(Q:1-21) AP Biology Midterm Test Review

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands. Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. (The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 ¥ S2, and the formula for the volume of a cube is S3, where S = the length of a side of the cube.) Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?

10 um

When DNA replicates, each strand of the original DNA molecule is used as a template for the synthesis of a second, complementary strand. Which of the following figures most accurately illustrates enzyme-mediated synthesis of new DNA at a replication fork?

5'<--<--<--/----->3' 3'/5'

Which of the following best describes the mechanism behind the change in beak size in the finch population?

A change in gene frequencies in the finch population due to selective pressure from the environmental change

During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?

A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas

Which of the following correctly illustrates a dipeptide and an amino acid in the optimal position to form a tripeptide?

A.

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that organisms share fundamental processes as a result of evolution?

All organisms share a genetic code organized into triplet codons, making it possible for one organism to express a gene from another organism.

The diagram above shows the progression of ecological events after a fire in a particular ecosystem. Based on the diagram, which of the following best explains why the oak trees are later replaced by other trees?

Eventually the other trees grow taller than the oak trees and form a dense canopy that shades the understory.

Which of the following statements might best explain the increase in average beak size in the finch population during the drought?

Finches with bigger beaks are better able to crack thick-walled seeds and produce more surviving offspring.

Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?

Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.

The area covered by tropical rain forest is reduced by millions of hectares per year due to agriculture and logging. Which of the following best describes a likely result of tropical rain forest deforestation?

Populations of plants and animals will decrease as more rain forest disappears, leading to a decrease in biodiversity.

The sequences for two short fragments of DNA are shown above. Which of the following is one way in which these two segments would differ? SEGMENT 1: 5'-ATATGAGTAGT -3' 3'- TATACTCATCA -5' SEGMENT 2: 5'- GCGCAGACGAC -3' 3'- CGCGTCTGCTG -5'

Segment 1 would become denatured at a lower temperature than would segment 2 because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds whereas G-C base pairs have three.

A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. Which of the following procedures was most likely followed to determine the change in beak size?

The beak size in a large number of finches was measured every year from 1981 to 1987.

The following is a food web for a meadow habitat that occupies 25.6 km2. The primary producers' biomass is uniformly distributed throughout the habitat and totals 1,500 kg/km2. Developers have approved a project that will permanently reduce the primary producers' biomass by 50 percent and remove all rabbits and deer. Which of the following is the most likely result at the completion of the project?

The biomass of coyotes will be dramatically reduced.

In most freshwater fish, nitrogenous waste is primarily excreted as ammonia, which is highly soluble in water and is toxic at low concentrations. In terrestrial mammals, ammonia is converted to urea before it is excreted. Urea is also highly soluble in water but is less toxic than ammonia at low concentrations. Which of the following best explains why freshwater fish do not convert ammonia to urea for excretion?

The dilution of ammonia by direct excretion into freshwater conserves energy.

The biologist discovered that from 1988 to 1993, the average beak size declined to pre-1981 levels. The reversal in beak size from 1988 to 1993 was most likely related to which of the following events?

The end of the drought

According to the data, the mice at 10∞C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25∞C. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements?

The mice at 10∞C had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25∞C.

By discharging electric sparks into a laboratory chamber atmosphere that consisted of water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia, Stanley Miller obtained data that showed that a number of organic molecules, including many amino acids, could be synthesized. Miller was attempting to model early Earth conditions as understood in the 1950s. The results of Miller's experiments best support which of the following hypotheses?

The molecules essential to life today could have formed under early Earth conditions.

The FtsZ protein is present in prokaryotes and in chloroplasts. The protein is structurally and functionally similar to tubulin proteins of eukaryotic cells. Which of the following is a likely conclusion to draw from this information?

Tubulin genes are evolutionarily derived from the gene that codes for the FtsZ protein.

A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific (innate) immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?

c

Lactose digestion in E. coli begins with its hydrolysis by the enzyme b-galactosidase. The gene encoding b-galactosidase, lacZ, is part of a coordinately regulated operon containing other genes required for lactose utilization. Which of the following figures correctly depicts the interactions at the lac operon when lactose is NOT being utilized? (The legend below defines the shapes of the molecules illustrated in the options.)

d

According to the data, the crickets at 25∞C have greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than do the crickets at 10∞C. This trend in oxygen consumption is the opposite of that in the mice. The difference in trends in oxygen consumption among crickets and mice is due to their

mode of internal temperature regulation