questions

Question 1 1. Greg says that he usually eats 1 medium carrot every day to ensure that he's consuming enough vitamin A. Today he said he didn't eat any carrots and is worried that there is not enough vitamin A in his system. What would you say to Greg to allay his fear? "Take a vitamin A supplement as soon as you can!" "As long as you eat some chicken tonight you will not develop chicken eyes." "Well, there isn't any vitamin A in carrots so you probably haven't consumed vitamin A for some time now." "Don't worry; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. It takes a lot longer than one day to develop any adverse effects."

"Don't worry; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. It takes a lot longer than one day to develop any adverse effects."

Question 21 1. The development of osteoporosis in men typically occurs at what age in relation to the appearance of osteoporosis in women? 3 years later 10 years later About the same 4 years earlier

10 years later

Question 26 1. A vitamin supplement labeled as "high potency" contains an amount that is 50% of the Daily Value. equal to the UL. up to 200% of the Daily Value. 100% or more of the Daily Value.

100% or more of the Daily Value.

Question 6 1. Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism? 100 250 500 750

250

Question 12 1. What fraction of lean tissue represents the water content? 1/10 1/3 1/2 3/4

3/4

Question 10 1. A person's highest bone density is achieved by around age (years) 18. 30. 55. 70.

30

Question 1 1. Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134-lb person? 34 65 80 105

80

Question 6 1. Approximately what percentage of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver? 20 50 70 90

90

Question 5 1. With what vitamin is opsin usually associated in the body? A B1 C D

A

Question 8 1. What is the function of renin? Activates angiotensin Activates antidiuretic hormone Stimulates the thirst mechanism Stimulates water absorption from the GI tract

Activates angiotensin

1 points Question 2 1. Which of the following is NOT among the factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance? Adrenaline Aldosterone Angiotensin Antidiuretic hormone

Adrenaline

Question 6 1. What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia? Infants Elderly men Adult women Children ages 2-12 years

Adult women

Question 9 1. Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency? Achlorhydria Antibiotic therapy Presence of oxalic acid in food Insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables

Antibiotic therapy

Question 19 1. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K? A deficiency increases the risk for hemophilia A deficiency leads to keratinization of the cornea Bacteria in the intestines synthesize bioavailable vitamin K There are multiple forms in the diet, of which menadione is the naturally occurring form

Bacteria in the intestines synthesize bioavailable vitamin K

Question 2 1. Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body? Tryptophan Chlorophyll Xanthophyll Beta-carotene

Beta-carotene

Question 16 1. Which of the following vitamins is synthesized in significant amounts by intestinal bacteria? Folate Biotin Cyanocobalamin Pantothenic acid

Biotin

Question 24 1. Which of the following is an early sign of vitamin C deficiency? Bleeding gums Pernicious anemia Appearance of a cold Hysteria and depression

Bleeding gums

Question 18 1. In what chief capacity does vitamin K function? Blood clotting Energy metabolism Calcium utilization Epithelial tissue renewal

Blood clotting

Question 8 1. Which of the following characteristics is shared by vitamin B12 and folate? Both are required for nucleic acid synthesis Both require intrinsic factors for their release from food proteins Both are found in significant amounts in green leafy vegetables Both are considered problem nutrients for strict vegetarians

Both are required for nucleic acid synthesis

Question 17 1. Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium? Milk Spinach Broccoli Pinto beans

Broccoli

Question 19 1. Which of the following is a major function of magnesium? Transport of oxygen Prevention of anemia Catalyst in energy metabolism Production of thyroid hormone

Catalyst in energy metabolism

Question 15 1. Among the following, which would be the best source of niacin equivalents? Milk Broccoli Chicken Strawberries

Chicken

Question 8 1. What population group is most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity? Children Adolescents Adults Elderly

Children

Question 9 1. What is the major extracellular anion? Sodium Lactate Sulfate Chloride

Chloride

Question 10 1. Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D? Cholesterol Tryptophan Beta-carotene Eicosapentanoic acid

Cholesterol

Question 6 1. What is a chief function of the B vitamins? Antioxidation Anticoagulation Antibody stabilization Coenzyme participation

