PYSCH CHAPTER 6

Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern

- A mood disorder in which depression occurs regularly at the same time each year, usually during the winter months; former know as seasonal affective disorder(SAD) - The reduction of in daylight hours interferes with circadian rhythms

Waking

- A normal state of consciousness characterized by alertness and awareness of external stimuli - BETA ALPHA AND GAMMA WAVES altering among these three patterns of activity - Varying states of awareness can be described using (electroencephalogram EEG) recordings, which provide a general measure of overall brain activity

Sleep

- A normal state of consciousness characterized by reduced awareness of external stimuli - Periodic, natural loss of consciousness - Coma, vegetative states; not conscious - Divided into two types: Rapid eye movement (REM) & Non-rapid eye movement (N-REM) - Effect memory

Consciousness/ State of awareness

- A state of awareness (alert versus drowsy, asleep or awake, perceiving realistically or hallucinating, hypnotized or not, meditating or not) OR - Awareness of self and environment Include: Reticular formation, Thalamus, Cerebral cortex Include: gamma, beta, alpha waves

Artifical Lighting

- Affects sleep by breaking down melatonin, ahormone released in the vening that regulates sleep cycles. - Changes in melatonin relase have been implicated in a long list of human diseases including cancer and heart disease OR -Modern artifical light breaks down the hormone melatonin whihc is relased only at night. Disruptions caused by the effects of light on melationin might be responsiable for higher rates of diesase (cancer) amongst who work nights - Working night is bad

Vegatative State

- An abornal state folling brain injury (wakefulness without consciousness)

Sleep deprivation

- Can cause obesity and risk for type 2 diabetes - Slow healing injuries - Reduce activity of the immune system - fewer production of new neurons Inability to pay attention Mistake Depression Weight gain Immune system Life span REM REBOUND - remain in this stage for a long time

William James

- Coined the term "Stream of consciousness" to capture the moving, seemingly unbroken flow of conscious awareness - Maintained that "consciousness grows the more complex and intense the higher we rise in the animal kingdom"

internal Biological Clock

- Controlled by the hypothalamus, provides an approximate schedule for various physical processes, including sleep and waking, body temperture, and hunger OR - An internal mechanism that provides an approixmate schedule for carious physical processes

EEG during waking

- EEG recordings during waking alternate between alpha waves and beta waves. Alpha waves are associated with a relaxed, possibly drowsy state, whereas beta waves are associated with alertness. Gamma waves are seen in response to sensory input

REM Sleep

- First episode occurs 90-120 mins after onset of sleep - AKA Paradoxical sleep - Reflecting a combination of brain activity resembling waking with external appearance of deep sleep - EEG shows activity similar to waking activity -Sympathetic nervous system become very active - Rapid & Irregular blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing *Eye movement = paradoxical sleep = sleeping, unconscious =beta alpha waves, Heart rate increases Faster breathing Energetic brain activity Motor cortex (create voluntary movement)

Gamma BAT D

- Gamma Waves: A waveform of more than 30 cycles per second recored by EEG that indicates attention to sensoy input (sensory information) - Beta Wave: A waveform of 15-30 second recored by EEG that usally indicate alret waking (thinking) - Alpha Waves: A waveform of 9-12 cycles per second recored by EEG that usally indicates relaxed waking -Theta Waves: Theta brainwaves occur most often in sleep but are also dominant in deep meditation. Theta is our gateway to learning, memory, and intuition. In theta, our senses are withdrawn from the external world and focused on signals originating from within - Delta Waves: A waveform of 1-4 cycles per second recored by EEG that usally indicate deep non-rem sleep

Zeitgebers (external stimuli)

- Internal Biological clock interact with (External stimuli) - These stimuli are (time givers) (Examples) -Light (help reset the internal biological clocks) -Eating Patterns

Jet lag / Day light saving

- Opportunity to observe our responses to abrupt changes in our daily schedule * Modern ability to cross time zones leads to this experience * The setting of clocks forward 1 hour in the spring and 1 hour back in in the fall - Traveling east is worst (la to ny) - May lead to depression

Stages of sleep

- REM & NON-REM: Differentiated by EEG recordings, muscle tone, autonomic activity and mental activity - Gamma BAT D: (Gamma32-100hz, Beta13-32hz, Alpha8-13hz, Theta4-8hz, Delta0,5-4hz) EEG reporting - Conscious (gamma, beta, alpha) Unconscious (theta, delta)

Mind Wandering / Day Dreaming / Selective Attention

- Refers to spontaneous, subjective experiences in a no-task, no-stimulus, no-response situation" OR - The situation in which a person's attention and thoughts wander from the current task to some other, inappropriate line of thought -Selective Attention: The focus of our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus *Spotlight of attention *Cocktail party effect: our ability to attend to relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information (NAME) *Multitasking: Rapid toggling between activities (driving & cell phones) *Inattentional blindness: a failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere (Simons and Chabris 1999)

Internal Cues

- Signals received by an organism through senses, such as hunger, thirst, and pain - Protein degradation in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - SCN: each of a pair of small nuclei in the hypothalamus of the brain, above the optic chiasma, thought to be concerned with the regulation of physiological circadian rhythms

Unconsciousness

- Sleep: Periodic, natural loss of consciousness - Coma, vegetative states; not conscious Include: theta and delta waves

Childhood sleep disorder

Sleep terrors - non REM stages of sleep (not dream) 1-6% the sleeper wakes suddenly in great distress but without experiencing the imagery of a nightmare Sleepwalking - 1-15% NREM 3&4 Sleeptalking - NREM 1&2 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) - infant dies in sleep - put baby on the back instead of the stomach - within 6 months

Activation-Synthesis Theory

theory of dream content suggest that the ocntent of frams represent the minds effort to make sense out of real physical sesation. when you sleep, you live out your desires

