quiz 1

Normal K+ concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L. 3.5-5.0 5.5-7 1.5-3.0 1.5 135

3.5-5.0

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water. 80 70 40 50 60

50

In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water. 90 80 40 10 60

60

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? natriuretic peptides aldosterone norepinephrine epinephrine ADH

ADH

Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension? acetylcholine PTH aldosterone natriuretic peptides ADH

natriuretic peptides

Which statement regarding potassium balance is correct? Under normal conditions, the aldosterone-sensitive pumps exchange K+ in the ECF for Cl-. When the pH falls in the ECF and the concentration of H+ is relatively low, the exchange pumps bind H+ instead of K+. A key factor in the maintenance of potassium balance is the rate of potassium entry across the digestive epithelium. Aldosterone secretion decreases in response to high plasma potassium concentrations.

a key factor in the maintenance of potassium balance is the rate of potassium entry across the digestive epithelium

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by aldosterone. ADH. glucocorticoids. parathormone. atrial natriuretic peptides.

aldosterone

Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption? natriuretic peptides epinephrine aldosterone extracellular fluid ADH

aldosterone

Intracellular fluid is found only within lymph. blood vessels. the interstitial space. the cells of the body. the cerebrospinal fluid.

the cells of the body

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon. the skeleton. sweat gland secretions. the liver. the kidneys.

the kidneys

The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the following response increase in aldosterone release. decrease of ADH release. increase in blood volume. increase in epinephrine. increase in norepinephrine.

decrease of ADH release

Dehydration __________. involves an osmotic water shift from the ECF into the ICF occurs when ECF and ICF are isotonic develops when ECF water is lost, but electrolytes are retained results in decreased osmotic concentration of the ECF when cells lose water but retain electrolytes

develops when ECF water is lost, but electrolytes are retained

With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the kidneys. cardiopulmonary system. lungs. digestive tract. liver.

digestive tract

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the intracellular fluid. extracellular fluid. solid components. plasma membrane. cytosol.

extracellular fluid

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed buffering. dehydration. fluid shift. fluid compartmentalization. fluid balance.

fluid shift

Which statement regarding hypokalemia is true? Hypokalemia is promoted by chronically low body-fluid pH. Hypokalemia can be induced by several diuretics, which increase the volume of urine produced. Hypokalemia is produced by high potassium concentrations in the ECF. Hypokalemia results when sodium and potassium loss are overstimulated.

hypokalemia can be induced by several diuretics, which increase the volume of urine produced

The lowest amount of daily water loss occurs through which of the following methods of elimination? metabolic water produced during catabolism loss in feces evaporation at skin evaporation at lungs

loss in feces

Which of the following electrolytes is absorbed along the digestive tract via active transport only? Cl- K+ HCO3- Fe2+

Fe2+

Cotransport is a mechanism of absorption for which of the following electrolytes? K+ Ca2+ Na+ NO3-

Na+

Which statement is true regarding fluid balance in the digestive tract? All the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients. Once within the interstitial fluid, the absorbed water is slowly distributed throughout the ICF. Intestinal epithelial cells continuously absorb nutrients and ions, and these activities gradually increase the solute concentration in the lumen. As the solute concentration drops in the lumen of the digestive tract, water moves across the epithelium and out of the interstitial fluid.

all the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and potassium. phosphorus. calcium. chloride. magnesium.

chloride

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis? zinc copper manganese phosphorus None of the answers is correct.

copper

Regarding fluid shifts and dehydration, when ADH secretion increases to regulate sodium balance by means of increased water retention without additional water consumption (i.e., you lost water but retained electrolytes and didn't drink water], the end result is: decreased sodium concentrations. water shifting into the ICF. increased Na+ levels in ECF compared to the original condition. decreased ECF volume compared to the intermediate condition.

increased Na+ levels in the ECF compared to the original condition

Secretion of potassium into the urine is increased by aldosterone. associated with the secretion of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. decreased by aldosterone. increased when the exchange pump binds H+. None of the answers is correct.

increased by aldosterone

Choose the correct statement regarding the relationship between water balance and sodium balance. Water balance and sodium are unrelated due the ionic nature of sodium. Increased sodium concentrations in the ECF will increase the movement of water from the ICF to the ECF. Natriuretic peptide release occurs due to decreased sodium levels, which will decrease water loss in urine. As sodium concentrations rise in the ECF, water will be pushed into the ICF.

increased sodium concentrations in the ECF will increase the movement of water from the ICF to the ECF

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. extracellular vital interstitial intercellular intracellular

intracellular

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, there is an increase in the volume of the intracellular fluid. osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. both the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid become more dilute. the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid falls. None of the answers is correct.

osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid

The principal cation in cytoplasm is calcium. potassium. magnesium. sodium. chloride.

potassium

Which of the bulk minerals has the highest recommended dietary allowance (RDA), at 4700 mg? chloride magnesium potassium iron

potassium

Consuming a meal high in salt will decrease thirst. cause hypotension. drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood. decrease renin secretion. result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

result in a temporary increase in blood volume

Increased sodium levels in the ECF result in which of the following outcomes? thirst inhibition reduced ECF volume stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus increased water losses at the kidneys

stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus