PYSCH final

Which disorder is most strongly linked to aggressive and violent behavior? A) Schizophrenia C) Antisocial personality disorder B) Schizotypal personality disorder D) Bipolar disorder

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Which statement about individual and collectivist cultures is accurate? A) Collectivist cultures value individual freedom less than individualistic cultures. B) The fundamental attribution error is less common in individualistic cultures. C) Americans tend to be high in collectivism. D) People in individualistic cultures neglect dispositional influences on behavior.

A) Collectivist cultures value individual freedom less than individualistic cultures.

A participant in an fMRI study shows an unusually thin frontal cortex, reduced hippocampal volume, and increased activity in the amygdala. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely? A) Depression B) Schizophrenia C) Bipolar disorder D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A) Depression

You have had a crush on a classmate for a long time, and the two of you are finally going to spend an evening together. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, which strategy should you follow to increase the likelihood that this person will find you attractive? A) Go to a hysterically funny movie. C) Take a quiet stroll through the park. B) Spend the evening listening to soft music. D) Wear a fresh-smelling cologne or perfume.

A) Go to a hysterically funny movie

Which hormone must be present for body cells to use glucose for immediate energy? A) Insulin B) Leptin C) Serotonin D) Progesterone

A) Insulin

A piano student mastered a difficult piece of music after many hours of practice at home. At his next lesson, he played the piece for his piano teacher. He then performed it in front of an enthusiastic audience, and finally, in front of a critical panel of judges. According to the theory of social facilitation, which of these was likely to be his worst performance? A) Playing at home after mastering the piece C) Performing for an enthusiastic audience B) Playing for his piano teacher D) Performing for a panel of judges

A) Playing at home after mastering the piece

Which of the following is no longer used as a treatment for schizophrenia? A) Psychosurgery B) Neuroleptics C) Behavior therapy D) Dopamine agonists

A) Psychosurgery

Jack worries constantly that he is teeming with germs. He has tried to distract himself by playing video games, but this has not stopped him from showering seven or eight times a day. Which of the following statements is true in Jack's case? A) Showering is a compulsion. B) Video game playing is a compulsion. C) Showering is an obsession, and thoughts about germs are a compulsion. D) Showering is a compulsion, and video game playing is an obsession.

A) Showering is a compulsion

The final candidates for a job are a man with a highly symmetrical face and a man with facial scars. Which belief is most likely to be held by the interviewers? A) The man with facial scars is likely to be less healthy. B) The man with facial scars will have better social skills. C) The man with a symmetrical face is likely to be less professional. D) The two applicants are equally healthy and skilled.

A) The man with facial scars is likely to be less healthy.

Impulsive aggression is more likely for someone with A) a strong fear response. C) hyperactive frontal lobes. B) an underactive amygdala. D) a sluggish sympathetic nervous system.

A) a strong fear response.

Despite growing up in a low-income community, a teenage boy believes that his hard work and positive attitude will lead to a good job. His perspective reflects A) an internal locus of control. B) the reality principle. C) reaction formation. D) subjective validation.

A) an internal locus of control.

Positive symptoms are behaviors that _______. Negative symptoms are behaviors that _______. A) are present but should not be; are absent but should not be B) predict recovery; predict chronic schizophrenia C) are socially appropriate; are socially inappropriate D) increase aggression; decrease aggression

A) are present but should not be; are absent but should not be

Though there is evidence from studies of animals to support the idea that early exposure to mild stress will make an individual better able to handle stress later in life, research on adverse childhood experiences in humans showed that A) as the number of adverse childhood experiences increases, so does the risk of suicide later in life. B) as the number of adverse childhood experiences increases, the risk of suicide later in life decreases. C) the number of adverse childhood experiences is not related to stress reactions later in life. D) the likelihood that an individual develops depression later in life is independent of his or her childhood experiences.

A) as the number of adverse childhood experiences increases, so does the risk of suicide later in life.

Ava, a kind and talented 25-year-old, has no friends. She longs for close relationships, but her low self-esteem and fear of rejection keep her from speaking to people. Ava is likely to be diagnosed with _______ personality disorder. A) avoidant B) antisocial C) borderline D) dissociative

A) avoidant

People with hypothyroidism have a slower basal metabolism, which may also reduce their A) body temperature. B) height. C) skin conductance. D) cancer risk.

A) body temperature

Many people believe that intense emotional experiences allow for the purging of emotions from the system, known as A) catharsis. B) sadism. C) withdrawal. D) reductionism.

A) catharsis.

All of the following coping mechanisms are associated with stress reduction except A) cigarette smoking. B) regular exercise. C) a low-protein diet. D) adequate sleep.

A) cigarette smoking

To increase diagnostic reliability, the DSM-5 bases psychological diagnoses on A) concrete descriptions of behavior and emotions. C) measures of sympathetic nervous system activity. B) carefully selected blood tests and brain scans. D) the doctor's judgment and clinical expertise.

A) concrete descriptions of behavior and emotions

The 1992 study by Laumann and colleagues found that women are much less likely than men to have a(n)_______ preference for the _______. A) exclusive; same sex C) strong but not exclusive; same sex B) exclusive; opposite sex D) strong but not exclusive; opposite sex

A) exclusive; same sex

Cici does not bother to prepare for job interviews because she believes that getting hired is purely a matter of luck. This approach reflects A) external locus of control. B) projection. C) sublimation. D) reciprocal determinism.

A) external locus of control.

Rather than rely purely on studies of words for emotional states to determine how many emotions humans experience, scientists have turned to studying A) facial expressions. B) positive reinforcement. C) positive punishment. D) mating behavior.

A) facial expressions

Research exploring the impact of birth order on personality suggests that A) family size may be more important than birth order. B) older siblings are more likely to be high achieving. C) middle siblings are competitive. D) birth-order effects are independent of social class and resources.

A) family size may be more important than birth order

The general term for the response controlled by the sympathetic nervous system is A) fight or flight. B) flee or perish. C) give and take. D) react and release.

A) fight or flight.

A new client indicates that for years he has been anxious about many areas of his life—school performance, personal relationships, his finances, and his parenting skills. These anxieties indicate A) generalized anxiety disorder. C) agoraphobia. B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. D) social phobia.

A) generalized anxiety disorder

Bob and Tim have male and female friends in common. Bob is _______ because he is attracted only to women, whereas Tim is _______ because he is attracted only to men. A) heterosexual; homosexual C) bisexual; homosexual B) homosexual; heterosexual D) heterosexual; bisexual

A) heterosexual; homosexual

Babies who respond to strange smells and unfamiliar toys with distress are considered _______ reactive and are more likely to be _______ as adults. A) high; introverted and conscientious C) low; introverted and conscientious B) high; extraverted and agreeable D) low; extraverted and agreeable

A) high; introverted and conscientious

One definition of substance abuse says people have a severe disorder if they feel substance use causes them serious problems. A second definition lists 11 symptoms and specifies that people must meet at least six for diagnosis. The second definition is A) higher in reliability and validity. B) higher in reliability but lower in clinical significance. C) lower in reliability and validity. D) higher in clinical significance but lower in validity.

A) higher in reliability and validity

According to Freud, the _______ operate(s) on the pleasure principle. A) id B) ego C) superego D) unconscious

A) id

The strongest justification for the decision of a psychiatrist to prescribe cognitive behavioral therapy instead of SSRIs for a patient suffering from depression would be if the patient A) is a child. C) experiences severe anxiety. B) has relatives with the condition. D) has never attempted suicide.

A) is a child.

By cutting a photograph of a person who is displaying an emotion down the exact middle of the face and creating composite faces out of different combinations of the left and right sides, researchers found that photographs constructed using only the left side of a face appear to look A) more emotional than photographs using only the right side. B) less emotional than photographs using only the right side. C) more distraught than actual faces. D) easier to identify than actual faces.

A) more emotional than photographs using only the right side.

Psychologists refer to the forces that regulate behavior toward a goal as A) motivation. B) emotion. C) thirst. D) fixation.

A) motivation.

A good manager will be able to balance the needs of employees who try to dominate others out of a need for _______ and employees who want to form social bonds out of a need for _______. A) power; affiliation B) affiliation; achievement C) power; projective tests D) achievement; power

A) power; affiliation

A clinician who _______ the dopamine hypothesis is likely to avoid prescribing _______ neuroleptics for an individual suffering from schizophrenia. A) rejects; any B) accepts; any C) rejects; typical D) accepts; atypical

A) rejects; any

Whether the DSM-5 _______ bears on its _______ as a diagnostic tool. A) sets reasonable criteria for mental disorders; validity B) accounts for all mental disorders; validity C) sets rigid criteria for each disorder; reliability D) specifies courses of treatment for disorders; reliability

A) sets reasonable criteria for mental disorders; validity

Bremner and colleagues found that war veterans who had developed combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder had A) smaller right hippocampi than controls. C) a background of emotional abuse. B) a lower threshold for pain tolerance than controls. D) a background of physical abuse.

A) smaller right hippocampi than controls.

The way we affect the behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of others and are, in turn, affected by them is the study of A) social psychology. B) anthropology. C) sociology. D) social perception.

A) social psychology

The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the power of A) social roles. B) groupthink. C) the prisoner's dilemma. D) deterrence.

A) social roles.

A high school teacher was shocked when a Korean-American student got a C on a math test. The reaction reflects A) stereotyping. B) discrimination. C) prejudice. D) stereotype threat.

A) stereotyping

Riva is so fearful of social judgment that she is unable to speak or make eye contact around new people. A cognitive behavioral psychologist would begin treatment by A) teaching relaxation techniques and mindfulness strategies. B) prescribing antidepressant medication. C) prescribing anxiolytics. D) exploring the early childhood roots of Riva's fears.

A) teaching relaxation techniques and mindfulness strategies.

Male gonads are called _______ and female gonads are called _______. A) testes; ovaries B) ovaries; testes C) testes; mammaries D) scrotum; labia

A) testes; ovaries

Sexual differentiation, or the process in fetal development of forming either male or female reproductive structures, is controlled by A) the hormones produced by the gonads. B) the X chromosome(s) inherited by the fetus. C) the mother's eating habits. D) the amount of estrogen present in the mother's uterus.

A) the hormones produced by the gonads.

According to the textbook, one hypothesis in psychoneuroimmunology is that depression in some people may be related to A) the number of cytokines circulating in the blood. B) the number of white blood cells that attack invading microbes. C) the degree to which antibodies produce cytokines. D) the circulation of hormones within the thalamus.

