Pysch 150 - Chapter 8-Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Cattell's Theories

1. Fluid Intelligence 2. Crystallized Intelligence

According to Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences, a poet is to ____(1)______ intelligence, as a popular politician is to ____(2)___ intelligence.

1. Linguistic 2. Interpersonal The poet would be verbally talented or high in linguistic intelligence, whereas a politician would be talented in social interactions or high in personal intelligence.

3 Step Goal to Problem Solving

1. Preparation 2. Production 3. Evaluation

Successful understanding of a problem generally requires what three features?

1. The parts are elements of our mental representation of the problem relate to one another in a meaningful way 2. The elements of our mental representation of the problem corresponds to the element of the problem in the outer world 3. We have a storehouse of background knowledge that we can apply to the problem

Barriers to Problem Solving

1. mental sets 2. Functional fixedness 3. confirmation bias

Stages of Language Development

1. prelinguistic stage 2. linguistic stage

Problem Solving Heuristics

1. working backwards 2. means-end analysis 3. creating subgoals

True languages distinguished from the communication systems of lower animals by what properties?

1.Semanticity - this sounds (or signs) of a language having meaning in 2. Infinite creativity-the capacity to combine words into original sentences 3. Displacement -quality language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place

With three factors affect problem-solving?

1.Your level of experience 2. whether you fall prey to a mental set 3.whether you develop insight into the problem

Prototype

A concept of the category of object or events that serve as a good example of a category.

What is holophrase?

A simple word is used to express complex meaning. (For example, Mama may be used by a child to signify meanings as varied as "there goes Mama," "come here, Mama" and "you are my Mama"

Algorithm

A systemic procdure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied.

Systematic random search

An algorithm for solving problems in which each possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules

The tendency to judge the likelihood of an event by how easily examples of it come to mind is known as A. Means end heuristic B. Availability heuristic C. Confirmation bias D. Representativeness heuristic

B. Availability heuristic The tendency to judge the likelihood of an event by how easily examples of it come to mind is known as the availability heuristic.

A reliable test is one that is A. Accurate B. Consistent C. Standardize D. Valid

B. Consistent A reliable test is one that is consistent; that measures the same every time.

On how we, Sam and Diego went trick or treating. Sam washed off to the house that gave out candy last year. Diego methodically combed the neighborhood, checking every house for candy. Sam got home from trick-or-treating in about an hour. Diego got home many hours later I had collected more candy. In this example, which type of strategy did Sam use in trick-or-treating, and which type did Diego use? A. Algorithm; Algorithm B. Heuristic; Algorithm C. Algorithm; Heuristic D. Heuristic; Heuristic

B. Heuristic; Algorithm Sam used a shortcut (heuristic), and Diego checked all possible solutions (an algorithm)

Jim took an IQ test last year and received the IQ score of 100. What this gym's 100 I Q score mean? A. His mental age is the same as his chronological age. B. His raw score on the test was average for his age group. C. His mental age is greater than his chronological age. D. His chronological age is greater than his mental age.

B. His raw score on the test was average for his age group. Today, testers assign IQ scores by pairing a person's raw score to the raw scores of others in the person's age group. A person who gets in average raw score is assigned the IQ of 100.

Carlos, who was a four-year-old, is given Binet's test of mental abilities. When the test is scored, it is found that Carlos functions mentally at the level of the six-year-old child. The result reflects Carlos is A. Personal intelligence B. Mental age C. Crystallized intelligence D. Metacognition

B. Mental age Mental age refers to a person's level of cognitive functioning.

Roger thinks that the heavier hamster is, the more intelligent it is. In order to see if hamster is smart, Roger weighs in on the scale. Rogers method of estimating hamsters intelligence is A. Reliable and valid B. Reliable but invalid C. Unreliable and invalid D. Unreliable but valid

B. Reliable but invalid Roger's method is reliable but invalid. It is consistent, but it is not a true measure of intelligence

Six-year-old Phoebe love solving mazes. She has her own way of doing them. Instead of beginning at the "start", she begins at the "finish" and ends at the "start". Phoebe is using which mental strategy to solve mazes? A. an algorithm. B. The backward working heuristic C. The creating subgoals heuristic D. The means-end heuristic

B. The backward-working heuristic Using the backward-working heuristic means starting with a possible solution and going back to the problem to see if the solution fits

After seeing the movie Titanic, Leah refused a friend's invitation to go on a sea cruise. Leah's fear may be explained in terms of A. a mental set B. the availability heuristic C. The representativeness heuristic D. the confirmation biased

B. the availability heuristic The availability heuristic is the tendency to base decisions on information that comes readily to mind. The Sinking of the Titanic is fresh in Leah's mind; she has decided that a sea cruise would be too dangerous.

Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness? A. Luz studies for tests in college the same way she studied protests in high school. B. After learning how to drive one car, David is able to drive all others as well. C. D'Anna doesn't notice that her set of brass knuckles are always used as a paper weight. D. After learning to play the guitar, Joceline finds it difficult to play the piano.

C. D'Anna doesn't notice that her set of brass knuckles are always used as a paper weight. Functional Fixedness is an inability to see new uses for a common object.

On a survey, some people said "no" when asked: "Do you approve of welfare?" Of the people who answered "yes" when asked: "Do you think that the government should provide funds to help poor people with food, and other necessities of life?" The above illustrates A. Confirmation bias B. A mental set C. Framing D. Functional Fixedness

C. Framing Framing refers to the tendency for decision to be influenced by how potential outcomes are phased. Even though both questions represent essentially the same question, their phrasing led to answer differently.

IQ stands for A. Information quantum B. Ingenious quantification C. Intelligence quotient D. Intellectual quiz

C. Intelligence quotient

One conclusion of Terman's study of the gifted is that a person with a high IQ is A. Likely to be highly motivated B. More likely to be important as a condition than a person with a lower IQ C. More likely to excel in extracurricular activities than a person with a lower IQ D. Is more likely to be a social "disaster" than a person with a lower IQ

C. More likely to excel in extracurricular activities than a person with a lower IQ One of the findings of this study was that having a high IQ makes people more likely to excel in extra - curricular activities.

To use incubation to solve a problem, one needs to A. Find similarities between the current problem in previous ones B. Follow a step - by - step set of rules C. Put the problem aside and stop thinking about it D. Use familiar rules of thumb

C. Put the problem aside and stop thinking about it

Tony believes that intelligence is a general mental ability. Tony would most likely agree with which period of intelligence A. Thurstone's B. Spearman's C. Gardner's D. Cattell's

C. Spearman's - Spearman's G factor is the general intelligence factor Thurstone's theory included several primary mental polities Gardner's theory included six separate intelligences Cattell's theories included fluid and crystallized intelligences

When Joan plays 20 questions with her brother, she always starts guessing with broad categories, and then narrows them down as she finds out more about the mystery object. In other words, the concept she uses are ordered by broad to narrow in the following progression: A. Basic level to specific to superordinate concept B. Basic level to superordinate to specific content C. Superordinate to basic level to specific content D. Superordinate to specific to basic level concept

C. Superordinate to basic level to specific content Superordinate is the broadest category of the concept, followed by basic level, followed by specific.

The phrase, "the dog can the chased" violates the rules of A. A phoneme B. A morpheme C. Syntax D. Context

C. Syntax When the words are rearranged to confirm to the role of context, they read, "the dog chased the cat."

The tendency to ignore information that contradicts one's thinking is called A. Convergent thinking B. Functional fixedness C. The confirmation bias D. Incubation

C. The confirmation bias The confirmation bias is the tendency to stick to an initial hypothesis, even in the face of contradictory evidence.

David loves doing challenging crossword puzzles. Over time, he has learned that the best thing to do when he is stumped is to put the puzzle down and come back to it after an hour or two. What mental strategy is David using when he solves puzzles? A. Analogies B. An algorithm C. The creating subgoals heuristic D. Incubation

D. Incubation Incubation involves taking a break from a problem and returning to it at a later time.

Which of the following would be classified as Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence as analytic? (Analytic-skilled in or habitually using analysis) A. Being able to draw a credible still-life B. Dreaming up a variety of solutions for a social problem, such as homelessness. C. Figuring out what to do when you left your keys inside a locked car whose engine is running. D. Knowing how to prove a math theorem

D. Knowing how to prove a math theorem Analytic intelligence is the kind measured by traditional IQ tests

What is the name for the mental shortcut that is used in decision-making when the desirability of an event is judged from a small sample? A. An algorithm B. Framing C. The availability heuristic . D. The representative heuristic

D. The representative heuristic The representativeness heuristic if tendency to inferred that a given sample of behavior is representative of the whole.