Coenzyme participation

Question 7 1. Which of the following explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy? B vitamins are a source of kilocalories Absorption of carbohydrates and fats is decreased Oxygen for energy metabolism cannot be transported to the cells Coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts

Coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts

Question 23 1. In what capacity does vitamin C function? Coenzyme for energy release Cofactor in collagen formation Cofactor with calcium in blood coagulation Coenzyme in the formation of red blood cells

Cofactor in collagen formation

Question 4 1. Which of the following is likely to induce vitamin A toxicity in adults? Eating beef liver once a month Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements Drinking 2 quarts of vitamin A-fortified milk daily Consuming large amounts of dark green and deep orange vegetables

Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements

Question 12 1. Which of the following characteristics is shared by vitamins B6, B12, C and folate? Required for glycolysis Consumption prevents anemia Required in microgram quantities Found in citrus products and legumes

Consumption prevents anemia

Question 3 1. What part of the body is affected most by keratomalacia? Bone Liver Cornea Immune cells

Cornea

Question 5 1. A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin A. K. E. D.

D

Question 1 1. Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins? Most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria Intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat-soluble vitamins

Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet

Question 2 1. Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin? Blood coagulation Formation of red blood cells Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients Formation of epithelial cell mucopolysaccharides

Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients

Question 16 1. Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people? Rickets Xerophthalmia Muscular dystrophy Erythrocyte hemolysis

Erythrocyte hemolysis

Question 1 1. When thiamin is consumed in excess of needs, how does the body treat the excess? Not absorbed Excreted primarily in the urine Excreted primarily in the feces Stored in liver, bone, and adipose tissue

Excreted primarily in the urine

Question 11 1. Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D? Bone Carotene Tryptophan Exposure to sunlight

Exposure to sunlight

Question 19 1. What vitamin is involved mainly with the replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells? Folate Niacin Thiamin Riboflavin

Folate

Question 7 1. On a per-kcalorie basis, which of the following foods is richest in vitamin B6? Meats Fruits Legumes Grains

Fruits

Question 9 1. Which of the following provides the most thiamin per serving size? Ham Squash Whole milk Whole-grain breads

Ham

Question 12 1. What is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body? Activates angiotensin Activates angiotensinogen Helps with gastric digestion Helps maintain acid-base balance

Helps maintain acid-base balance

Question 5 1. Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk? Rickets Arthritis Low blood pressure High blood pressure

High blood pressure

Question 11 1. Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12? Pecans Hot dog Cauliflower Whole-grain bread

Hot dog

Question 3 1. Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst? Brain stem Cerebellum Optic nerve Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Question 20 1. What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency? Inadequate intake Increased excretion Inadequate absorption Increased losses in food preparation

Inadequate absorption

Question 12 1. Which of the following is a property of niacin in nutrition? It is susceptible to destruction in foods exposed to light It participates primarily in reactions involving amino acids It is soluble in both water and lipids depending upon its chemical form It can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan

It can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan

Question 1 1. Which of the following is a general feature of a vitamin? It is inorganic It may contain nitrogen It may be required in large amounts It may support growth but not maintenance

It may contain nitrogen

Question 8 1. How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease? It inhibits absorption of dietary cholesterol It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins It interferes with cholesterol synthesis by the liver It speeds removal of blood cholesterol by the liver

It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins

Question 7 1. How does antidiuretic hormone function? It activates renin It activates angiotension It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys It stimulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys

It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

Question 5 1. What is the primary excretory route for the water-soluble vitamins? Bile Kidney Intestine Perspiration

Kidney

Question 16 1. Which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL? Calcium tetany Atrophic gastritis Vitamin D deficiency Kidney stone formation

Kidney stone formation

Question 11 1. Of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake? Milk Potatoes Orange juice Peanut butter

Milk

Question 7 1. Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults? Increased bone density Increased bone calcification Deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney

Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney

Question 14 1. Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency? Extreme thirst Muscle weakness Profound sweating Lowered blood pressure