A) the number of cytokines circulating in the blood.

A board member at a toy company disagrees with a plan to switch to lower-quality plastic that may contain toxins. She is most likely to vote in favor of the plan anyway if A) the other board members are unanimously in favor. B) voting is done by secret ballot. C) she is from the United States but other board members are from Japan. D) there has been angry debate during the meeting.

A) the other board members are unanimously in favor.

Research on the effects of video game violence suggests that A) violent games make people less likely to empathize with victims. B) violent games help people burn aggressive urges off harmlessly. C) there is no relationship between violent games and aggression. D) video violence makes people more repulsed by violence in real life.

A) violent games make people less likely to empathize with victims

A "low road" pathway of sensory information that runs directly from the thalamus to the amygdala enables A) immediate reactions to fearful stimuli. C) slow reactions to fearful stimuli. B) the ability to inhibit emotional responses. D) conscious processing of fearful stimuli.

A. Immediate reactions to fearful stimuli

In general, the stress system calls for body reactions in humans that A) are only good for us in the short run. B) are best managed over an extended period of time. C) lead to increased resilience over long periods of time. D) promote the long-term health of the immune system.

A. are only good for us in the short run

Pleasure is to the _______ as reality is to the _______. A) id; ego B) Oedipal complex; genital stage C) oral stage; anal stage D) use of denial; use of projection

A. id: ego

Which of the following true-false questions would most likely be used on a lie scale? A) "Sometimes I worry about my health." C) "I am a fairly easygoing person." B) "I have never disliked anyone." D) "I prefer spending time alone."

B) "I have never disliked anyone."

Which factor is a positive external motivating force? A) The physiological need for food B) A reward C) Social disapproval D) Hormone levels

B) A reward

According to the fraternal birth order effect, which of the following is the most likely to be homosexual? A) Brett, the first born of five male children C) Esther, the first born of two female children B) Geoff, the last born of five male children D) Lisa, the last born of five female children

B) Geoff, the last born of five male children

Which personality traits are predicted by high reactive temperament? A) High neuroticism, high extraversion, and high conscientiousness B) High neuroticism, low extraversion, and high conscientiousness C) Low neuroticism, high extraversion, and low conscientiousness D) Low neuroticism, low extraversion, and low conscientiousness

B) High neuroticism, low extraversion, and high conscientiousness

According to the _______, when you see a bear approaching you in the woods, your muscles tighten and your adrenaline starts to flow, and then you experience intense fear. A) Cannon-Bard theory C) Fight-or-Flight theory B) James-Lange theory D) Autonomic reaction theory

B) James-Lange theory

Which hormone, secreted by fat cells, signals the arcuate nucleus about our energy stores? A) Estrogen B) Leptin C) Endocannabinoid D) Insulin

B) Leptin

After his father came home from a business trip, 4-year-old Luis had a dream in which he single-handedly saved his mother from being bitten by a giant snake. This dream may reflect Luis's A) high self-efficacy. B) Oedipus complex. C) humanistic tendencies. D) reaction formation.

B) Oedipus complex.

Which statement best describes the relationship between marital age and marital happiness? A) People who marry at 18 have happier marriages than those who marry at 25. B) People who marry at 25 have happier marriages than those who marry at 18. C) People married before the age of 35 are equally likely to be happy. D) There is no relationship between marital age and marital happiness.

B) People who marry at 25 have happier marriages than those who marry at 18.

Which test monitors several different physiological measures, including respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and the electrical conductance of the skin? A) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C) Electroencephalogram (EEG) B) Polygraph D) Positron emission tomography (PET)

B) Polygraph

You're feeling lost in your chemistry class and anxious about the upcoming test. The evening before the test, your roommate is in a bad mood. You decide cheering her up is far more important than studying. Which of the following defense mechanisms are you using? A) Rationalization B) Repression C) Displacement D) Reaction formation

B) Repression

An insurance company looking for the least expensive treatment for depression would recommend A) tricyclics. B) SSRIs. C) cognitive behavior therapy. D) systematic desensitization.

B) SSRIs.

What is the impact of pornography? A) In the lab, viewing pornography increases positive attitudes toward women. B) Sex crimes decrease as pornography becomes more available. C) There is no known relationship between pornography and rates of sex crimes. D) Pornography spurs men to act out violent fantasies.

B) Sex crimes decrease as pornography becomes more available

The DSM-5 includes a new classification of "major neurocognitive disorder" that is meant to capture the older classification of "dementia," as well as other mental impairments associated with neurocognitive disorders that vary in their severity. What is the general trend in the DSM-5 that this change most clearly reflects? A) The use of subjective criteria for diagnosing mental disorders B) The idea of a mental disorder as representing a continuum of symptom severity C) Greater emphasis on rigid criteria to enhance diagnostic reliability D) Reduced importance of the idea of clinical significance

B) The idea of a mental disorder as representing a continuum of symptom severity

Which belief is most likely to be held by someone making the fundamental attribution error? A) Unemployed people deserve government support. B) The woman who saved a child from a burning building is a perfect, selfless hero. C) Criminals come from abusive families. D) My son did poorly on the test because calculus is incredibly difficult.

B) The woman who saved a child from a burning building is a perfect, selfless hero

An angry father insists his teenage son wrecked the car because he is always careless. This explanation is an example of A) the actor-observer bias. B) a dispositional attribution. C) impression management. D) individualism.

B) a dispositional attribution

The orientation events that many colleges offer are designed to help first-year students adapt to their new environment by appealing to the general human need for A) power. B) affiliation. C) recognition. D) independence.

B) affiliation.

A person taking the MMPI had T scores above 65 for psychopathic deviancy and paranoia and below 30 for psychasthenia and social introversion. You would expect this profile for someone with a history of A) anxiety and shyness. C) charitable donations and volunteering. B) aggressive behavior and rule-breaking. D) many warm, trusting friendships.

B) aggressive behavior and rule-breaking

According to the organizational hypothesis, the brain is permanently masculinized by exposure to A) physically strong male family members during infancy. B) androgens during development. C) estrogens during development. D) a high-protein diet during development.

B) androgens during development

Frank is a charming, highly successful businessman who saves his company money by bribing factory inspectors rather than meeting manufacturing regulations. He has shown no guilt about factory injuries that have occurred as a result. Frank would be most likely to meet the criteria for _______ personality disorder. A) schizotypal B) antisocial C) borderline D) dissociative

B) antisocial

Following his brain injury, Phineas Gage A) was more agreeable and less extraverted. C) compensated by becoming more conscientious. B) became more extraverted and neurotic. D) showed more openness and agreeableness.

B) became more extraverted and neurotic.

Research on discrimination suggests that A) black men are more likely to receive the death penalty, but only because their crimes are more violent. B) black men are punished more harshly for crimes if their victims are white. C) there is no advantage to having a white-sounding name. D) people with black-sounding names get apartments easily because landlords fear being accused of racism.

B) black men are punished more harshly for crimes if their victims are white.

Your employee is describing the recent death of her beloved dog. Her tone of voice and facial expressions reveal no sign of distress. This is an example of A) disorganized behavior. B) blunted affect. C) anhedonia. D) alogia.

B) blunted affect.

Body mass index (BMI) is based on the ratio of A) waist size to body height. C) glycogen to glucose in the body. B) body weight to body height. D) muscle mass to fat mass.

B) body weight to body height.

Jacob is terrified of insects so he does not walk through grass unless he is wearing long pants. Jacob is generally happy with his life, has close friends, and is successful at work. A psychologist would likely A) diagnose Jacob with an anxiety disorder. B) conclude that Jacob's anxiety is not clinically significant. C) recognize that Jacob's apparent happiness is just a defense mechanism. D) recommend treatment because Jacob's fear of insects is clearly abnormal.

B) conclude that Jacob's anxiety is not clinically significant.

According to the _______, a physiological need like thirst generates a drive, and the individual responds accordingly. A) Yerkes-Dodson law B) drive reduction model C) hierarchy of needs model D) social motivation

B) drive reduction model

The forceful expulsion of semen from the penis is called A) intromission. B) ejaculation. C) copulation. D) insemination.

B) ejaculation.

Marijuana use temporarily increases appetite by simulating the effects of A) estradiol. B) endocannabinoids. C) leptin. D) glucose.

B) endocannabinoids.

When his mother returns from the hairdresser with a very short haircut, a two-year-old calls her "Daddy." The child has not yet developed the concept of A) homeostasis. B) gender identity. C) gender constancy. D) gender assignment.

B) gender constancy

Studies show that drinking alcohol can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health problems when a person A) consumes alcohol when he or she is alone. B) has more than two alcoholic drinks a day. C) has a low tolerance for the cognitive effects of alcohol. D) consumes alcohol when he or she is exercising.

B) has more than two alcoholic drinks a day.

The proper operation of a thermostat is a good analogy for the way the body maintains A) circadian rhythms. B) homeostasis. C) positive arousal. D) drive reduction.

B) homeostasis

Studies have shown that the best predictor of happiness is A) the amount of exercise a person gets in a given week. B) how many strong social relationships a person has. C) the amount of money a person earns in a year. D) a person's affiliation with a religious group.

B) how many strong social relationships a person has.

A defining feature of alcoholism is not just that a person consumes alcohol in excess, but that the person's consumption of alcohol A) is higher than average for people in the same age group. B) interferes with leading a happy and productive life. C) becomes a daily habit, even in moderation. D) requires the person to attend drug rehabilitation.

B) interferes with leading a happy and productive life

A main difference between the sexual arousal patterns of men and women is that A) women cannot experience multiple orgasms. B) most men experience a refractory period after orgasm. C) most women experience a refractory period after orgasm. D) men can experience multiple orgasms before resolution.

B) most men experience a refractory period after orgasm

Jay expects his co-workers to handle all the menial work because he sees himself as vastly more talented. He is excessively focused on his appearance and expects the women he dates to idolize him. Jay likely qualifies for a diagnosis of A) mania. B) narcissistic personality disorder. C) psychopathy. D) borderline personality disorder.

B) narcissistic personality disorder.

Camilla aggravates her co-workers by being overly moralistic and focusing so much on following regulations that she cannot meet deadlines. During a software demonstration, she interrupts to inform the speaker that she should be saying, "double-click to launch the program," instead of just saying, "click." Camilla most likely has A) narcissistic personality disorder. C) obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. D) bipolar disorder.

