Question 3 Panel 6
Filter Bubble
"the tendency of social networks like Facebook and Twitter to lock users into personalized feedback loops, each with its own news sources, cultural touchstones and political inclinations
obama v trump support
obama 30-45 among repub,, trump 5-10 among dem
% of facebook users aware of filter bubble
60% of users unaware of filter bubble
Good Behavior Clause
ARTICLE 3 S 2
In what different ways has populism been good in American history?
Shay's rebellion is an example of economic populism in which the true people were oppressed farmers. Shay's rebellion brought to light economic injustice under the Articles of Confederation, and encouraged the abandonment of the dysfunctional system, eventually leading to the ratification of the US constitution. The abolition movement is an example of populism that sees the corrupt as slave owners and the federal government members who supported the right to own slaves, and the true people as abolitionists and slaves who deserved rights. However, it is notable to point out that the civil war is also arguably a populist movement that was anti establishment and that saw those fighting for abolition as corrupt and saw slave owners as the true people.
3 ways technology promotes populism
it provides a platform for populist leaders to establish personal connections with constituents, it promotes the dissemination of propaganda by filtering the information with which individuals are presented, and it acts as a channel through which populist leaders can organize their supporters.
Sandinista Government
lead by augosto cesar sandino, a populist who opposed the us imperialism in 1960s nicaragua and was supported by poor nicaraguans
Weak amendment processes/easy to amend constitutions us v other countries
- us is uniquely challenging to amend; in Hungary, Bolivia, and Venezuela all that is needed is a majority vote by one branch of government Article 5- ⅔ of the senate and ¾ of state legislatures so the president can't just amend (which also means he can't change things like term limits and when elections take place)
Brexit & populism
-driven by immigration -voters who feel alienated by globalization
Extending term limits us v other countries
-in bolivia, evo morales's control of the judiciary allowed him to extend his term limits in violation of Article 168 of the Bolivia Constitution, venezuela abolished term limits on the presidency in 2009 Amendment 22 and Article 5 (see above) president can only run twice .
demographic features limiting trumps populism
-polarization -good economy (make it challenging to establish populist hegemony)
Know Nothings Party
Anti immigrant and anti Roman Catholic Name comes from response that they "knew nothing" about the party from members Called for anti immigrant policies such as a 21 year old residency limit on citizenship, foreign born ineligibility for public office, restrictions on immigration, etc. Split along pro-slavery/anti-slavery lines in the late 1850s. Later took the name "the American party"
Evo Morales
Bolivia Anti-establishment and Socioeconomic Ruled bolivia like a tyrant for 14 consecutive years Fraudulent election; 2016 referendum on whether he should be allowed to run for a fourth term and voters voted no, then he ran in oct. 20th election anyway and declared himself winner, then Organization of American States found evidence of fraud and the national police sided with this evidence and recommended he step down- so he did He was the Secretary-General of the Bolivian federation of cocoa growers: one of the largest distributors for cocaine in the western hemisphere Police brutalized the Amazon's indigenous population in 2011 when it marched against the expansion of his cocoa plant
what specific checks and balances in the constitution work to prevent populism?
Checks and balances in the United States have kept populism from taking hold or being destructive. Impeachment is provided for by Article 2 Section 4 of the US Constitution. The right to impeach makes it so that if a President were to attempt to remove term limits or engage in criminal activity to increase his power, he could be removed. This means no leader can have excessive power and the actions seen by leaders like Orban in Hungary or Duterte in the Philippines could be punishable by impeachment if done in the US. The veto process, as provided in Article 1, Section 7, is a check on Congress and the President. The President is able to limit attempted populist policies, and Congress is able to override a veto by a populist president on a law that could serve the common good. As provided by Article 3, Section 2, judges serve during good behavior. This means a populist leader cannot remove judges who exercise judicial review over possibly unconstitutional Presidential actions.
Viktor Orban
Current Prime Minister of Hungary, isolated socialist party, going as far as threatening to throw leader into jail, sees leaders as not hungarian, anti muslim
How can a civil jury increase or decrease populism?