Muscle weakness

Question 4 1. Which of the following nutrients functions to prevent the appearance of a bilateral, symmetrical dermatitis, primarily on areas exposed to the sun? Niacin Choline Inositol Riboflavin

Niacin

Question 5 1. When taken in large doses, which of the following vitamins is associated with liver injury? Niacin Thiamin Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12

Niacin

Question 7 1. Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods nor supplements of calcium. Which of the following is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range? Calcitonin Calmodulin Hydroxyapatite Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone

Question 13 1. What vitamin deficiency disease appeared in people who had subsisted on a diet high in corn and low in protein? Scurvy Pellagra Wet beriberi Pernicious anemia

Pellagra

Question 3 1. What is the major intracellular anion? Protein Sodium Phosphate Bicarbonate

Phosphate

Question 25 1. What food makes a significant contribution to vitamin C intakes in the U.S. population despite its modest vitamin C concentration? Potatoes Organ meats Breaded fish Whole-grain cereals

Potatoes

Question 13 1. What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet? Processed foods Unprocessed foods Natural salt content of foods Salt added during cooking and at the table

Processed foods

Question 14 1. Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin D nutrition? Vitamin D deficiency may be created by a calcium deficiency Only about one-half of the world's population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity In people living in northern U.S. cities, vitamin D stores from synthesis during the summer are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter

Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity

Question 12 1. What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D? Promotes secretion of calcitonin Promotes synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol Promotes synthesis of carotenoids and controls absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone

Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone

Question 11 1. Which of the following is NOT a typical ingredient in an oral rehydration therapy formula? Salt Water Sugar Protein

Protein

Question 3 1. What form of vitamin A supports reproduction but not growth? Retinal Retinol Retinoic acid Retinyl esters

Retinal

Question 4 1. What form of vitamin A supports vision but not growth? Retinal Retinol Retinoic acid Retinyl esters

Retinol

Question 10 1. The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin? Niacin Choline Thiamin Riboflavin

Riboflavin

Question 9 1. Which of the following organs is NOT required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D? Skin Liver Kidney Small intestine

Small intestine

Question 10 1. When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity? Sodium and chloride Bicarbonate and sulfate Calcium and magnesium Potassium and phosphate

Sodium and chloride

Question 2 1. Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body? Lubricant Source of energy Maintains protein structure Participant in chemical reactions

Source of energy

Question 3 1. Of the following, which is the richest food source of thiamin? Lettuce Soy milk Cow milk Refined rice

Soy milk

Question 2 1. What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food? The total amount available from plant and animal food The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body The amount that escapes destruction from food processing The number of different chemical forms of the same vitamin

The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body

Question 13 1. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D? The bioavailability of vitamin D from soy milk is low Lifeguards on southern beaches have increased risk for vitamin D toxicity Most adults living in the southern United States need small amounts of dietary vitamin D The average consumption in the United States does not meet the recommended intake

The average consumption in the United States does not meet the recommended intake

Question 17 1. Why are primary vitamin E deficiencies rarely observed in human beings? The vitamin is not essential The vitamin is widespread in foods Most people take vitamin E supplements The vitamin can be synthesized by the body

The vitamin is widespread in foods

Question 2 1. Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status? Adequate protein intake is a marker for liberal intake of the vitamin Dietary protein ensures synthesis of the vitamin's GI tract transporter Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for infection from bacteria that degrade the vitamin Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

Question 22 1. Why are strict vegetarians at risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency? Vegetarian diets inhibit absorption of the vitamin Vegetarian diets provide insufficient amounts of the vitamin The fiber content of vegetarian diets causes decreased storage by the liver The fiber content of vegetarian diets causes increased excretion of the vitamin

Vegetarian diets provide insufficient amounts of the vitamin

Question 4 1. Which of the following vitamins would be removed in the production of skim milk? Thiamin Vitamin A Riboflavin Vitamin B12

Vitamin A

Question 15 1. The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n) peroxide. coenzyme. antioxidant. free radical.

antioxidant.

Question 6 1. Your brother Bob is a competitive body builder. His trainer suggested that he consume 4 egg white omelets per day. Bob remembers a warning about a possible vitamin deficiency from consuming too many egg whites and asks if he should follow the prescribed diet. Your reply to Bob is that he should NOT be concerned as long as he consumes both the yolk and whites of the eggs. follow the diet, since the avidin in the egg whites could bind to niacin and prevent its absorption. follow the diet, since the avidin in the egg whites could bind to biotin and prevent its absorption. be concerned, because, when the eggs are cooked, the avidin protein is denatured, and thus does not pose a problem for deficiency disease.

be concerned, because, when the eggs are cooked, the avidin protein is denatured, and thus does not pose a problem for deficiency disease.

Question 8 1. All of the following characteristics are shared by calcium and magnesium EXCEPT both are involved in blood clotting. both are involved in bone formation. both are found in abundance in dairy products. both may result in tetany when blood levels become abnormally low.

both are found in abundance in dairy products

Question 11 1. Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis is often rejected because it may increase risk for cancer. heart disease. hypertension. diverticulosis.

cancer.

Question 17 1. The chief symptoms of early vitamin B6 deficiency include confusion and depression. muscle cramps and stiffness. profound fatigue and anemia. hyperactivity and shortness of breath.

confusion and depression.

Question 20 1. All of the following are known to have a high correlation with risk for osteoporosis EXCEPT being thin. being female. having anorexia nervosa. consuming a high-protein diet.

consuming a high-protein diet.

Question 14 1. Large doses of nicotinic acid are known to result in all of the following EXCEPT dilation of capillaries. increased HDL cholesterol. lowering of LDL cholesterol. disappearance of learning disorders in children.

disappearance of learning disorders in children.

Question 18 1. Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of niacin. folate. vitamin C. vitamin B12.

folate.

Question 9 1. Physiological stresses such as blood loss, burns, measles, and cancer are known particularly to increase the risk of deficiency for biotin. folate. riboflavin. pantothenic acid.

folate.

Question 10 1. All of the following are features of vitamin K in nutrition EXCEPT infants frequently require a supplement at birth. good food sources are plants of the cabbage family. risk of deficiency is increased in people taking antibiotics for prolonged periods. gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient amounts to meet the needs of most healthy adults.

gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient amounts to meet the needs of most healthy adults.

Question 4 1. Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as hypertension. hyponatremia. hyperkalemia. water intoxication.

hyponatremia.

Question 9 1. A friend shows you a newspaper article titled "Magnesium's Role in ATP Synthesis." You explain that magnesium does not play a role in ATP synthesis. it is not magnesium but manganese that plays the role in ATP synthesis. magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP. there are three magnesium groups within the ATP structure that help it do its work.

magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP.

Question 7 1. The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency is usually xerosis. xerophthalmia. night blindness. corneal keratinization.

night blindness.

Question 18 1. Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus? Involved in energy exchange Activates fat-soluble vitamins Ranks lowest among the minerals in amount present in the body Ranks highest among the minerals in amount present in the body

nvolved in energy exchange

Question 5 1. The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed life supporting fluid loss. mandatory water fraction. obligatory water excretion. minimum daily water requirement.

obligatory water excretion.

Question 6 1. As far as is known, which of the following is NOT a process that directly involves calcium? pH regulation Blood clotting Nerve transmission Maintenance of heart beat

pH regulation

Question 15 1. Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to provide energy for cells. provide rigidity for the bones and teeth. regulate the transmission of nerve impulses. maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.

provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.

Question 4 1. Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of renin. sodium. chloride. aldosterone.

sodium.

Question 1 1. All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration EXCEPT thirst. fatigue. weakness. spastic muscles.

spastic muscles.

Question 8 1. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may be treated with supplements of folacin. thiamin. vitamin C. vitamin B12.

thiamin.

Question 3 1. Cooking a food in liberal amounts of water is least likely to affect its content of folate. thiamin. vitamin A. riboflavin.

vitamin A

Question 10 1. If a person refrained from ingesting any of the water-soluble vitamins, deficiency symptoms would appear last for folate. vitamin C. vitamin B1. vitamin B12.

vitamin B12.

Question 21 1. Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of folate. selenium. vitamin B12. iron and copper.

vitamin B12.