B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Alfred Kinsey's studies of human sexual behavior were criticized because he neglected to A) ask males and females the same questions. B) obtain a random sample of participants. C) publish his results in books. D) show that humans engage in a variety of sexual behaviors.

B) obtain a random sample of participants

Craigslist is full of listings for used guitars. Sellers feel their guitars should be worth 75 percent of the new price, buyers are only willing to pay 40 percent. This reflects A) the door-in-the-face sales technique. C) social exchange theory. B) our tendency to be loss-averse. D) groupthink.

B) our tendency to be loss-averse.

Scores on personality tests do not always predict people's actual behavior in specific situations. This suggests limitations to A) the reciprocal determinism model. C) the interactionist perspective. B) personality trait theory. D) models of defense mechanisms.

B) personality trait theory.

Treatment for borderline personality disorder is likely to A) be completed within 15 sessions. B) require attention to fears that the therapist will abandon the patient. C) involve neuroleptic medication. D) encourage clients to be more expressive, rather than holding emotions in.

B) require attention to fears that the therapist will abandon the patient.

In therapy, Freud asked patients to say the first thing that came to mind in response to a word or phrase. He believed this technique A) increased patients' comfort, allowing them to share feelings more openly. B) revealed feelings suppressed by defense mechanisms. C) brought forth the latent content of the patients' daydreams. D) revealed the patients' state of psychosexual development.

B) revealed feelings suppressed by defense mechanisms

In 1935, the most likely treatment for a man who had been hospitalized for intense paranoia, disorganized speech patterns, and hallucinations of secret agents would have been A) administering multiple doses of typical neuroleptics. B) severing his frontal lobes from other parts of his brain. C) providing months of intensive psychotherapy. D) prescribing tricyclic medications.

B) severing his frontal lobes from other parts of his brain.

One key advantage of having two pathways for processing incoming fearful stimuli is that the "high road" pathway, which involves activation of the cortex and hippocampus, enables _______ reactions to fearful stimuli. A) immediate, protective C) emotional, rather than physical B) slow, conscious D) involuntary, rather than voluntary

B) slow, conscious

One reason some people feel nauseated before doing something that they are afraid of—like giving a class presentation—is that activation of the sympathetic nervous system A) speeds up digestion. B) slows down digestion. C) facilitates salivation. D) constricts pupil diameter.

B) slows down digestion.

Apparent cross-cultural differences in personality traits are most clearly caused by A) genetic differences in temperament. B) social learning. C) poor cross-cultural validity of personality measures. D) parenting strategies that impact psychosexual development.

B) social learning.

The first step in the alarm reaction to stress within the general adaptation syndrome involves the activation of the _______ nervous system. A) parasympathetic B) sympathetic C) central D) somatic

B) sympathetic

Compliance with orders is more likely if A) the person giving the orders is of equal status with the person receiving orders. B) the person giving the orders is physically present. C) someone else has already refused to follow the order. D) the person receiving the orders is female.

B) the person giving the orders is physically present.

Howard Dully was given a lobotomy by a doctor after six other doctors concluded his behavior was normal. This raises concerns about A) the use of multiple data sources as potentially limiting diagnostic accuracy. B) the reliability of the seventh doctor's diagnosis. C) basing diagnoses on the clinical significance of symptoms. D) the shift toward dimensional models of mental disorders.

B) the reliability of the seventh doctor's diagnosis.

People with schizophrenia tend to have A) enlarged cerebral cortices. C) enlarged cerebral ventricles. B) underactive sympathetic nervous systems. D) underactive amygdalae.

B) underactive sympathetic nervous systems.

The cognitive system that assesses events that threaten us is also known as A) stress deregulation. B) stress evaluation. C) stress response. D) stress syndrome.

B. stress evalution

Evidence cited in your text suggests that specific areas of the hypothalamus regulate the A) appearance of the belly. C) body weight set point. B) sensitive period for exposure to testosterone. D) number of calories a person burns during exercise.

Body weight set point

Which of the following statements would most likely occur in a group exhibiting groupthink? A) "I'll take responsibility for finding an expert consultant." B) "Next, let's consider the potential risks of this investment." C) "We all seem to be in agreement, so let's move on to the next topic." D) "Before we vote, everyone needs to share their honest opinion."

C) "We all seem to be in agreement, so let's move on to the next topic.

Which of the following people is likely to have the highest testosterone level? A) An accountant recently caught embezzling from his employer B) A soccer fan upset that his team just lost a game C) A conman who just successfully swindled a customer D) A chess player who lost a big game the previous day

C) A conman who just successfully swindled a customer

Which of the following people is most likely to recover from a first episode of schizophrenia? A) A young man living in New York City C) A farmer living in a rural African community B) An accountant living in Chicago D) A college student in Beijing

C) A farmer living in a rural African community

Which of the following is true of substance use disorders? A) A person with three symptoms is as disordered as someone with six. B) Tolerance and withdrawal are no longer symptoms in the DSM-5. C) A person can use illegal drugs several times a week without qualifying for a diagnosis. D) A person must show all 11 symptoms to receive a diagnosis.

C) A person can use illegal drugs several times a week without qualifying for a diagnosis.

In general, which of the following images would receive the highest attractiveness rating? A) Photos of individual women B) A photo that combines the faces of two women C) A photo that combines the faces of twenty women D) A photo that combines the faces of twenty women and is altered to be slightly asymmetric

C) A photo that combines the faces of twenty women

Among the following scenarios, which raises a strong challenge to the validity of a set of diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder? A) A crime victim is diagnosed on the basis of long-term difficulties with daily activities that were routine before the traumatic incident. B) A police officer is diagnosed on the basis of his becoming emotional in the immediate aftermath of a shootout. C) A soldier is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms that are not recognized by another recognized set of criteria. D) A firefighter is diagnosed after displaying symptoms of the disorder after a particular incident, despite the fact that other firefighters who were also on the scene do not have symptoms.

C) A soldier is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms that are not recognized by another recognized set of criteria

What hypothesis did Schachter and Singer test in their experiment, in which they injected participants with epinephrine and manipulated the emotion that a confederate displayed? A) Activation of the central nervous system will enhance emotional experience. B) Activation of the somatic nervous system will affect emotional experience. C) Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will affect emotional experience. D) Deactivation of the frontal lobe will enhance emotional experience.

C) Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will affect emotional experience.

Although the American population is genetically similar to the Canadian population, A) fewer Americans are in prison. B) Canadians watch more violent television. C) Americans are six times as likely to be killed by firearms. D) Canadians have higher rates of instrumental aggression.

C) Americans are six times as likely to be killed by firearms.

In which of the following settings would a person having a heart attack be most likely to get help? A) A crowded subway C) An office with only a few employees B) A city street at lunchtime D) A well-attended library

C) An office with only a few employees

What would likely be the most effective way for parents to help their teenage daughter, who suffers from anorexia nervosa, to continue her recovery after she leaves the hospital? A) Insist that she eat a lot to gain weight B) Ask her school dietitian to modify the lunch menu C) Monitor their daughter constantly, insisting that she eat well D) Observe their daughter but resist encouraging her to eat

C) Monitor their daughter constantly, insisting that she eat well

Based on findings by Killingsworth and Gilbert, which situation would be associated with the smallest amount of happiness? A) Biking B) Cooking dinner C) Sitting in a waiting room D) Engaging in a heated conversation

C) Sitting in a waiting room

Just before a physics test, the professor remarks that in his experience girls have a tough time grasping advanced physics concepts. How would you expect this statement to impact the women's grades? A) There will be no impact, because the women taking the test studied before hearing his comment. B) There will be no impact, because physics problems have objectively right and wrong answers. C) The women will get lower grades than they would have without the comment. D) The women will try harder to prove him wrong, leading to better grades.

C) The women will get lower grades than they would have without the comment.

After a factory redesigns its work processes, employees no longer merely follow directions from their supervisors. Now employees have far more decision-making power about how to do their jobs to meet deadlines while maintaining high quality. What is the most likely result of this change, based on the research described in the textbook? A) Production plummets, and the workers demand a return to the old routine. B) The workers begin to develop ulcers and heart disease in alarming numbers. C) The workers show fewer signs of stress and have fewer sick days. D) Production increases, but the workers become more irritable and anxious.

C) The workers show fewer signs of stress and have fewer sick days.

Which of these behaviors is an obsession? A) Checking and rechecking locks C) Uncontrollable thoughts about contamination B) Counting aloud to 13 repeatedly D) Repeated hand washing

C) Uncontrollable thoughts about contamination

Imagine that you are tasked with exploring ways to improve worker productivity at a local business. Which of the following is the best way to avoid the Hawthorne effect? (Assume the employees have consented to being observed.) A) Make your presence known to the employees every day. B) Tell employees that they may be observed while working, but do not actually observe them. C) Use hidden cameras, microphones, or other unseen devices to monitor productivity. D) Tell the workers that you will be evaluating their productivity, and any poor performance will be flagged.

C) Use hidden cameras, microphones, or other unseen devices to monitor productivity.

The intent to harm another, either physically or psychologically, is referred to as A) individualism. B) diffusion of responsibility. C) aggression. D) deindividuation.

C) aggression

Reproductively sterile worker bees devote their lives to caring for their mother, the queen bee, the only bee to lay eggs. This is an example of A) deindividuation. B) diffusion of responsibility. C) altruism. D) self-handicapping.

C) altruism.

Studies of fear conditioning have provided a map of neural circuitry that includes the almond-shaped A) sensory cortex. B) hippocampus. C) amygdala. D) thalamus.

C) amygdala

A study by Ursin and colleagues of military recruits, both before and after parachute training, revealed that on jump days they released the hormone _______ from the _______ gland. A) cortisol; pineal B) epinephrine; mammary C) cortisol; adrenal D) epinephrine; pineal

C) cortisol; adrenal

Barry's tendency to _______ best reflects a low degree of self-efficacy. A) be quiet and reserved in social situations B) adopt behaviors similar to those of his co-workers C) decline challenging projects that his supervisor offers to him at work D) blame himself when social interactions are unfulfilling

C) decline challenging projects that his supervisor offers to him at work

The purpose of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is to A) measure the strength of the actor-observer bias. C) detect unconscious prejudices. B) assess risk for diffusion of responsibility. D) detect unconscious cognitive dissonance.

C) detect unconscious prejudices.

A major concern about labeling certain human conditions as disorders is that A) a person diagnosed with a disorder faces permanent limitations on the things he or she can do. B) the list of disorders continues to get longer and longer as new behaviors emerge. C) different practitioners rarely agree on diagnoses for particular behaviors. D) diagnosing can lead to unnecessary use of prescription medications.

C) different practitioners rarely agree on diagnoses for particular behaviors.

A subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors as well as involuntary physiological arousal is called A) motivation. B) temperament. C) emotion. D) personality.

C) emotion

Reciprocal determinism involves the interaction of influences across an individual's A) id, ego, and superego. C) environment, personal factors, and behavior. B) big five personality traits. D) thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

C) environment, personal factors, and behavior.

To identify the most basic personality traits, researchers have relied on A) opinions of expert theorists. B) projective tests. C) factor analysis. D) genetic predictors.

C) factor analysis.

Atrocities were committed by German soldiers in concentration camps mostly because they A) enjoyed hurting people. B) were unaware of harm being done. C) followed orders from officers they viewed as legitimate authority figures. D) exceeded the authority given to them.

C) followed orders from officers they viewed as legitimate authority figures.

The positive signs of schizophrenia include _______, while the negative signs include _______. A) poor hygiene; delusions C) hallucinations; social withdrawal B) alogia; catatonia D) blunted affect; bizarre behavior

C) hallucinations; social withdrawal

A college professor wants to push students to do their best possible work on a paper. She should A) assign people to work in large groups. B) assign people to work in small groups. C) have people work independently. D) provide sample papers so the actor-observer effect will take place.

C) have people work independently

A group of third-grade girls tries to make a classmate unpopular by spreading a rumor that she still sucks her thumb. This is an example of _______ aggression. A) reactive B) circumstantial C) instrumental D) impulsive

C) instrumental

Research shows that castration, or removal of the testes in male rodents, leads to a _______ in mounting behavior. A) large increase B) slight decrease C) large decrease D) slight increase

C) large decrease

People living in a traditional culture are likely to be A) higher in neuroticism. B) higher in extraversion. C) lower in openness. D) lower in agreeableness.

C) lower in openness

People from individualistic cultures are more likely than people from collectivistic cultures to A) exhibit groupthink. C) make dispositional attributions. B) demonstrate altruism. D) resist social loafing.

C) make dispositional attributions.

Jack, age 20, has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Doctors told Frank, a family member, that this means he has a 50 percent chance of developing schizophrenia. Frank is likely Jack's A) father. B) cousin. C) monozygotic twin. D) dizygotic twin.

C) monozygotic twin

Scientific studies of astrological predictions show that they are A) reliable and valid. B) reliable, but not valid. C) neither reliable nor valid. D) valid but not reliable.

C) neither reliable nor valid.

Lithium treatment is somewhat problematic because A) lithium is extremely rare and very expensive. B) lithium causes tardive dyskinesia. C) patients sometimes choose to stop using it. D) patients benefit only about 15 percent of the time.

C) patients sometimes choose to stop using it.

A psychiatrist would be more likely than a psychologist to A) have a graduate degree. C) prescribe medication for schizophrenia. B) do research on stereotypes and prejudice. D) be familiar with the DSM-5.

C) prescribe medication for schizophrenia.

Brian believes that his employees are disloyal and plotting to undermine him, that his wife is having an affair, and that his bank is attempting to scam him out of his life savings. Others see no evidence to support his concerns. Brian would likely be diagnosed with _______ personality disorder. A) borderline B) avoidant C) schizotypal D) obsessive-compulsive

C) schizotypal

A friend's mother has been injured in an automobile accident. To help the family, you organize a walk-a-thon at a local park, raising funds for the mother's care. The benefits of this kind of help are supported by the _______ hypothesis. A) social learning B) stress and health C) stress buffering D) social support

C) stress buffering

If an employee with a high need for achievement decides not to pursue a promotion at work, it may be because the new position involves A) getting feedback from supervisors. C) tasks with high failure rates. B) the development of new skills. D) supervising other workers.

C) tasks with high failure rates.

The most accurate conclusion one can draw from research on hormones and human libido is that A) testosterone dictates exactly how often members of both sexes seek sexual gratification. B) variations in libido in men are a function of differences in the levels of circulating testosterone. C) though androgens play some role in libido, social influences also play a role. D) libido is directly related to the level of testosterone present in the fetus during gestation.

C) though androgens play some role in libido, social influences also play a role

A first-time marathoner who was worried that she wouldn't finish intentionally over-trains in the days before the race. On race day, her muscles are sore before she even starts. Social psychologists would suggest she did this A) because she didn't understand it would make finishing harder. B) to create diffusion of responsibility. C) to protect her self-esteem by creating an excuse for dropping out. D) to avoid being accused of social loafing.

C) to protect her self-esteem by creating an excuse for dropping out.

Many theorists suggest that personality disorders should be thought of as _______ rather than _______. A) emotional; behavioral B) behavioral; emotional C) traits; types D) types; traits

C) traits; types

The fact that we are able to communicate our emotional state using emoticons is real-world evidence that A) our emotional needs are decreasing. B) we can most effectively communicate our emotions with advanced technology. C) we are so good at reading facial expressions that we can identify emotions with minimal information. D) our simple communication system is not adequate for the changing pace of our technological world.

C) we are so good at reading facial expressions that we can identify emotions with minimal information.

Client-centered therapy does not involve A) unconditional positive regard. C) interpretation of unconscious processes. B) allowing the client to identify treatment goals. D) the therapist taking on a coaching role.

C. interpretation of unconscious processes

Which quote best reflects the actor-observer bias? A) "I'm lazy and so are most people." C) "I don't work as hard as the A-students." B) "I'm lazy, but you're a victim of circumstance." D) "I'm a victim of circumstance, but you're just lazy."

D) "I'm a victim of circumstance, but you're just lazy."

Which of the following people is most likely to benefit from SSRI treatment? A) A man who hears the devil telling him to kill his neighbor B) A man who has always been rigid, inflexible, and overly focused on irrelevant details C) A woman with chronically low self-esteem and difficulty managing stress D) A woman who cannot concentrate, feels unbearably sad, and has no appetite

D) A woman who cannot concentrate, feels unbearably sad, and has no appetite

Which of the following scenarios is supported by Bushman's research on aggressive behavior? A) A child who accidentally bumps into a classmate just before lunch gets angry with her best friend in the lunchroom. B) A boy who was involved in a fight on the playground goes inside and handles the class hamster very gently. C) A father who forgives his daughter for breaking his phone then yells at his computer for crashing. D) A woman who has just had an argument with a coworker drives very aggressively on her way home.

D) A woman who has just had an argument with a coworker drives very aggressively on her way home.

Choose the pair that produces the fastest reaction time for white college students on the Implicit Association Test (IAT). A) White person → cancer B) Black person → joy C) White person → evil D) Black person → crime

D) Black person → crime

A student supported capital punishment until she was asked to list problems with the death penalty in front of her class. Which theory best explains why she now opposes the death penalty? A) Attribution theory B) Actor-observer bias C) Effort justification D) Cognitive dissonance

D) Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following five-factor personality traits is most clearly related to Freud's concept of anal fixation? A) Extraversion B) Agreeableness C) Neuroticism D) Conscientiousness

D) Conscientiousness

The DSM-IV incorporated the criterion of clinical significance in order to help address which of the following issues? A) Diagnoses of mental disorders often carried severe social stigmas that caused further psychological harm. B) Many behavior patterns were diagnosable as mental disorders only because they were socially undesirable. C) Clinicians were able to diagnose mental disorders even when some diagnostic criteria were not satisfied. D) Diagnostic criteria were often used to identify patterns of unusual but harmless behavior as evidence of mental disorders.

D) Diagnostic criteria were often used to identify patterns of unusual but harmless behavior as evidence of mental disorders.

Experimenters created three groups to test the impact of behavior on self-perception. Group A was asked to say hello to the next participant, Group B was paid $1 to criticize the next participant's outfit, and Group C was paid $20 to criticize the next participant's outfit. Afterward, participants answered questions about their personality traits. The table shows group scores for self-reported cruelty. Identify the group label that should replace each Roman numeral. A) I. Group A; II. Group B; III. Group C C) I. Group C; II. Group B; III. Group A B) I. Group B; II. Group A; III. Group C D) I. Group A; II. Group C; III. Group B

D) I. Group A; II. Group C; III. Group B

Which of the following types of behavior would you expect from a person with a weak superego and a strong id? A) Cooperative, predictable, and patient C) Flexible and adaptive to the situation B) Compliance with rules and a tendency to feel guilt D) Impulsive and self-serving

D) Impulsive and self-serving

To overcome anxiety about driving at night, a therapist suggests that you spend 20 minutes every day sitting quietly and focusing on the present moment. The therapist is having you practice which of the following? A) Isolation training C) Behavior modification therapy B) Cognitive relaxation D) Mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy

D) Mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy

The line on each screen reflects the eye movements of a patient tracking a moving cursor. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? A) Patient 1 has schizophrenia but Patient 2 does not. B) Patient 2 has schizophrenia but Patient 1 does not. C) Patient 1 has a higher risk for schizophrenia than Patient 2. D) Patient 2 has a higher risk for schizophrenia than Patient 1.

D) Patient 2 has a higher risk for schizophrenia than Patient 1.

Which of the following statements is true? A) Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with unipolar depression. B) Less than one percent of people ever experience clinical levels of depression. C) SSRIs are far more effective for mild depression than for severe depression. D) Relapse rates are lower for people treated with CBT than with SSRIs.

D) Relapse rates are lower for people treated with CBT than with SSRIs.

Which of the following tendencies would be most likely to covary in a factor analysis? A) Intelligence, insecurity, and dependability C) Organization, enthusiasm, and conformity B) Imagination, dependability, and talkativeness D) Ruthlessness, hostility, and uncooperativeness

D) Ruthlessness, hostility, and uncooperativeness

Which is an example of a physiological need in Maslow's pyramid of needs? A) Sexual intimacy B) Friendship C) Employment stability D) Sex

D) Sex

According to the information in the textbook, which of the following strategies for stress relief is unlikely to be effective? A) Taking a stroll around the neighborhood C) Taking hour-long naps every afternoon B) Watching a funny television program D) Taking work home every night to keep up

D) Taking work home every night to keep up

How does the psychoanalytic approach differ from the humanistic approach? A) The psychoanalytic approach puts more faith in the capacity for change and fulfillment. B) The psychoanalytic approach places less emphasis on early childhood experience. C) The humanistic approach places more emphasis on the pleasure principle. D) The humanistic approach has more scientific support.

D) The humanistic approach has more scientific support.

In which situation is the sympathetic nervous system most likely to be active? A) After finishing a 5K race, you find a shady spot under a tree to recover and relax. B) A neighbor knocks on the door and offers you some cupcakes he baked this morning. C) You read a story in the newspaper about a woman raising thousands of dollars to help the homeless. D) You are driving down the street when another vehicle comes out of nowhere and pulls out in front of you.

D) You are driving down the street when another vehicle comes out of nowhere and pulls out in front of you.

The majority of personality researchers currently believe that behavior is determined primarily by A) genetic factors. B) stable personality traits. C) situational influences. D) a combination of personality and situational influences.

D) a combination of personality and situational influences.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is A) a measure of the big five traits. C) no longer used, due to poor validity. B) a widely used projective test. D) a standardized measure of psychological problems.

D) a standardized measure of psychological problems

One of the most important findings from the Masters and Johnson studies was that men and women exhibited the same four successive phases of sexual arousal. In order, the phases are A) pre-orgasm, orgasm, resolution, and recovery. C) arousal, orgasm, plateau, and recovery. B) plateau, arousal, orgasm, and resolution. D) arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

D) arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

A strength of the social learning perspective is the emphasis on A) statistical analysis of personality traits. B) the interplay of conscious and unconscious factors. C) environmental influences. D) biological and genetic factors that influence learning.

D) biological and genetic factors that influence learning.

The case of Phineas Gage would be best used to illustrate A) psychodynamic theories of unconscious processes. B) genetic models of temperament. C) social learning theory. D) biological roots of personality traits.

D) biological roots of personality traits.

Cigarette smoking may lead to _______, a progressive lung disease that impairs respiration due to lung damage. A) pulmonary embolism C) chronic fatigue syndrome B) chronic plaque psoriasis D) chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

D) chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

One concern about the DSM-5 is that A) formal diagnoses exist only for the most severe disorders. B) criteria fail to differentiate among unrelated problems. C) diagnostic criteria have hardly changed in the past 50 years, despite scientific advances. D) common feelings and behaviors are sometimes given diagnostic labels.

D) common feelings and behaviors are sometimes given diagnostic labels.

Meredith tends to be shy and quiet. But when her college basketball team wins a big game, she finds herself screaming and dancing on the quad with hundreds of her classmates. This atypical behavior illustrates A) groupthink. B) diffusion of responsibility. C) the chameleon effect. D) deindividuation.

D) deindividuation.

Unusual beliefs that are not supported by evidence are _______, while sensory experiences that do not correspond to reality are _______. A) hallucinations; dissociative episodes C) schizotypal; schizophrenic B) obsessions; delusions D) delusions; hallucinations

D) delusions; hallucinations

The MMPI includes questions about common, but undesirable, behaviors in order to A) measure psychopathic deviance. B) measure reliability. C) determine whether the respondent has these faults. D) determine whether a person's responses are honest.

D) determine whether a person's responses are honest.

Greg has been deeply unhappy for the past three months. He has lost weight because he has no appetite and is on the verge of losing his job because he cannot concentrate. He is considering suicide. The most appropriate treatment for Greg would be A) electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and MAO inhibitors. B) exercise, systematic desensitization, and tricyclic medications. C) systematic desensitization, electroconvulsive therapy, and tricyclic medications. D) exercise, cognitive behavior therapy, and SSRIs.

D) exercise, cognitive behavior therapy, and SSRIs.

A preschooler got water up her nose the first time she went swimming. She is now too afraid of water to take a bath. This is an example of A) an obsession. B) a compulsion. C) systematic desensitization. D) fear conditioning.

D) fear conditioning.

Omar is talkative, confident, and easily bored. Eysenck would consider Omar to be A) high in agreeableness. B) low in neuroticism. C) low in conscientiousness. D) high in extraversion.

D) high in extraversion.

A main difference between human and non-human animal sexual behavior is that A) sexual behavior in humans is not activated by hormones. B) humans are not concerned with pleasing their partners during sex. C) humans display no variation in sexual position or behavior from bout to bout. D) humans display a greater variety of sexual acts and positions than non-human animals.

D) humans display a greater variety of sexual acts and positions than non-human animals

Studies of personality in monozygotic and dizygotic twins indicate that A) monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins. B) monozygotic and dizygotic twins show equivalent levels of similarity. C) there is no clear connection between genes and personality. D) if one monozygotic twin is high in a trait, the other will generally be low in the same trait.

D) if one monozygotic twin is high in a trait, the other will generally be low in the same trait.

The Rorschach test has been criticized because A) it is valid only for people with emotional disturbances. B) there is not enough flexibility in interpreting the test. C) it takes too many sessions to administer. D) interpretations are quite different across therapists.

D) interpretations are quite different across therapists.

According to the triangular theory of love, companionate love involves A) intimacy, commitment, and passion. C) passion plus intimacy. B) commitment alone. D) intimacy plus commitment.

D) intimacy plus commitment

Dissociative identity disorder A) is an early warning sign of schizophrenia. B) is caused by untreated manic episodes. C) often occurs with psychopathy. D) is not considered a valid diagnosis by many psychologists.

D) is not considered a valid diagnosis by many psychologists

Your friend plans on drastically reducing his caloric intake from over 3,000 calories per day to under 1,000 calories per day. It is most likely that he will A) lose 40 percent of his body weight in the first week. B) not lose very much weight at first because his metabolism will slow down to adjust to the reduction in caloric intake. C) lose a lot of weight quickly because his metabolism will speed up to handle the reduction in caloric intake. D) lose weight quickly, only to gain it back after a few days.

D) lose weight quickly, only to gain it back after a few days.

The main finding of Milgram's shock experiment is that A) only uneducated people fail to question orders. B) Americans are far less likely than Germans to obey authority. C) today's youth are more disrespectful and disobedient. D) many people obey unreasonable or unethical orders.

D) many people obey unreasonable or unethical orders.

Research on animal personality suggests that A) there is no evidence for stable personality traits in animals. B) very few species show evidence for animal personality traits. C) personality in dogs is linked solely to training, not to genetic differences. D) many species show individual differences in traits similar to extraversion and neuroticism.

D) many species show individual differences in traits similar to extraversion and neuroticism.

The dopamine reward pathway of the brain, a series of sites where excitation of neurons leads to feelings of intense pleasure, leads from the _______ to the _______. A) midbrain; occipital cortex C) hindbrain; midbrain B) thalamus; hypothalamus D) midbrain; frontal cortex

D) midbrain; frontal cortex

Though the type A / type B dichotomy resonates in popular culture, it is possible that the personality dimension that accounts for our stress reactions is A) openness. B) conscientiousness. C) agreeableness. D) neuroticism.

D) neuroticism.

Projective tests are designed to A) assess the client's stage of psychosexual development. B) help clients identify their treatment goals. C) measure clients' perspectives on their problems. D) reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.

D) reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Dopamine plays the most central role in neural pathways that are closely associated with A) the production of leptin. B) basal metabolism. C) hearing. D) reward.

D) reward.

The link between risk for _______ and _______ is an example of an endophenotype. A) agoraphobia; panic attacks B) schizophrenia; bipolar disorder C) antisocial personality disorder; aggressive behavior D) schizophrenia; jerky eye movements

D) schizophrenia; jerky eye movements

When we're escaping from danger, like a fire, our _______ nervous system, is active. When we're digesting food, our _______ nervous system is active. A) sympathetic; monochromatic C) parasympathetic; automatic B) somatic; sympathetic D) sympathetic; parasympathetic

D) sympathetic; parasympathetic

A salesperson at the mall gets you to try free samples of lotion and perfume. Though you were not shopping for either of those things, you leave the mall with a large bottle of lotion. The salesperson made good use of A) the bystander effect. C) the door-in-the-face technique. B) altruistic norms. D) the foot-in-the-door technique.

D) the foot-in-the-door technique.

A new rock band had a show over the weekend, but the band didn't play well, as one of the guitarists was ill. There were also problems with the acoustics at the arena. Of those attending the concert, someone who _______ is likely to speak most highly of the band's performance. A) won a free ticket in a fundraising raffle B) got a ticket as a birthday gift C) paid with a 50 percent-off coupon D) waited hours in line for an opening-night ticket and paid full price

D) waited hours in line for an opening-night ticket and paid full price

Poverty is more likely to be viewed as a result of laziness by _______ and a result of situational influences by _______. A) evolutionary psychologists; social psychologists B) the actor-observer bias; the fundamental attribution error C) collectivists; individualists D) wealthy people; people living in poverty

D) wealthy people; people living in poverty

All of the following help explain why eating is the most studied motivated behavior except: A) Hunger is relatively simple to study using animal models. B) Hunger is a need that must be met before we can pursue other needs. C) Studies of hunger help inform people about healthy diets. D) Hunger must be controlled properly if a person is to find a mate.

D. hunger must be controlled properly if a person is to find a mate

Ami wants to buy a new Jeep but has not saved enough money. Her id would say: a. "Get it on credit, you deserve it!" b. "You're an irresponsible person for even considering buying something so expensive." c. "If you spend less on clothes and restaurants it will only take a few months to save the down payment." d. "You'll be miserable later when you have to make the monthly payments."

a. "Get it on credit, you deserve it!".

Which of the following quotes best reflects the self-serving bias? a. "I aced the paper because I'm a very good writer." b. "I aced the paper because the teacher is an easy grader." c. "I got a rotten grade because I'm a poor writer." d. "I got a rotten grade because I've got motivational issues."

a. "I aced the paper because I'm a very good writer.".

Of the following statements, which most accurately describes the American prison system? a. Americans imprison a higher proportion of their population than any other nation. b. In recent decades, the United States has increased school funding and decreased prison funding. c. Americans tend to see rehabilitation as the primary purpose of imprisonment. d. The United States imprisons far fewer people than Libya or Saudi Arabia.

a. Americans imprison a higher proportion of their population than any other nation..

Which of these medications is likely to produce the most unpleasant physical side effects? a. Thorazine b. Lithium c. Valium d. Prozac

a. Thorazine.

While paying bills, Jen was suddenly overwhelmed by anxiety. Her heart pounded, she felt like she couldn't breathe, and she became dizzy. This was most likely a. a panic attack. b. a dissociative episode. c. a manic episode. d. a generalized anxiety episode.

a. a panic attack..

The stress system calls for body reactions in humans that a. are only helpful to us in the short term. b. are best managed over an extended period of time. c. lead to increased resilience over long periods of time. d. promote the long-term health of the immune system.

a. are only helpful to us in the short term..

One problem with the use of the polygraph to detect lying is that the test a. cannot differentiate between stress-based physiological arousal and lying. b. measures the potential for a person to lie but isn't able to determine what they are lying about. c. is accurate only for people who feel remorse for what they have done. d. can be beaten with some guided practice.

a. cannot differentiate between stress-based physiological arousal and lying..

Zack believes his neighbor is messy and selfish. Zack notices even small things, like the time the neighbor's trash bin was still on the sidewalk the day after trash pickup. He fails to notice his neighbor's well-kept yard and the help he gives the elderly woman across the street. Zack's beliefs about his neighbor illustrate a. confirmation bias. b. subjective validation. c. the person-situation debate. d. response tendencies.

a. confirmation bias..

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale has been used by psychologists to a. determine whether stressful events have an impact on physical and mental health. b. understand how important social relationships are to reducing stress. c. rate people on their ability to avoid stressful social events. d. measure people's ability to report stressful events accurately.

a. determine whether stressful events have an impact on physical and mental health..

A boss tells employees he will be cutting salaries by 20 percent. When employees protest, he says he will cut salaries by only 5 percent. This is an example of the _______ technique and employees are likely to _______ the 5 percent salary cut. a. door-in-the-face; accept b. foot-in-the-door; refuse to accept c. foot-in-the-door; accept d. door-in-the-face; refuse to accept

a. door-in-the-face; accept.

According to the _______ model of motivation, a physiological need such as thirst stimulates an appropriate response. a. drive reduction b. Yerkes-Dodson c. hierarchy of needs d. James-Lange

a. drive reduction .

The need for affiliation is the motivation to a. establish and maintain relationships with others. b. perform well on challenging tasks. c. be considered powerful by others. d. earn the esteem of teachers and colleagues.

a. establish and maintain relationships with others..

The response activated by the sympathetic nervous system is sometimes called a. fight or flight. b. react and release. c. rest and recover. d. catharsis.

a. fight or flight..

Seeing mermaids would be a _______. Believing you are transforming into a mermaid would be a _______. a. hallucination; delusion b. delusion; hallucination c. positive symptom; negative symptom d. negative symptom; positive symptom

a. hallucination; delusion.

When we say that non-human animal behavior is stereotyped, we mean that the behavior a. has a species-specific unvarying form. b. is highly similar to that displayed by humans. c. is highly varied from one sexual encounter to the next. d. is very different from species to species.

a. has a species-specific unvarying form..

According to cognitive dissonance research, if you wanted to reduce your roommate's support for the death penalty, the best approach would be to have him or her a. help you write a speech condemning the death penalty. b. read evidence that the death penalty is more expensive than life in prison. c. hang flyers for a rally against the death penalty, then paying $200 for the help. d. watch a documentary about the history of the death penalty.

a. help you write a speech condemning the death penalty..

Attraction to people of the opposite sex is known as _______, whereas attraction to people of the same sex is known as _______. a. heterosexuality; homosexuality b. homosexuality; heterosexuality c. bisexuality; homosexuality d. heterosexuality; bisexuality

a. heterosexuality; homosexuality.

The key finding of research on obedience to authority is that a. it is surprisingly easy to get perfectly ordinary people to harm others. b. many people enjoy harming others. c. people value freedom and independence over obedience. d. women are far more obedient to authority than men.

a. it is surprisingly easy to get perfectly ordinary people to harm others..

During final exams, your roommate becomes convinced that his professors are spying on him, then getting together to mock his study techniques. Your roommate's parents say he has never behaved like this before. It is likely that your roommate will go on to a. live and work independently. b. require constant supervision. c. require frequent hospitalization and lifelong medication. d. commit suicide before the age of 30.

a. live and work independently..

Jim has eaten dinner at the same restaurant every Friday night for the past decade. He has a practical, conservative haircut and enjoys having a predictable weekday routine. Jim is likely a. low in openness. b. low in neuroticism. c. high in agreeableness. d. high in extraversion.

a. low in openness..

Someone Freud considered to have a strong id and weak superego would likely score _______ on the big five trait of _______. a. low; conscientiousness b. low; openness c. high; neuroticism d. high; agreeableness

a. low; conscientiousness.

Weiss's so-called "executive rat" experiment provided evidence that the most important aspect of the environment tied to a rat's stress response was the a. predictability the shock. b. magnitude of the shock. c. place on the body where the shock was delivered. d. size of the "executive" rat.

a. predictability the shock..

A developmental psychologist is investigating movement abnormalities as an early symptom of autism. Her research team is collecting data about crawling techniques from videotapes of 9-month-olds. To increase standardization of data collection, she should a. provide clear definitions of each crawling style with videotaped examples. b. expand her study to include 12-month-olds. c. collect data only on children with clinically significant crawling deficiencies. d. have her research team collect data in person instead of by watching videotapes.

a. provide clear definitions of each crawling style with videotaped examples..

In coral reefs, small "cleaner" fish eat parasites clinging to large fish. These large fish protect the cleaner fish from predators. This is an example of a. reciprocal altruism. b. inclusive fitness. c. natural selection. d. social facilitation.

a. reciprocal altruism..

Concentrating on soothing stimuli and practicing progressive muscle relaxation are the two key elements of a. relaxation training. b. mindfulness-based stress reduction. c. meditation. d. emotional therapy.

a. relaxation training..

In general, a large amount of stress leads to a. suppression of the immune system. b. down-regulation of cytokines. c. up-regulation of inflammatory agents. d. an increase in the immune response.

a. suppression of the immune system..

A person taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) had T scores above 65 for hypochondriasis, hysteria, and psychasthenia. This profile would be consistent with a history of a. taking sick days when stressed. b. aggressive behavior and rule-breaking. c. thrill seeking and impulsive behavior. d. being easily bored and seeking high-intensity activities.

a. taking sick days when stressed..

Refer to the graph. This scatterplot illustrates extraversion scores measured in two situations. These data most clearly support a. the idea that personality traits have cross-situational consistency. b. the reciprocal determinism model. c. situational, but not trait, models of behavior. d. social learning theory.

a. the idea that personality traits have cross-situational consistency. .

For the past six months, Julie has been exhausted, hopeless, and unable to enjoy her normal activities. She has no interest in spending time with friends and is having a hard time keeping up at work. The most likely diagnosis is a. unipolar depression. b. schizotypal personality disorder. c. seasonal affective disorder. d. dissociative disorder.

a. unipolar depression..

Refer to the figure. Which of the MRI images above are most likely to be scans of people with schizophrenia? a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 4 c. 2 and 3 d. 3 and 4

b. 1 and 4.

How does psychopathy differ from antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)? a. Everyone with ASPD is a psychopath, but not every psychopath has ASPD. b. All psychopaths have ASPD, but not everyone with ASPD is a psychopath. c. Women are more likely to suffer from psychopathy. d. Psychopaths are less likely to be aggressive.

b. All psychopaths have ASPD, but not everyone with ASPD is a psychopath..

What part of the hypothalamus integrates information about energy and body weight and then activates other brain regions to trigger hunger or satiety? a. Lateral geniculate nucleus b. Arcuate nucleus c. Lateral hypothalamus (LH) d. Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

b. Arcuate nucleus.

Which term describes the collective bodily processes that break down what we eat to provide energy for body warmth, growth, movement, and other activities? a. Basal ganglia b. Basal metabolism c. Anabolic metabolism d. Caloric intake

b. Basal metabolism.

Which setting is most likely to lead someone to act more aggressively than usual? a. Being the only Red Sox fan in a crowd of Yankees fans b. Being in uniform at night in a large crowd c. Being the only person in a group who disagrees with the majority opinion d. Being in a rowdy group of people who know you well

b. Being in uniform at night in a large crowd.

Emma supported vaccination until she role-played a character with anti-vaccination beliefs in her acting class. Which theory best explains why she decided not to get a flu shot this year? a. Chameleon effect b. Cognitive dissonance c. Effort justification d. Attribution theory

b. Cognitive dissonance.

What type of behavior would you expect from a woman with a strong superego and a weak id? a. A healthy balance between doing what she wants and meeting the expectations of others b. Compliance with rules and a tendency to feel guilt and shame c. Impulsive, irresponsible behavior d. Selfish, immature, risky behavior

b. Compliance with rules and a tendency to feel guilt and shame.

Refer to the graph. Which of the following is the most accurate description of this personality? a. Relaxed, enthusiastic, friendly, and responsible b. Conservative, hardworking, easily stressed, and prefers being alone c. Calm and adventurous, but also irresponsible and unfriendly d. Adventurous, irresponsible, sociable, and tenderhearted

b. Conservative, hardworking, easily stressed, and prefers being alone.

Which process in the body is most like a thermostat? a. Circadian rhythms b. Homeostasis c. Positive arousal d. Drive reduction

b. Homeostasis.

Which of the following statements about suicide is most accurate? a. Most suicides are planned well in advance. b. SSRIs may increase suicide risk for teenagers. c. Suicide rates spike around the winter holidays. d. Most suicidal people do not meet diagnostic criteria for depression.

b. SSRIs may increase suicide risk for teenagers..

An applicant for a management position has big eyes and a youthful face. How will this affect the hiring committee's impression? a. Appearance will have no impact because they know her work history. b. They will see her as less competent. c. They will prefer her to candidates with more mature faces. d. Facial characteristics will have no impact, as long as she wears professional attire.

b. They will see her as less competent..

Choose the pair that produces the slowest reaction time for white college students on the Implicit Association Test (IAT). a. Black person → anger b. White person → cancer c. White person → joy d. Black person → crime

b. White person → cancer.

When studying veterans who had developed combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Bremner and colleagues concluded that a. a lower pain tolerance might be a precursor for developing the disorder. b. a small right hippocampus might be associated with the development of the disorder. c. a background of emotional abuse might be a precursor for developing the disorder. d. a background of physical abuse might be a precursor for developing the disorder.

b. a small right hippocampus might be associated with the development of the disorder..

A person who has grown increasingly unhappy and unable to perform well at work, maintain close friendships, and stay healthy is most likely suffering from a. tobacco addiction. b. alcoholism. c. brain damage. d. withdrawal.

b. alcoholism..

A young woman suffers from auditory hallucinations and believes aliens are monitoring her through her computer and television. She is most likely to be helped by a. an SSRI. b. an atypical neuroleptic. c. an anxiolytic. d. lithium.

b. an atypical neuroleptic..

According to the organizational hypothesis, the male brain is permanently masculinized by exposure to a. physically strong male family members during infancy. b. androgens during development. c. estrogens during early development. d. a high-protein diet during development.

b. androgens during development..

One of the most interesting effects that scientists discovered in early industrial and organizational psychology studies was the Hawthorne effect, or the phenomenon that people a. are lazy unless a supervisor is present. b. behave differently when they know that they are being monitored. c. are unaffected by changes in their immediate environment while working. d. are less productive when a supervisor is present.

b. behave differently when they know that they are being monitored..

Disruption of a person's ability to experience a range of emotions, as a result of brain damage, is called a. region of interest disorder. b. emotional syndrome. c. stress immunization. d. general adaptation syndrome.

b. emotional syndrome..

The amygdala is the key brain structure for producing a. reward. b. fear. c. happiness. d. sadness.

b. fear..

A person's sense of whether he or she is male or female typically develops by 3-4 years of age and is called a. gender synthesis. b. gender identity. c. sex correction. d. gender assignment.

b. gender identity..

Aidan believes his new frozen yogurt business will succeed if he works hard. Aidan would be described as having _______ self-efficacy and an _______ locus of control. a. high; external b. high; internal c. low; external d. low; internal

b. high; internal.

According to the theory of natural selection, we evolved to both represent emotions with our faces and quickly interpret emotional facial features in order to a. find a mate. b. improve our chances of survival. c. identify people by name. d. make meaningful social connections.

b. improve our chances of survival..

A therapist is using systematic desensitization to treat a client with a snake phobia. It is likely that her first step in treatment will be to ask the client to a. hold a snake. b. look at a picture of a snake. c. avoid thinking about snakes. d. engage in fear conditioning.

b. look at a picture of a snake..

Your typically quiet roommate has suddenly become annoyingly talkative. He kept you awake until 3:00 AM because he suddenly decided to build a bookcase, though he had never built anything before. Your roommate may be a. psychotic. b. manic. c. dissociating. d. schizotypal.

b. manic..

Ethan describes a dream in which he was swimming at the beach, then suddenly found himself dancing at a club with his ex-girlfriend. According to Freud, Ethan's description represents the _______ content of his dream. a. latent b. manifest c. reciprocal d. subjective

b. manifest.

One main difference between male and female sexual responses that Masters and Johnson observed was that a. women cannot experience multiple orgasms. b. men experience a refractory period after orgasm. c. women experience a refractory period after orgasm. d. men can experience multiple orgasms before resolution.

b. men experience a refractory period after orgasm..

One way researchers learned that androgens activate masculine behaviors in males was by a. conducting Baby X studies. b. observing the behavior of castrated rats. c. injecting estrogens into male rats. d. injecting androgens into female rats.

b. observing the behavior of castrated rats..

According to the triangular theory of love, fatuous love involves a. intimacy plus passion. b. passion plus commitment. c. passion alone. d. intimacy alone.

b. passion plus commitment..

A skilled therapist is considering whether to diagnose a new client with a personality disorder. The most essential piece of client data that the therapist would need to make this decision is a. socioeconomic status. b. personal history. c. marital status. d. gender.

b. personal history..

Julia is pessimistic, emotionally reactive to stress, and highly responsible. These characteristics most clearly represent a. personality types. b. personality traits. c. unconscious defenses. d. reaction formations.

b. personality traits..

Elizabeth is high in neuroticism and was deeply hurt by a boyfriend who cheated on her. New dating relationships end quickly because she is very suspicious and insists on monitoring her partners' social media activity. This cycle of fear and further rejection illustrates a. internal locus of control. b. reciprocal determinism. c. social modeling. d. displacement.

b. reciprocal determinism..

The thematic apperception test (TAT) requires people to a. describe a series of dreams. b. tell stories about the thoughts and feelings of people in pictures. c. explain what they see in ambiguous shapes. d. identify the emotional theme in unfamiliar melodies.

b. tell stories about the thoughts and feelings of people in pictures..

Marsha is receiving treatment for addiction because she shops constantly has run up a significant credit card balance. Her insurance company refuses to pay for treatment because they have concerns about the _______ of a shopping addiction diagnosis. a. standardization b. validity c. reliability d. fallibility

b. validity.

When the Milgram obedience study was repeated with "teachers" who refused to administer shocks, a. participants felt personally responsible, making them more compliant. b. very few participants agreed to continue giving shocks. c. there was no influence on participant obedience. d. participants showed less empathy for the learner.

b. very few participants agreed to continue giving shocks..

Basal metabolism describes the process by which the body A) alternates between hunger and satiety. B) breaks down food to provide energy for warmth, growth, movement, and other activities. C) conforms to the external temperature. D) excretes sweat to regulate internal temperature.

breaks down food to provide energy for warmth growth movement and other activities

Which hypothesis is consistent with Schachter and Singer's study of physiological arousal and emotional experience? a. Activation of the central nervous system facilitates emotional experience. b. Activation of the somatic nervous system dampens emotional experience. c. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system affects emotional experience. d. Deactivation of the frontal lobe along with visual overstimulation enhances emotional experience.

c. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system affects emotional experience..

According to Hans Selye, what is the order of stages in the general adaptation syndrome? a. Release stage → resistance stage → relaxation stage b. Release stage → resistance stage → retrieval stage c. Alarm reaction → adaptation stage → exhaustion stage d. Alarm reaction → exhaustion stage → adaptation stage

c. Alarm reaction → adaptation stage → exhaustion stage.

Which condition involves a person of normal weight who believes that he or she is overweight and induces vomiting or takes laxatives after overeating? a. Anorexia nervosa b. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) c. Bulimia d. Glucose intake syndrome

c. Bulimia.

_______ is the most important neurotransmitter in the brain's reward pathway. a. Serotonin b. Norepinephrine c. Dopamine d. Glutamate

c. Dopamine

Which of the following is needed by all body cells to satisfy energy needs? a. Glutamate b. Glutamine c. Glucose d. Gluten

c. Glucose.

Studies showing that patients with spinal cord injuries experience less intense emotions support the a. Cannon—Bard theory. b. two-factor theory of emotion. c. James—Lange theory. d. facial feedback hypothesis.

c. James—Lange theory..

Jake's co-worker carelessly broke an expensive piece of equipment. Which of the following circumstances would make Jake most likely to agree to hide the evidence? a. The request comes from Jake's incompetent boss, who is out of town and cannot do it himself. b. Another co-worker has already refused, making Jake the only person available to help. c. Other people in Jake's department have already agreed to the plan. d. The request comes from someone Jake directly supervises.

c. Other people in Jake's department have already agreed to the plan..

According to Daniel Kahneman's research on our feelings about gain and loss, which strategy would be most effective for getting people to pay rent on time? a. People who pay on time will get a $10 gift card. b. People who pay on time five times in a row will be allowed one late pay without penalty. c. People who pay late will be charged a $20 late fee. d. People who pay late will receive a written warning.

c. People who pay late will be charged a $20 late fee..

Which of the following is more characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) than of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? a. Anxiety b. Ritualistic behavior c. Rigid ideas about right and wrong d. Intrusive thoughts about contamination

c. Rigid ideas about right and wrong.

Which need is assigned to the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of human needs? a. Esteem b. Love and belonging c. Self-actualization d. Achievement

c. Self-actualization.

The _______ seems to be primarily regulated by the hypothalamus. a. appearance of the belly b. conversion of excess glucose into glycogen c. body weight set point d. number of calories a person burns during exercise

c. body weight set point.

The DSM-5 is used for a. treating anxiety disorders. b. identifying the cause of mental problems. c. classifying psychological disorders. d. distinguishing between biological and environmental causes of disorders.

c. classifying psychological disorders..

A study by Ursin and colleagues of military recruits, both before and after parachute training, revealed that on jump days they released the hormone _______ from the _______ gland. a. cortisol; pineal b. epinephrine; mammary c. cortisol; adrenal d. epinephrine; pineal

c. cortisol; adrenal.

After getting criticized at work, a mother yells at her preschooler for spilling milk. This illustrates a. an external locus of control. b. low self-efficacy. c. displacement. d. projection.

c. displacement..

A woman continues to suffer from severe depression and suicidality after a year of cognitive-behavioral therapy and multiple medication trials. The next treatment recommendation is likely to be a. psychosurgery. b. systematic desensitization. c. electroconvulsive therapy. d. monoamine therapy.

c. electroconvulsive therapy..

Esther has been married for fifty years. She is no longer physically attracted to her spouse. She does not share her most personal thoughts and feelings with him. According to the triangular theory of love, Esther's relationship would be best described as _______ love. a. companionate b. fatuous c. empty d. consummate

c. empty.

Assertiveness, talkativeness, enthusiasm, and excitement-seeking are most closely related to a. the superego. b. the pleasure principle. c. extraversion. d. openness.

c. extraversion..

A primary criticism of Freudian theory is its a. neglect of childhood experiences. b. insistence that people are unaware of aspects of their own minds. c. failure to generate testable, scientific hypotheses. d. tendency to downplay the dark side of human desires and behavior.

c. failure to generate testable, scientific hypotheses.

A potential weakness of both temperament and personality trait models is underestimation of the a. importance of biological factors. b. degree of variation in traits across individuals. c. importance of environmental influences. d. importance of reliable and valid measures.

c. importance of environmental influences..

Compared to people from individualistic cultures, people from collectivist cultures a. show higher rates of social loafing. b. show less altruism. c. make more situational attributions. d. show more reactive aggression.

c. make more situational attributions..

Though the type A / type B dichotomy resonates in popular culture, it is quite possible that the personality dimension that accounts for our stress reactions is a. openness. b. conscientiousness. c. neuroticism. d. agreeableness.

c. neuroticism..

Evidence from studies about the emotional processing of the basic outlines of facial features supports the idea that a. the emotional expressiveness of our facial features has been declining. b. our brains evolved to understand only the most complex facial expressions. c. our brains are highly attuned to detecting emotions from facial expressions. d. our faces are able to communicate emotions even in the complete absence of facial expressions.

c. our brains are highly attuned to detecting emotions from facial expressions..