DECREASE: Populism entails the identification of one race, religion, or other group as evil. Because cases like Batson v. Kentucky (1986) help to ensure that juries are diverse, they can help to limit populism in the judiciary. INCREASE: However, juries can also increase populism in the judiciary. (2 main ways) In Apodaca v. Oregon (1972) the Supreme Court ruled that juries do not always have to be unanimous. This means minority voices can be demonized, labelled as corrupt, or drowned out and juries can actually promote populism in some cases. Jury nullification can promote populism. This is when a jury is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of a defendant in a criminal case but nonetheless votes to acquit him or her of the charges. This could promote populism in letting a jury functionally make the laws, opening way for populist beliefs in the judiciary.
Who was Davis Hanson Waite and what was his influence?
Davis Hanson Waite was elected governor of Colorado in 1893. His election spurred from economic unrest, coinciding with the Panic of 1893. He self identified as a member of the Populist Party. Governor Waite pointed out corruption in police and fire departments and removed several senior officials- causing backlash. While Waite appealed to the general will of the people, identified a category as corrupt and attempted to remove their positions, and rose from many of the characteristics that often foster successful populist leaders, he held the position of Governor for only one term (1893-95).
The Populist Party!!!!
Endorsed William Jennings Bryan, "the great commoner" Emerged in the 1890s after the civil war when the US was experiencing major growth in the economy, workforce, and population Many farmers could not afford the technologies that aided successful crops, so they took out loans. Soon after, crop prices fell and drought hit. Private railroad monopolies drove up transportation prices Farmers went bankrupt and the federal government did little to help Farmers and various groups of people advocated for this populist movement called the "People's Party" The party targeted the monied elite of the east coast and wanted to recognize: Labor unions, regulation of the railroad industry, direct election of senators, progressive income taxes, women's suffrage, and 8 hour workdays 1892: party nominates James B. Weaver for president; he won 8% of votes and 5 states 1894: sent 8 members to Congress and captured state legislative seats 1896: the party was associated with the Democratic party and nominated Williams J. Bryan on their behalf for president
Judicial control by the president us v other countries
Ex: the President of the Philippines has complete control over appointing justices, can remove justices at any point Article 2 Section 1- judges serve during good behavior Article 2 Section 2 Clause 2- senate approves judges so president doesn't have total control of appointments
How is populism today different or similar to the populist party in the late 19th century?
Farmers were going bankrupt with little support from the government and private railroad monopolies drove up transportation prices. This resulted in farmers and various groups of people coming together to advocate for change. This group of people called themselves the "People's Party". The party targeted the monied elite of the east coast and wanted to recognize: labor unions, regulation of the railroad industry, direct election of senators, progressive income taxes, women's suffrage, and 8 hour workdays. Riley: A big difference from the populist party and the populists in America today is that they have very different agendas considering that many things the populist party advocated for have been addressed: women's suffrage, 8 hour workdays, regulation of the railroad industry... Another big difference is that the economy was in a much weaker state in the 19th century during the emergence of the people's party, which aided the group with support. .
Radio and Populism:
Huey Long had his own radio show to advocate his positions The radio was influential in the 1930s and 40s in spreading populism in Latin America
article 2 section 4
Impeachment- even of an ag
What is the difference between populism and factionalism?
In Federalist 10, James Madison defined factionalism as "a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. James Madison defined factionalism as a system in which groups of citizens with variant interests fight for power. Factionalism, thus, is not necessarily populism in the typical use of the term. The Democratic or Republican parties as a whole are not populist, though they are factions. However, factionalism is synonymous with populism when a faction is "adversed to the rights of other citizens." When factions demonize and attempt to harm other groups they become populist.
5 star movement
Italy Anti-establishment and cultural: Not associated with either party- it is its own party Anti-immigration Direct democracy through digital means Advocates for the adoption of large-scale energy projects, elimination of waste, sustainable mobility, protection of territory from overbuilding and teleworking
What is an example of populist legislation? James
Jim crow laws: an example of populist legislation could be jim crow laws in that they successfully removed the rights of african americans. While these laws weren't used to promote another ideology (eg. socialism, fascism), they did identify two "HOMOGENOUS AND ANTAGONISTIC GROUPS"- whites and minorities- and turn the former against the latter. The initiative can also be an example of populist legislation, in that initiatives can be a way for popular support to dictate laws that possibly delegitimize other groups. Examples are California Proposition 187 which was on the ballot in 1994 to make undocumented immigrants ineligible to obtain public services including education. Colorado's Amendment 43 passed with 60% of the vote on a ballot measure in 2006, limiting marriage to one man and one woman. The arguably "populist group" running this was Coloradans for Marriage. However, this was later overturned both by a 10th Circuit Court of Appeals decision and by Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015.