Stage 3&4 Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM3&4)

*Deep sleep - Both stages show delta wave activity (large and slow) - Primarily in the amount of delta activity that occurs, stage 4 having the most *NREM 3 and 4 get shorter, eventually disappear *sleepwalking occurs here *repair the body *human growth hormones released here

Stage 1 Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM1)

*First falling asleep... *Don't realize the transition *Hypnagogic sensations = falling (shock) hallucinations, floating - The component of sleep characterized by theta waves and delta waves activity, and deep physical relaxation - Some theta waves, which are larger and slower than alpha waves are nwo observed

Why We Sleep

*Protective role *Restoring and repairing *Strengthen neural connections *Memories *Muscle development *Cognitive functioning

Stage 2 Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM2)

*Sleep spindles - rapid bursts of *Rhythmic brain activity *Brain still monitor external environment *EEG records K complexes = Strong hit of delta wave to keep you asleep *Falling deeper in sleep - Person is asleep - Reduction in heart rate and muscle tension *50% in nonrem1&2

Dreaming

- A mental state that usually occurs during sleep that features visual imagery -Dreams = sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind *Vivid, emotional, and bizarre *Negative event or emotion *Not sexual *Days' experiences *Perceptual present - Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggest that the content of dream simply reflects ongoing neural activity

Coma

"deep sleep" - produce a profound state of unconsciousness in which the person does not have sleep-wake cycles - can not be awakened - no response to light or pain -incapable of voluntaru behavior -results from damage to both cerebral hemisphere or to the reticular formation - many patient shows alpha rythms - alpha coma (frontal lobe) on the EEG -

Thalamus, Reticular Formation, Cerebral Cortex

- Structure in the brain might be necessary, but not sufficient, for consciousness *Thalamus: (For example, observing that your television screen no longer produces a picture after you remove a component does not necessarily imply that the sole source of the picture is particular component; its likely that other components need to be attached simultaneously and contribute to the creation of the visual image) *Reticular Formation: (Of the brainstem, play an active role in raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness. Because of these variations, you are far more likely to hear and respond to a sound while awake than while deeply asleep.) - Both structures have been described as "enabling" consciousness, but they do not produce their content.

Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep

- The components of sleep characterized by theta and delta wave activity, as recorded by electroencephalogram, and deep physical relaxation - Divided into 4 stages: N-REM stages 1-4

Circadian Rhythm

- The daily biological rhythms (24hours) - Respond to a combination of internal and external factors - Why are circadian rhythms important? Circadian rhythms are not only important for your sleep cycle but your metabolism as well. - Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes in the body that can influence hormone (hypothalamus) release and other bodily functions

Default Mode Network

- The default mode network (DMN) is a network of interacting brain regions that is active when a person is not focused on the outside world, measurable with the fMRI technique. OR - The network of brain structures that tends to be active when the brain is in default mode OR - The activity of the DMN corresponds to mind wandering, thinking about self, and preparing for conscious thought -MOSTLY correlated with alpha waves

Content of awareness

- The ongoing catalog of internal and external stimuli that are the focus of current attention

Self-Awareness

- The special understanding of the self as distinct from other stimuli AND - Special type of consciousness; occurs when we focus on ourselves as individuals (Knowing that you are looking at yourself in the mirror, knowing that you are sleeping and dreaming)

What/Why we dream?

- Used the term consciousness to refer to aspects of the mind that could be retrieved voluntary searches for information - To satisfy our own wishes (Sig Freud) Dream analysis = objects and signs in dreams were symbolic; boul was wrong - File memories - mazes (memories reactive during dream) *cramming =does not work long term - Develop and preserve neural pathways - neural static - Cognitive development - life simulations (emotion preparation)

Lucid Dreaming

- While dreaming, the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming -increase activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex = area of the brain that participates in higher-order executive functions (sense of control/ voluntary behavior) -Frontal areas

Rem Sleep and mood

- effect mood (regulation of mood states) - rem rebound - provide part of the simulation necessary to correctly wire immature brain - Brainstem nuerons release serotonin and norepinephrine are quiet during rem sleep, although the are active during waking and non-rem sleep

Prosopagnosia

- inability to recognize faces - results from damage to the temporal lobes on the bottom of the brain known as the fusiform face area (FFA)

Social context on sleep

- social context play a role in sleep - that one of the funtions of sleep is to process learning from social experiences

What affect sleep

-Genetically and culturally influenced -Caffeine intake -Naps -Sleep schedules -Stress (amygdala activation)

Sleeping Disorder

Insomnia - recurring problems in falling or staying asleep / inability to either maintain or initiate sleep / 2 forms: Onset insomnia (a person lies in bed for what seems to be a long period but is unable to go to sleep) Maintenance insomnia (occurs when sleep is frequently interrupted or early waking occur) Narcolepsy/ - Sudden, uncontrollable rem sleeping / "sleep attack" / rem sleep occurs during wakefulness / Cataplexy - occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with rem sleep occurs during wakefulness without loss of consciousness / those with narcolepsy - (cells in the hypothalamus that normally secrete neurochemicals known as orexins are missing or damaged in the brains) - Result from a combination of genetic vulnerability and autoimmune process that attack the cells in the brain that produce orexins - triggered by flu viruses - Linked to activity in the immune system Sleep apnea - breathing issues white sleeping / 1-2 min / wake up gasping for air / increase heart disease/people who are obese and snore have this / brainstem neurons responsible for maintaining breathing during sleep malfunction (central sleep apnea) Restless leg syndrome - involuntary movement of a leg/tingling feeling and moves at regular intervals. / results from a gene variant that is active only during early prenatal development in the basal gangli (responsible for vluntary movement) - adhd