Practical

Good at application, implementation, execution, and utilization *all 3 of these tend to overlap and work together

Analytical

Good at evaluation judgement, and comparison *all 3 of these tend to overlap and work together

Means-end Analysis

Heuristic device in which we try to solve a problem by evaluting the difference between current situation and the goal.

3 Part Theory of Intelligence

Sternberg models states that there are 3 separate and different aspects of intelligence. 1. Visual - show me 2. auditory - tell me 3. kinesthetic - let me do it

What is Sternberg's theory?

Sternberg's triarchic theory proposes three aspects of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical. The triarchic theory is important because it provides a much-needed focus on how people use their intelligence in everyday life.

Functional Fixedness

Tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage

Overregulation

The application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections (e.g. past tense and plural) to irregular verbs and nouns

Naturalistic

attune to nature ex. biologist, naturalist

Spiritual/Existential

attuned to the meaning of life and death ex. pastor, priests

Gardner's Multiple Intelligence

believes people have many kinds of intelligence. People have different profiles of intelligence and are stronger in some area than others. -linguistic, logical/mathematical, spatical, bodily/kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal -came up with 2 more.....Naturalistic and Spiritual/existential

Bodily/Kinesthetic

body smart ex. athletic, dancer

Creating Subgoals

breaking down complex goals into smaller goals ex. baby steps

Pre-linguistic Stage

crying (does not represent language but is a pre-liguistic event) cooing (2-3 months) babbling (5-6 months)

Standardization

established the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring tests

Representativeness Heuristic

estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match (or present) our previous prototype. ex. which animal kills more people annually, pig or shark? answer pig

Language

form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules.

Production

generating the possible solutions to your problem.

Nonverbal Language

gestures and body language. Meaning of these vary in different countries.

Crystallized Intelligence

knowledge and skills gained through experience and education -tends to increase over life span

Logical/Mathematical

logic smart scientist, engineer

Semanticity

meaning; the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events,or ideas

Reliability

measure of the consistence and reproducibility of test scores over time

Mental Image

mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience. ex. picture in your mind your last vacation

Musical

music smart ex. singer, musician, composer

Interpersonal

people smart ex. salesperson, manager, teacher

Spatial

picture smart engineer, architect

Syntax

putting words in the right order

Displacement

quality language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place

Mental Sets

refusing to try new strategies or a tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems

Preparation

reviewing, separating facts and defining your goal.

Intrapersonal

self smart ex. increase success in almost all careers.

Linguistic Stage

single-utterances (12 months) telegraphic speech, learning the rules of grammar (2-5 years)

Morphemes

smallest meaningful unit; combination of phonemes ex. Un think able

Phonemes

smallest unit of sound ex. stretching out the word

Working Backwards

starts with the solution ex. starting in the center of a maze

Grammar

system of rules used to generate acceptable language, enabling communication ex. they were in my psychology class vs. they was in my psychology class.

Infinite creativity

the capacity to combine words into original sentences

Framing Effect

the influence of wording, or the context in which information is presented, on decision making

Nature

what we are biologically born with or "prewired" to develop into. Chompsky's language acquisition device (LAD).

Confirmation Bias

where you seek confirmation of your beliefs or preexisting positions, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence.

