quick study cards- Anna Rae Hampton

Ecological succession. Show a diagram, label the pioneer species. What is the difference between primary and secondary ecological succession?

In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living things for the first time. In secondary succession, an area that was previously occupied by living things is disturbed, then re-colonized following the disturbance.

Make a table and include r-strategists and K-strategists. Give at least 4 characteristics of each type and give 4 examples of each type.

R strategists= Characteristics (large number of offspring, minimal parental care, high infant mortality, unstable environments) Examples (dogs, cats, insects, fish) K strategists= Characteristics (longer life expectancy, low offspring mortality, slow development, stable environments) Examples (humans, elephants, horses, whales)

Draw 4 different Age Structure Diagrams to represent each of the following: Rapidly Expanding, Slowly Expanding, Stable, and Declining. List at least 4 general characteristics and 3 representative countries for each Age Structure diagram.

Rapidly Expanding- pyramid shaped, more younger people, birth rates exceed death rates, and growing population (Nigeria, Mexico, Brazil) Slowly Expanding- larger number of children, smaller number of adults, skinnier pyramid, growing population (US) Stable- no population growth, birth control, same number of people in almost all age groups, rectangular shape (Australia, Sweden, Netherlands) Declining- smaller number of children, larger number of adults, people live longer, bulge in the center (Japan, China, Ukraine)

Include a sketch of a world map and label the following: (1) Country with highest population (2) Country with 2nd highest population (3) Country with 3rd highest population (4) Country (area of World) with highest infant mortality rate (5) Areas of World with high replacement level fertility (6) Areas of world with negative population growth.

1: China 2: India 3: USA 4: Afghanistan 5: Niger 6: Japan

Make a table and include the following: birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, fertility rate, total fertility rate, replacement level fertility, infant mortality rate. Define each and give general values for less developed countries vs more developed countries.

Birth rate: the number of live births per thousand of population per year. 2.1 births per woman in more developed countries Death rate: the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area or during a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year. most developing countries have low death rates Life expectancy: the average period that a person may expect to live. higher in more developed countries Fertility rate: the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime higher in more developed countries Total fertility rate: The total fertility rate in a specific year is defined as the total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years and give birth to children in alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates. higher in more developed countries Replacement level fertility: Total fertility levels of about 2.1 children per woman Infant mortality rate: the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births much higher in more developed countries

Draw a population graph and label the following lines: carrying capacity, biotic potential, and population overshoot. Define each concept (line) on the graph

Carrying Capacity: the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation Biotic Potential: The capacity of a species to reproduce under ideal environmental conditions Population Overshoot: populations can become too large to be sustained by their environment or resources in the long term

Include density dependent and density independent limiting factors. Define each term and give 4 examples of each

Density Dependent limiting factors: factors that affect the per capita growth rate of a population differently depending on how dense the population already is (competition, disease, predation, parasitism) Density Independent limiting factors: any force that affects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population (flood, tornado, pollution, earthquakes, fires)

Include the following: parasitism, commensalism, mutualism. Define and give 2 examples of each.

Parasitism: the practice of living as a parasite in or on another organism (tape worms and fleas) Commensalism: an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm (bird making a nest in a tree and orchids growing on branches) Mutualism: when both organisms benefit from the situation (coral and algae and clownfish and anemones)

Make a table and include the formula and example problems for each of the following types of calculations: Population Density, Growth Rate, Doubling Time.

Population Density= Population/Area ex: a population of 100 insects that live in an area of 100 square meters has a density of 1 insect per square meter. 100/100= 1 Growth Rate= Births-Deaths/Total Population x 100 ex: A population of 1000 has 20 births and 3 deaths so the growth rate would be 1.7. Doubling Time= 70%/Growth Rate% ex: If a population is growing at a rate of 4%, the population will double in 17.5 years. 70 / 4 = 17.5

Draw a Demographic Transition Graph (include and label the birth rate, death rate, and growth rate curves). Include the Pre-industrial, Transitional, Industrial, and Post-Industrial stages. Give at least 4 characteristics of each stage and 3 countries that are representative of each stage.

Pre-industrial: population is stable, high birth and death rate, high infant mortality, low birth control use (Pakistan, Bolivia, Iceland) Transitional: population grows rapidly, death rates fall, birth rates remain steady, infant mortality drops (Niger, Uganda, Yemen) Industrial: death rates stay low, birth rates drop, most developed countries are in this phase, population continues to grow (Columbia, Kenya, India) Post Industrial: population stabilizes, birth and death rates are equal, most countries need to reach this stage, steady pace (US, Canada, Brazil)

Explain Thomas Malthus Theory.

The Malthusian theory explained that the human population grows more rapidly than the food supply until famines, war or disease reduces the population. He believed that the human population has risen over the past three centuries.

Show a survivorship graph and label the lines Type I, Type Il, and Type III. Define each type of survivorship line and give at least 2 examples of organisms that follow Type I, Type Il, and Type III. Which curve do K-strategists follow? Which curve do r-strategists follow?

Type 1: Individuals with Type I survivorship exhibit high survivorship throughout their life cycle (humans & elephants) Type 2: Populations with Type II survivorship have a constant proportion of individuals dying over time (birds & turtles) Type 3: Populations with Type III survivorship have very high mortality at young ages. (frog tadpoles & trees) K-strategists follow Type 1 & R-strategists follow Type 3.