The study of psychological and neural influences on the immune system and its influences on behavior is known as a. health psychology. b. psychiatry. c. psychoneuroimmunology. d. psychopathology.

c. psychoneuroimmunology..

It has been shown across numerous studies that the best predictor of happiness and survival for adults is a. quantity and quality of exercise. b. level of annual income. c. quality of social relationships. d. commitment to religious faith.

c. quality of social relationships..

Calvin did not like the way someone looked at him during the football game, so he shoved him. This is an example of _______ aggression. a. instrumental b. controlled c. reactive d. androgen

c. reactive.

Generally, people with a high need for achievement make good managers if they a. take on easy tasks. b. set overly ambitious goals for their employees. c. set attainable goals for their employees. d. understand that they have little need for power.

c. set attainable goals for their employees..

Cross-cultural differences in personality are best explained by the _______ approach to understanding personality. a. psychoanalytic b. genetic c. social learning d. trait models

c. social learning.

An effective follow-up treatment for anorexia nervosa is family-based treatment, in which a family member a. constantly informs the patient that he or she is underweight. b. frequently reminds the patient to lose more weight. c. stays with the patient at all times and insists that he or she eat. d. observes the patient's natural eating habits.

c. stays with the patient at all times and insists that he or she eat..

Women told that men make superior engineers do not do as well in engineering classes as women told that both men and women make good engineers. This is an example of a. discrimination. b. cognitive dissonance. c. stereotype threat. d. impression management.

c. stereotype threat..

A teacher making the fundamental attribution error would attribute a student's poor test grade to a. her failure to teach the material clearly. b. parental conflict in the student's home. c. the student's lack of motivation. d. the difficulty of the test material.

c. the student's lack of motivation..

The Rorschach test is unreliable because a. the goals of the test are so obvious it is easy for patients to cheat. b. there is no consensus about how to give the test. c. therapists score the same answers differently. d. it accurately predicts personality only for anxious individuals.

c. therapists score the same answers differently..

Which statement best illustrates teamthink? a. "Clearly we're all on board with this and there's no need for a formal vote." b. "We've been over that point; it is a non-issue." c. "It isn't a big deal; other companies run the same legal risks." d. "What are the ethical implications of this decision?"

d. "What are the ethical implications of this decision?".

Which sequence supports the "folk psychology" approach to emotional responses? a. A girl is arguing with her best friend. She feels her muscles tense, then she gets angry. b. A woman walks past a group of laughing children. She smiles, and smiling makes her happy. c. A man learns that his dog is ill. He is overcome with sadness, and at the same time his eyes fill with tears. d. A boy walking in the dark hears footsteps behind him. He feels afraid, then begins to sweat.

d. A boy walking in the dark hears footsteps behind him. He feels afraid, then begins to sweat..

Refer to the graph below. According to the graph, which of the following would be likely to report the greatest degree of happiness with the state of their lives? a. A person earning less than $40,000 annually b. A person earning about $75,000 annually c. A person earning about $80,000 annually d. A person earning more than $150,000 annually

d. A person earning more than $150,000 annually.

Which eating disorder often involves avoiding food, taking laxatives, and over-exercising out of an obsession with maintaining a low body weight? a. Bulimia b. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) c. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) d. Anorexia nervosa

d. Anorexia nervosa.

_______ personality disorder and _______ personality disorder have the most similar core features. a. Narcissistic; schizotypal b. Borderline; obsessive-compulsive c. Antisocial; avoidant d. Avoidant; obsessive-compulsive

d. Avoidant; obsessive-compulsive .

Which of the following does not increase risk for schizophrenia? a. Prenatal exposure to the flu virus b. Life in a city c. Low birth weight d. Birth order

d. Birth order.

Which condition is caused by excess testosterone in genetically female (XX) babies and often causes the baby's genitals to look like something in between those of other girls and boys? a. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) b. Adrenal dysmorphia c. Body dysmorphia d. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

d. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Which of the following statements is true? a. The left somatosensory cortex is highly activated during times of anger and fear. b. Emotions of love activate the same network of brain areas as do most other positive emotions. c. The orbitofrontal cortex appears to be the brain's "happy center," responding most to positive emotions. d. Different emotions are associated with different patterns of activation in various regions of the brain.

d. Different emotions are associated with different patterns of activation in various regions of the brain..

In the last year, Makayla has developed bizarre ideas about the CIA spying on her and has become anxious and withdrawn. A psychologist would be most likely to administer the a. NEO PI-R. b. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. c. TAT. d. MMPI.

d. MMPI..

As you trip on a crowded staircase, you have just enough time to decide which direction to fall. To reduce the likelihood of reactive aggression, you try to land on a. Jack, who reacts strongly to loud noises. b. Ted, who uses steroids for body building. c. Amber, who blurts out impulsively in class. d. Marci, who remains calm while watching horror movies.

d. Marci, who remains calm while watching horror movies..

Which of the following shows promise as a screening tool to identify people at risk of developing schizophrenia? a. Assessment of monoamine oxidase levels b. Assessment of tardive dyskinesia susceptibility c. Measures of atypical neuroleptic levels d. Measures of smooth pursuit eye tracking

d. Measures of smooth pursuit eye tracking.

Susan has always been praised for hard work and good grades. From a pure behavioral perspective, Susan's pattern of turning in high-quality homework reflects a. her genetic propensity for conscientiousness. b. sublimation of her less socially valued desires. c. the impact of social modeling. d. a response tendency.

d. a response tendency..

The person least likely to conform to the majority opinion would be someone who disagrees with a. all others in a group of twenty. b. all others in a group of five. c. both of the others in a group of three. d. all but one other person in a group of ten.

d. all but one other person in a group of ten..

According to the textbook, studies have shown that yawning may be a signal of a. a need for oxygen in the blood. b. a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood. c. early-onset schizophrenia. d. an increase in arousal or interest.

d. an increase in arousal or interest..

According to the studies of Masters and Johnson, the four phases of sexual arousal in humans, in order of occurrence, are a. arousal, orgasm, resolution, and plateau. b. plateau, arousal, orgasm, and resolution. c. arousal, orgasm, plateau, and resolution. d. arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

d. arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution..

Cheyenne's scores on the NEO PI-R show that she is extremely high in extraversion. This information will likely be most useful in predicting her behavior a. in class. b. at her office's holiday party. c. while commuting to work. d. averaged across a variety of situations.

d. averaged across a variety of situations..

A psychologist would be more likely than a psychiatrist to a. conduct medical exams before starting therapy. b. treat people for depression. c. perform diagnostic evaluations. d. conduct research on child development.

d. conduct research on child development..

Attempts to identify core personality traits have shown that a. these traits differ by gender and age. b. it is not possible to describe these with fewer than 16 traits. c. each factor analysis suggests completely different core traits. d. extraversion and neuroticism are consistently identified as core traits.

d. extraversion and neuroticism are consistently identified as core traits..

Environmental explanations for aggression are least able to account for a. instrumental aggression. b. reactive aggression. c. higher arrest rates for African American men than for Caucasian men. d. greater similarity among identical twins than fraternal twins in level of aggression.

d. greater similarity among identical twins than fraternal twins in level of aggression..

Your roommate tends to take credit for getting A's on tests and papers and also accepts responsibility for her low grades. This behavior pattern is an example of a. reciprocal determinism. b. self-serving bias. c. rationalization. d. internal locus of control.

d. internal locus of control..

The condition in which people appear to have multiple, distinct personalities a. The condition in which people appear to have multiple, distinct personalities b. is a very good predictor of schizophrenia. c. is a symptom of borderline personality disorder. d. is controversial and possibly nonexistent.

d. is controversial and possibly nonexistent..

Babies who respond to strange smells and unfamiliar toys with calm interest are considered _______ reactive and are more likely to be _______ as adults. a. high; conscientious but neurotic b. high; extraverted and calm c. low; conscientious but neurotic d. low; extraverted and calm

d. low; extraverted and calm.

The _______ and the _______ are connected in the dopamine reward pathway that is described in your text. a. midbrain; occipital cortex b. thalamus; hypothalamus c. hindbrain; midbrain d. midbrain; frontal cortex

d. midbrain; frontal cortex.

Destruction of brain tissue in the cingulate cortex is still used as a treatment for a. schizophrenia. b. bipolar disorder. c. schizotypal personality disorder. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

d. obsessive-compulsive disorder..

The Stanford Prison Experiment revealed that a. few college students are vulnerable to artificially created social roles. b. only individuals with personality problems are vulnerable to social roles. c. trained professionals are less susceptible to social roles than college students. d. ordinary college students will quickly become cruel to innocent people.

d. ordinary college students will quickly become cruel to innocent people..

According to the practice of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), "being in the present moment" helps us a. let go of the past permanently. b. find solutions to everyday problems. c. be more accepting of negative feelings. d. reduce feelings of anxiety and depression.

d. reduce feelings of anxiety and depression..

A 24-year-old accountant believes angels have instructed him to embezzle from his company and give the money to the poor. He believes the doctor who prescribed medication is under orders from demons to poison him. The most likely diagnosis for this man is a. dissociative identity disorder. b. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. schizophrenia.

d. schizophrenia..

After castration (removal of the testes), male rodents show a _______ in mounting behavior. a. significant increase b. slight decrease c. slight increase d. significant decrease

d. significant decrease .

Sexual orientations like homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual indicate a. the formation of a person's sexual identity. b. the formation of a person's gender identity. c. the organization of the sexual behaviors of a person's peers. d. the direction of a person's sexual interest.

d. the direction of a person's sexual interest..

The most accurate explanation for the failure of neighbors to help Kitty Genovese is that a. altruism applies to family members, not strangers. b. they failed to understand that help was required. c. they were unaware that there was a problem. d. they assumed someone else would intervene.

d. they assumed someone else would intervene..

Alicia spends hours every day reading about geography. She spends most of her time alone, and when she talks, she speaks mostly about geography. To decide if she qualifies for an autistic spectrum diagnosis, a psychologist would need to know a. how many hours she spends studying geography each day. b. what percentage of the population shares her interest in geography. c. whether friends and family members share her interest in geography. d. whether she is showing signs of distress or functional impairment.

d. whether she is showing signs of distress or functional impairment..