded in his memory.

A person who is able to recall the first and the last items in a list but unable to recall items in the middle of the list displays _____.

serial position effect

Kyanna plans to complete her homework before socializing with friends. Kyanna is engaging in the practice of

setting realistic goals.

Molly, a college student, prefers to stay alone at home. She feels scared to meet people and is horrified to go on dates. She avoids participating in class activities because she feels terrified to speak in front of others. Molly is most likely struggling with _____.

social anxiety disorder

Megan works as a content developer at Write Best Inc., a company that allows its employees to work from home twice a week. Megan is most efficient when she comes to work and brainstorms with her colleagues. On days when she works from home, Megan needs to work alone and she can barely concentrate on her work. Megan's behavior best illustrates _____.

social facilitation

Jenifer, a 30-year-old homemaker, suffers from a mild skin irritation. Her doctor tells her that it is a minor bacterial infection and gives her antibiotics. However, Jenifer begins to feel that the doctor is hiding something from her and that she is most likely suffering from a fatal form of skin cancer. Jennifer's behavior best illustrates _____.

somatic symptom disorder

According to Raymond Cattell, traits at a deep level of personality that are not apparent in observed behavior but must be inferred based on underlying relationships among surface traits are called _____.

source traits

Olavi regularly uses certain drugs to keep him focused and alert. Olavi most likely uses

stimulants.

Schizophrenia is best explained as a

sychotic disorder.

Clients are first trained in skills needed to deeply relax muscle groups in the body and then therapists and the clients work together to construct a fear hierarchy. In the context of behavior therapy, this best describes the technique called _____.

systematic desensitization

A characteristic that best resonates with people with antisocial personality disorder is that they _____.

take advantage of others for their own needs or personal gain

A characteristic style of behavior, or disposition, is known by psychologists as

temperament.

Rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because:

the body is incapable of movement despite a high level of brain activity.

Daphne, a 40-year-old department store owner, recently shifted to a new neighborhood. Matthew, who is 65 years old and retired, happened to become her new neighbor. Matthew always greeted Daphne with a smile and showed his willingness to help her. Daphne was initially hesitant, but she slowly overcame her wariness and began to smile back at Matthew. She even began to help Matthew with his daily grocery supplies. In the context of attraction, this scenario best illustrates _____.

the concept of reciprocity

The term 'attachment' refers to

the enduring emotional bond that infants and older children form with their caregivers

In the nature-nurture debate, nature refers to the:

the genetic influence on behavior.

Make a selection below and click submit to continue. Which of the following is a major stage of prenatal development and spans the time from fertilization to implantation in the wall of the uterus?

the germinal stage

One area of future research that may have important implications for the ways that clinicians diagnose and treat mental disorders involves the use of brain scans to identify

the presence of psychological disorders.

Make a selection below and click submit to continue. Alan hears his friend hum a familiar tone. However, he is unable to recall the name of the song. In this scenario, Alan is experiencing the _____.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A form of physical habituation to a drug in which increased amounts are needed to achieve the same effect is called _____.

tolerance

The type of meditation in which practitioners focus their attention on a mantra is called _____.

transcendental meditation

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a pigeon is given a mild shock shortly after it is exposed to a high-pitched tone. After repeatedly pairing the tone and the shock, the pigeon displays signs of fear to the tone itself. In this experiment, the shock is the _____.

unconditioned stimulus

Gambling provides a seemingly random pattern of reinforcement. It's an example of a

variable ratio schedule

In the context of cognitive development in early and middle adulthood, crystallized intelligence is mostly associated with _____.

vocabulary skills

A neural impulse is formed:

when ions move across the membrane of a neuron.