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Are initiatives populist? Why or why not?
No. Given that populism is defined as a "thin centered ideology", those running on it generally use populism as a strategy to get elected, but it is hardly ever reflected in actual policymaking. Propositions CC and DD, for example, were on the 2019 ballot in CO, but were not populist but instead addressed the common good and did not label any group as corrupt or true. Yes. In fact, the populist party supported ballot initiatives given that they are a form of direct democracy that allow elitism and corruption to be removed from government. In Article 2, Section 7 of the formal populist party declaration of principles from 1892, it states that the party "commends to the favorable consideration of the people and the reform press the legislative system known as the initiative and referendum." In fact, ethnopopulism or cultural populism has been exemplified through initiatives. California Proposition 187, for example, was on the ballot in 1994 to make undocumented immigrants ineligible to obtain public services including education. In Colorado, certain initiatives may identify one group as "corrupt" or immoral. Colorado's Amendment 43 passed with 60% of the vote on a ballot measure in 2006, limiting marriage to one man and one woman. The arguably "populist group" running this was Coloradans for Marriage. However, this was later overturned both by a 10th Circuit Court of Appeals decision and by Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015.
Rodrigo Duterte
Philippines now Cultural removed term limits on the presidency and withdrew the Philippines from the International Criminal Court, threatening human rights and the system of checks and balances in the country Ordered police to kill suspected drug dealers and users
why is populism inherent to democracy
Populism is inherent in democracy because as long as there are enough people who feel strongly disillusioned with their country for any number of reasons, and as long as there are unelected institutions that hold extreme democratic power, populists will always be able to manipulate the masses into perceiving them as individuals who can fulfill the demands of the people, when their democratic political system, seemingly, cannot.
why is trump and sanders populism so successful?
Senator Sanders and President Trump both effectively take advantage of income inequality and poor economic standing of certain Americans. Income inequality has increased since the 1980s, hitting the same levels of inequality seen in the Great Depression as of 2018. In taking advantage of this standing, Senator Sanders blames corporations, american tax law, and wealthy Americans, campaigning on the slogan "not me, us." President Trump, instead, blames immigration for income inequality, arguing that a decrease in immigration would decrease inequality and help the working class.
How did Rousseau and Diderot's ideas about the general will vary from the context in which Mudde and Kaltwasser use the term general will AND is Mudde and Kaltwasser's usage correct?
Rousseau and Diderot believed that the general will is the will "one has as a citizen" when one thinks of the common good. Mudde and Kaltwasser use the term in a fundamentally different way. Citizens to whom populist leaders appeal are not voting for the good of all people, but for their personal interests or the interests of their specific group. For example, a subscriber to ethnopopulist ideologies would likely never vote for lenient immigration laws, even if they served the common good. Therefore, the general will Mudde and Kaltwasser refer to is not the will of the citizen to serve the general good, but instead the will of the citizen to serve him or herself.
What could the founders have done to make populism less likely or less severe?
The President's ability to appoint Supreme Court justices, provided in Article 2 Section 2 Clause 2, means the independent judiciary is not as effective of a check on a populist president Party polarization can contribute to populism in raising support for populist candidates and leading a partisan house or senate to support a partisan executive of the same party, regardless of actual beliefs. A system of proportional representation such as that in Australia could reduce polarization by giving seats to each party based on population, which could ensure diversity of ideas.