Linguistic

word smart ex. novelist, teacher

Hierarchies

a way we organize concepts

Validity

ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

Creativity

ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way 1. originality 2. fluency 3. flexibility

Semantics

using words to create meaning ex. went out on a limb vs. humans have four limbs

In the word preoperational, what is the prefix pre? A. A phoneme B. A morpheme C. A concept D. A word

B. A morpheme Pre has meaning, but it is not a word, so it is a morpheme.

In 1925, Henry took the original Stanford -Binet intelligence test. Although he was six years old at the time, the results indicated that he had a mental age of three. What was Henry's IQ according to the original formula? A. 50 B. 100 C. 150 D. 200

A. 50 Using the original formula, we divide the mental age by the chronological age and multiply by 100.

An equilateral triangle has three sides and three angles that measure 60°. An object that has these qualities is definitely an equilateral triangle. An object that does not have these qualities is not an equilateral triangle. The equilateral triangle is A. a logical concept B. a natural concept C. a script D. a mental model

A. A logical concept A logical concept is clearly defined by a set of rules or properties

Systematic problem-solving methods that always enable one to arrive at the correct solution are called A. Algorithms B. Heuristics C. Mental sets D. Semantics

A. Algorithms Algorithms are systematic problem-solving methods that always result in the correct solution.

In Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, intelligent is composed of which three factors? A. Analytical, creative, and practical B. Interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic C. Language, math, and music D. Linguistic, logical mathematical, and spatial

A. Analytical, creative, and practical According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the three types of intelligence are analytic, creative, and practical.

A mental grouping of objects, events, or ideas with a common feature is called a A. Concept B. Mental model C. Proposition D. Script

A. Concept

When a test to standardize, it means that not only the norms are available, but that A. Every child taking the test will be presented with the same items under similar conditions. B. Every child who fails the test will have to keep taking it until he or she passes. C. The task can be custom tailored to meet the individual needs of those who are taking it under various conditions. D. The test is a subjective way to measure children's abilities.

A. Every child taking the test will be presented with the same items under similar conditions. When the test to standardize, every child taking is presented with the same items under the same conditions.

Bud tested and received the score 65. Which of the following options is more consistent with his apparent level of intellectual functioning? A. He should be able to live on his own and hold an unskilled job B. He should be able to live with his parents and perform simple tasks C. He probably could not benefit from schooling and need constant monitoring. D. He probably can learn by using his hands to feed himself but would require constant supervision

A. He should be able to live on his own and hold an unskilled job Bud has mild retardation. At this level, an individual can live independently and engage in productive work.

The role of genetics in intelligence can be seen more clearly in which of the following? A. Identical twins, separately adopted at birth, scored similarly on IQ tests when grown B. For adopted children score higher after living several years with well off adopted parents C. Preschoolers attending a reading readiness intervention program seen improvement in their IQ scores, after a year. D. Two unrelated children, whose IQ score are widely apart, are adopted in the same home. After a year the gap between their IQ scores narrows.

A. Identical twins, separately adopted at birth, scored similarly on IQ tests when grown Studies of twins demonstrate the influence of genetics when the twins IQ scores are similar despite their having been raised in different environments.

John has developed an intelligence test. She gives to a group of subjects and then gives the same test to the same students three months later to see how consistent the scoring is. What feature of test is June checking? A. Reliability B. Verbal scale C. Validity D. Performance scale

A. Reliability Reliability is the degree to which a test can be repeated with the same results.

The following sentence: "the sensitive rock was covered with moss." Violates A. The rules of semantics B. The linguistic relativity hypothesis C. Grammatical rules D. Syntax rules

A. The rules of semantics Semantics are a set of rule that governs the meaning of words and sentence. A rock cannot be described as sensitive, the sentence violates the rules of semantics.

Intelligence

According to David Wechlser: the capacity to understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its challenges.

While hiking in the woods, Martin leads the Boy Scout troop on what he thought was a trail that led to the camp. Even though it soon became obvious to the boys that they were walking in the wrong direction and that there was no more trail markings, Martin refused to acknowledge that he had made a mistake. Instead he decided to vainly search for a familiar landmark. Which obstacle to decision-making does Martin's behavior demonstrate? A. A mental set B. Functional fixedness C. The confirmation biased D. The representativeness heuristic

C. The confirmation biased The confirmation biased if the tendency to stick to an initial hypothesis even when confronted with convincing evidence to the contrary. Even though Martin has evidence that they are going the wrong way, he is stubbornly sticking to his original decision and even looking vainly for evidence to confirm that he is right.

Dr. Owen tells her students that the history test will be an essay exam and that memorizing names and dates would be useless. In spite of his teachers warning, Joey studies by memorizing names and dates, since he passed all his high school history tests test this way. Consequentially Joey failed the test. Joey study habits it's an example of A. Functional fixedness B. The availability heuristic C. Framing D. A mental set

D. A mental set A mental set is the tendency to rely on strategies that worked well in similar situations in the past. Joey is studying in the same way that he did in high school because that is the way he succeeded in the past.

Fill-in the blank. _____________ is an important aspect of thinking.

Problem-solving

Amy wanted to purchase a book to give to her boyfriend. She saw one by an author whose two other books she really liked. Even though she hadn't heard anything about this new book, she decided that it would probably be good. Unfortunately, it turn out to be nothing like the other two books and very dull. What had led Amy to make the bad decision to buy the book? A. Functional Fixedness B. Framing C. The availability heuristic D. The representativeness heuristic

D. The representativeness heuristic The representativeness heuristic bases decision on the assumption that a given sample is representative of the larger population from which it is drawn.

The difference between natural concept and logical concept is that A. Natural concepts are concrete, whereas logical concepts are abstract B. Natural concepts only share one characteristic feature, whereas logical concepts have at least two characteristic features in common C. Natural concepts refer to living things whereas logical concepts refer to inanimate objects D. The rules defining logical concepts are clear-cut were those of natural concepts are not

D. The rules defining logical concepts are clear-cut were those of natural concepts are not Logical concepts have clearly defined boundaries; natural concepts have fuzzy ones.

Whether or not a test measures what it's supposed to measure is a question of A. Norms B. Reliability C. Standardization D. Validity

D. Validity Validity refers to whether or not a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

What is Exemplar?

Exemplar is a specific example.

True or False. We tend to organize concepts in proto-types.

False We tend to organize concepts in hierarchies.

Incubation

In problem solving, a hypothetical process that sometimes occurs when we stand back from a frustrating problem for a while and the solution "suddenly" appears

What is Thurstone's theory?

Intelligence consists of seven primary mental abilities. Thurstone argued that a single IQ score cannot capture the broad range of mental abilities that constitutes intelligence.

What is Spearman's theory?

Intelligence involves general cognitive ability,or "g." Traditional intelligence tests are designed to measure "g" in the form of an IQ score.

What is Gardner's theory?

Multiple intelligences are needed to account for the range of mental abilities. Gardner's theory has popular appeal but does not account for the interrelationships among the different intelligences. It also does not draw the line in determining how much separate intelligences are needed to account for the full range of mental abilities.

Is day dreaming or dreaming considered thinking?

NO - Mental processes such as dreaming and daydreaming does not represent thinking; they may be unplanned and perceived more or less on their own.

From the social - cognitive perspective who serves as models?

Parents serve as models. Children learn language, at least in part through observation and imitation.

Heuristics

Rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems

G

Spearman's symbol for general intelligence, which he believed underlay more specific abilities

Individual Intelligence Tests

Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Scales (both compute an IQ) mental retardation = IQ of 70 or below giftedness = IQ of 135 or above

Psycholinguistic theory

The view that language learning involves an interaction between environmental factors and an inborn tendency to acquire language

Linguistic - relativity hypothesis

The view that language structures the way in which we view the world.

What are anagrams?

They are scrambled words.

What is thinking?

Thinking is paying attention to information, representing it mentally, reasoning about it, and making judgments and decisions about it.

Anchoring and Adjustment heuristic

a decision-making heuristic in which a presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive anchor; as we receive additional information, we amke adjustments but tend to remain in the proximity of the anchor

Availability Heuristics

a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples

Concept

a representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics Ex. birds, rivers, beaches

Telegraphic Speech

child links several words to create short but intelligible sentences ex. "me want cookie"

Nurture

how we develop as a result of the people and experiences we have in our lives. (environmental)

Insight

in Gestalt pyschology, a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the "perceptual field," permitting the soultion of a problem

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

in pyscholinguistic theory, neural "prewiring"that facilities the child's learning of grammar.

Fluid Intelligence

innate, inherited reasoning ability, memory and speed of information processing, independent from education and experience. -tends to decline with age

Sternberg's Triarchic 3 part Theory

three separate and difference aspects of intelligence. Each part is learned, not the result of genetics. Each can be strengthened and improved 1. Analytical 2. Practical 3. Cognitive