Panic of 1819
This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.
what are 3 types of populism. explain each one
There are three main types of populism: Left-wing populism, or socioeconomic populism; right-wing populism, or cultural populism, or ethnopopulism; and anti-establishment populism. Left-wing populism is generally characterized by socioeconomic means, specifically regarding the promotion of greater socioeconomic equality. This type of populism is most common in countries and regions where democracy has proved ineffective in solving pervasive poverty and reflecting the will of the people and corruption is rampant. Citizens under these circumstances are so upset and frustrated with their status quo that they are willing to sacrifice the neo-liberal, capitalistic policies typical in most democracies in exchange for socialist ones (i.e. Latin America). In fact, they are often times so dissatisfied with the status quo that they are willing to dismantle their political system altogether, believing that anything would be better than what they have now. However, this often times paves the way for populists to rise to power and become dictators or establish illiberal states. Right-wing populism, moreover, is when citizens are frustrated with the establishment and the status quo in general due to reason such as a poor economy, high unemployment rates, and the widespread feeling among citizens that they don't have a voice in public policy (view is held by people who are native to a country and pissed off about immigrants). Right-wing populism, however, differs from left-wing populism in that citizens are not so upset with the status quo that they are willing to implement an entirely new political system that strays from the capitalist and neo-liberal economic policies typical in most democracies. So, they blame immigrants and/or the establishment for their problems. To put it another way, they are frustrated, but not so frustrated that they are willing to implement a completely new political system; consequently, right-wing populism is generally more common in first-world democracies or in countries in which there are a lot of immigrants. The latter quality contrasts sharply with left-wing-populism-ridden Latin America, in which people are culturally homogenous, and immigration, as a result, is not an extreme issue. Anti-establishment populism, the rarest and most nebulous of the three, occurs when a populist gains power because of factors separate from socioeconomic matters and immigration-related reasons, but instead gains power on the basis of race or position in society (i.e. Fujimori
Hugo Chavez
Venezuela Socioeconomic populist Socialist: wanted more spending on social reforms and redistribution of the country's oil wealth Advocated for nationalism, a centralized economy, and a strong military actively engaged in public projects He oversaw the drafting of a new constitution, which gave him great control over the three branches of government. Under this constitution, he was elected 3 terms- one for six years- and appointed all new judges Limited press Fired striking oil workers that were in opposition to him Hosted Alo Presidente TV show where ordinary citizens could call in to talk to their president about their concerns
In what countries are judges under executive control? What impact does that have? Lucas
Venezuela (from Chavez → currently Maduro--Supreme Court judges that bend to the will of the executive in the case of Venezuela specifically are often referred to as "Loyalists." Chavez elected a committee led by a constituent assembly approved by the people in order to create a new constitution, arguing that a "sovereign elected assembly" has powers greater than existing institutions. Because the Supreme Court is packed with loyalists, he passed unconstitutional laws such as jailing opposition and silencing independent media outlets) Hungary (Viktor Orban's party has appointed all 8 Justices, and 2 of them used to be lawmakers of his party. Usually vote with Orban, and in the instances they don't, Orban just amends the constitution--a new constitution which his Fidesz party created in 2012. For example, the Hungarian constitution has literally been amended to criminalize homelessness, make it so the nation's highest court--the Constitutional Court--is only able to review and judge future amendments on procedural grounds--not based on their content, and makes the recognition of religious groups dependent on their cooperation with the government. "The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution bans "political advertising during the election campaign in any venue other than in the public broadcast media, which is controlled by the all-Fidesz media board. . . . These restrictions had been previously declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court, so the government amended the constitution to override that decision."[8] In other words, the Fidesz Constitution helped institutionalize not the separation of powers, but rather the consolidation thereof." http://jtl.columbia.edu/hungarys-dangerous-constitution/ this article is crazy) Bolivia, but unclear now with the ousting of Evo Morales ("hand-picked" Supreme Court Justices under control of Morales ruled that preventing him from unconstitutionally running for a fourth term "violated his human rights")- bolivia constitution article 168
Control of the press us v other countries
Viktor Orban has been aided by significant control of the press. His government is in control of most state-controlled news outlets, while many of his personal allies control private media outlets. That means that in Hungary the press is no longer a functional check on the government Since Orban took control in 2010, Hungary has dropped 10 places on the Press Freedom Index. 1st amendment: freedom of the press, right to petition, right to assemble
Right wing populism v left wing populism
While both right-wing populism and left-wing populism object to what they see as the capturing of liberal democracies by elites, populism of the left also objects to the power of large corporations and their allies, while populism of the right normally focuses its attention on immigration.
Andrew Jackson
alienated the wealthy, appointed friends to office which endangered the functioning of us government, attempted to abolish electoral college
antipluralist
anti- multiple groups having power
First wave democracies and populism
as suffrage expanded to us citizens and citizens of other early democracies, original citizens felt alienated and their rights eroded and supported populist leaders who alienated new citizens
characteristics that make populism successful
bad economy, high unemployment, income inequality, immigration, general discontent with status quo
Third Wave democracies & populism
became democratic shortly after coming out of authoritarian rule. without strong holds to democracy, populism can take hold more easily and be destructive
everything about the arab spring
causes: rising oil prices lead to economic instability and unemployment. tourism decreased, further harming the economies of these countries. this economic instability caused major dissatisfaction with the status quo, that lead to a social anti-establishment uprising. Tunisia and Egypt both had revolutions over islam v secularism HOWEVER, when muslim rulers became disliked by the population, egypt saw a military coup while tunisia saw a peaceful transfer of power. in libya, egypt, yemen, syria, and bahrain, the overthrown of the government (an example of a social movement constituting anti establishment populism) did not lead to democracy, but civil war.
characteristics making populism ok
cleavage system, good economy, checks and balances, trust in democracy
Huey Long
governor of louisiana, supported by the lower class, fired government workers who disagreed with him and taxed disagreeing newspapers,
Martin Luther King
himself identified as a populist, antagonized oppressors
liberal institution
institution where decision is made by majority vote (e.g. congress)
why does populism generally have a negative connotation
p pulism generally has a negative connotation because populists tend to undermine liberal institutions by claiming that they have been ineffective in solving the problems and frustrations held by citizens, so, populists claim, they should instead entrust all of their power into solely them. After gaining that power and being elected into power, they are unchecked by any other branches of government and often create tyrannical regimes as a result (i.e. Orban, Peron, Fujimori, and Chavez). In addition, populism is infamously known for being anti-pluralistic, although this is not true in all cases (i.e. Bernie Sanders). In other words, populism is anti-democratic because despite being an expression of the general will of the people, it isn't taking into account the views held by other factions, such as powerful interests, liberal institutions and representatives and officials within them, the wealthy, corporations, or the 49% of people who were not in favor of a populist but nevertheless might have seen their lives and state policy and political system change drastically because a populist was elected
why is populism a thin centered ideology
populism is used to get support for another ideology
Rodrigo Duterte
populist, his elite are drug dealers and weak law enforcement, has gained extensive power because of the lack of checks and balances (compare to extensive us checks and balances)
William Jennings Bryan
ran for president 3 times, nicknamed "the great commoner", economic populism
first v third world populism
right wing populist movements tend to affect first-world democracies both more frequently and more substantially than third-world democracies. The reason for this is first-world democracies have stronger democratic institutions and citizens generally have more trust in their democratic system because it has brought them prosperity in years past. As a result, when citizens become frustrated with the status quo, they continue to value the democratic process and democratic principles. Often times, they direct their frustration towards the establishment (which is typical but not necessary in both right-wing and left-wing populism) and at immigrants for supposedly causing issues ranging from a bad economy to high unemployment rates to reducing their voice in policy matters. Citizens that support right-wing populism support nativist principles, and support a populist candidate who claims to direct the power back to the real people/those native to the country. Third-world democracies are generally more prone to left-wing populism. The reason for this is third-world democracies remain comparatively underdeveloped, and citizens become frustrated and disillusioned by democracy's lack of socioeconomic progress and perceived incapacity to reflect the will of the people because change is too slow and too minimal. Most of these third-world democracies are capitalistic, and in these countries, corruption is rampant and there is an enormous disparity of wealth between the elites and most everyone else. As a result, citizens are more prone to elect left-wing populists, who promise to enact policies furthering economic equality (socialism), improve workers' conditions (state-bought and manages industries and worker cooperatives), and the dismantling of a corrupt system. It is important to note that the conditions leading to the election of left-wing populists are very poor, and capitalistic, oppressive regimes are, in many cases, the former governments in these nations.
Hugo Chavez
targeted rich, venezuela late 20th to early 21st century
Adolf Hitler
used populism to isolate the jewish population; ethnopopulism
points of contention in populism definition
whether or not it constitutes as an ideology, whether or not it is inherently anti-establishment, whether or not it is inherently anti-pluralistic, and whether or not it is necessary that the common people are battling the "elite."